Penapis tumor: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Penapis tumor''' adalah suatu tes untuk melakukan penapisan/penyaringan untuk mengetahui kemungkinan adanya tumor/kanker, kadangkalakadang kala penapis tumor disebut juga penanda tumor (tumor marker). Penapis tumor adalah tanda biologis yang ditemukan pada [[darah]], [[air seni]], bagain tubuh lainnya yang lunak yang akan meningkat dengan adanya [[kanker]]. Terdapat berbagai penapis tumor, hanya sedikit yang bersifat spesifik dan biasanya bersifat umum, tetapi memiliki kecenderungan terhadap suatu jenis kanker tertentu, dan digunakan oleh ilmu tentang kanker (onkologi) untuk mendeteksi keberadaan kanker. Peningkatan level dari penapis tumor dapat mengindikasikan kanker, tetapi banyak pula sebab yang menyebabkan peningkatan tersebut.

Penapis tumor dapat diproduksi secara langsung oleh sel tumor atau bukan sel tumor sebagai akibat adanya tumor. Kebanyakan penapis tumor adalah [[antigen]] tumor, tetapi tidak semua antigen tumor dapat digunakan sebagai penapis tumor.

Meskipun [[mammography]], [[ultrasonography]], [[computed tomography]], [[magnetic resonance imaging]] scans, dan penapis tumor berkala dapat menentukan tingkat beratnya kanker dan tingkat penyembuhan kanker, tetapi penapis tumor bukanlah tes diagnosis yang tentu/pasti. Diagnosis ditegakkan melalui [[biopsi]].<ref name=TumorMarker>{{cite web |url=http://www.cancersafe.com/screening/index.asp |title=Tumor markers Cancer screening |accessdate=December 28, 2013 |archive-date=2019-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192302/http://www.cancersafe.com/screening/index.asp |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Kolonoskopi]] tanpa pengambilan contoh, juga bukan alat diagnosis, tetapi contoh yang diambil melalui kolonoskopi dan dilakukan biopsi baru dapat dikatakan penegakan diagnosis.

* Paru-paru: CEA, CA 19-9, CA 125, NSE, Cyfra 21-1 (Pada 95% persentil sensivitas Cyfra 21-1 adalah 79%, sedangkan untuk SCC dan CEA adalah 41% dan 31% berturut-turut)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072992 |title=Diagnostic value of SCC, CEA and CYFRA 21.1 in lung cancer: a Bayesian analysis |accessdate=August 6, 2014}}</ref> Ternyata penapis tumor M2-PK juga berguna untuk menapis kanker paru-paru dan lebih baik daripada SCC dan NSE,<ref name="The significance of TU M2-PK tumor">{{cite journal |pmid=17882813 |year=2007 |last1=Oremek |first1=G |last2=Kukshaĭte |first2=R |last3=Sapoutzis |first3=N |last4=Ziolkovski |first4=P |title=The significance of TU M2-PK tumor marker for lung cancer diagnostics |volume=85 |issue=7 |pages=56–8 |journal=Klinicheskaia meditsina}}</ref> sehingga jika diperkirakan masih normal, cukup melakukan penapisan tumor menggunakan M2-PK saja.

Ternyata penapis tumor M2-PK memiliki banyak peran seperti pada: [[kanker usus besar]],<ref name=Haug2007>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6603712 |title=Tumour M2-PK as a stool marker for colorectal cancer: Comparative analysis in a large sample of unselected older adults vs colorectal cancer patients |year=2007 |last1=Haug |first1=U |last2=Rothenbacher |first2=D |last3=Wente |first3=M N |last4=Seiler |first4=C M |last5=Stegmaier |first5=C |last6=Brenner |first6=H |journal=British Journal of Cancer}}</ref> [[kanker payudara]],<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11326672 |year=2000 |last1=Lüftner |first1=D |last2=Mesterharm |first2=J |last3=Akrivakis |first3=C |last4=Geppert |first4=R |last5=Petrides |first5=PE |last6=Wernecke |first6=KD |last7=Possinger |first7=K |title=Tumor type M2 pyruvate kinase expression in advanced breast cancer |volume=20 |issue=6D |pages=5077–82 |journal=Anticancer research}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=20592362 |year=2010 |last1=Benesch |first1=C |last2=Schneider |first2=C |last3=Voelker |first3=HU |last4=Kapp |first4=M |last5=Caffier |first5=H |last6=Krockenberger |first6=M |last7=Dietl |first7=J |last8=Kammerer |first8=U |last9=Schmidt |first9=M |title=The clinicopathological and prognostic relevance of pyruvate kinase M2 and pAkt expression in breast cancer |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=1689–94 |journal=Anticancer research }}</ref> [[renal cell carcinoma]]<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11326675 |year=2000 |last1=Oremek |first1=GM |last2=Sapoutzis |first2=N |last3=Kramer |first3=W |last4=Bickeböller |first4=R |last5=Jonas |first5=D |title=Value of tumor M2 (Tu M2-PK) in patients with renal carcinoma |volume=20 |issue=6D |pages=5095–8 |journal=Anticancer research}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=10470199 |year=1999 |last1=Wechsel |first1=HW |last2=Petri |first2=E |last3=Bichler |first3=KH |last4=Feil |first4=G |title=Marker for renal cell carcinoma (RCC): The dimeric form of pyruvate kinase type M2 (Tu M2-PK) |volume=19 |issue=4A |pages=2583–90 |journal=Anticancer research}}</ref> [[kanker paru-paru]],<ref name="The significance of TU M2-PK tumor"/><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12624710 |year=2003 |last1=Schneider |first1=J |last2=Peltri |first2=G |last3=Bitterlich |first3=N |last4=Philipp |first4=M |last5=Velcovsky |first5=HG |last6=Morr |first6=H |last7=Katz |first7=N |last8=Eigenbrodt |first8=E |title=Fuzzy logic-based tumor marker profiles improved sensitivity of the detection of progression in small-cell lung cancer patients |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=185–91 |doi=10.1007/s102380300005 |journal=Clinical and experimental medicine}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=17882813 |year=2007 |last1=Oremek |first1=G |last2=Kukshaĭte |first2=R |last3=Sapoutzis |first3=N |last4=Ziolkovski |first4=P |title=The significance of TU M2-PK tumor marker for lung cancer diagnostics |volume=85 |issue=7 |pages=56–8 |journal=Klinicheskaia meditsina}}</ref> [[kanker pankreas]],<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11326648 |year=2000 |last1=Hardt |first1=PD |last2=Ngoumou |first2=BK |last3=Rupp |first3=J |last4=Schnell-Kretschmer |first4=H |last5=Kloer |first5=HU |title=Tumor M2-pyruvate kinase: A promising tumor marker in the diagnosis of gastro-intestinal cancer |volume=20 |issue=6D |pages=4965–8 |journal=Anticancer research}}</ref> [[Esophageal Cancer]],<ref name="DoiMEGbef">{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/MEG.0b013e3280102f78 |title=Tumour M2-pyruvate kinase: A gastrointestinal cancer marker |year=2007 |last1=Kumar |first1=Yogesh |last2=Tapuria |first2=Niteen |last3=Kirmani |first3=Naveed |last4=Davidson |first4=Brian R. |journal=European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=265}}</ref> [[kanker lambung]],<ref name="DoiMEGbef" /> [[kanker mulut rahim]],<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15210041 |year=2004 |last1=Kaura |first1=B |last2=Bagga |first2=R |last3=Patel |first3=FD |title=Evaluation of the Pyruvate Kinase isoenzyme tumor (Tu M2-PK) as a tumor marker for cervical carcinoma |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=193–6 |doi=10.1111/j.1447-0756.2004.00187.x |journal=The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research}}</ref> [[kanker indung telur]],<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=17479666 |year=2007 |last1=Ahmed |first1=AS |last2=Dew |first2=T |last3=Lawton |first3=FG |last4=Papadopoulos |first4=AJ |last5=Devaja |first5=O |last6=Raju |first6=KS |last7=Sherwood |first7=RA |title=M2-PK as a novel marker in ovarian cancer. A prospective cohort study |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=83–8 |journal=European journal of gynaecological oncology}}</ref> Oleh karena itu untuk tes awal atau diperkirakan pasien masih belum memiliki tumor/kanker apapun, cukup dilakukan tes M2-PK dan bukannya CEA yang lebih murah, tetapi tingkat sensitivitasnya sangat rendah.