Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Zulfiqar/Zulfikar Ali Bhutto''' (atau [[Shaheed]] '''Quaid-e-Awam''') ([[Urdu]]: ذوالفقار علی بھٹو) ([[Sindhi]]: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو) ({{lahirmati|[[Larkana]] (di daerah [[Sindhi]], [[India]] yang kini wilayah [[Pakistan]]|5|1|1928||4|4|1979}}) adalah [[politikus]] [[Pakistan]] yang pernah menjabat sebagai [[Presiden Pakistan|Presiden]] Pakistan pada periode [[1971]] - [[1973]] dan sebagai [[Perdana Menteri Pakistan|Perdana Menteri]] Pakistan ([[1973]]-[[1977]]). Zulfikar Ali Bhutto adalah anak dari Sir [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]], seorang tuan tanah [[suku Sindhi|Sindhi]] yang berpengaruh dan [[Dewan]] (menteri) untuk negara bagian [[Junagadh]]. Ia menonjol karena sebagai seorang sipil ia pernah menjadi Kepala Administratur Undang-undang Darurat selama beberapa minggu. Ia digulingkan dalam sebuah kudeta oleh Jenderal [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]], dan dihukum [[hukuman gantung|gantung]] pada [[1979]] oleh Mahkamah Agung di bawah undang-undang darurat atas tuduhan memberikan wewenang atas [[pembunuhan]] terhadap seorang lawan politik.

Bhutto dilahirkan di [[Larkana]] (di daerah [[Sindhi]] yang kini wilayah Pakistan) sebagai anak dari [[Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto]]. Ia menyelesaikan pendidikan awalnya di [[Mumbai]] di [[Cathedral and John Connon School]]. Setelah menyelesaikan pendidikan dasar dan menengahnya, ia pergi ke [[Amerika Serikat]] pada 1947 untuk belajar di [[Universitas Southern California]], dan belakangan pindah ke [[Universitas California, Berkeley]]. Ia mendaftar ke Harvard dan diterima, tetapi ia memilih untuk tinggal di Berkeley. Ia menjadi mahasiswa Asia pertama yang terpilih menjadi anggota Dewan Mahasiswa Berkeley. Dari Berkeley ia memperoleh gelar [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] dalm ilmu politik pada 1950, dan sesudah itu ia pergi ke [[Universitas Oxford|Oxford]] dan belajar di [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]] dan lulus dengan gelar ''honors''.

Setelah dari Oxford, ia dipanggil untuk masuk ke perhimpunan ahli hukum di [[Lincoln's Inn]] pada 1953 (yang juga pernah dimasuki oleh [[Allama Iqbal]] dan [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]). Tahun yang sama istrinya Begum [[Nusrat Bhutto]] melahirkan anak perempuan [[Benazir Bhutto|Benazir]], yang belakangan juga menjadi perdana menteri.

Pada masa-masa mahasiswanya, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto mengembangkan pandangan anti imperialis tentang dunia. Ia percaya yakin akan kemandirian ekonomi dan tema-tema kemandirian politik yang diuraikannya dalam bukunya, ''[[Mitos|Myth]] of Independence''.

Sebagai anggota delegasi Pakistan di [[PBB]] pada 1957, pada usia 29 tahun, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto berpidato pada Konferensi Keenam dari PBB tentang "Definisi Agresi". Sebagai peserta pada Konferensi Internasional di [[Jenewa]], [[Swiss]] pada Maret 1958 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto berbicara untuk umat manusia dengan pernyataan yang berani: "Samudra Bebas itu bebas untuk semua." Ia adalah anggota termuda dalam Kabinet Federal dalam sejarah Pakistan, dalam usia 30 tahun. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto memegang jabatan-jabatan kunci sebagai Menteri Perdagangan, Menteri Informasi, Menteri Rekonstruksi Nasional, Menteri Bahan Bakar, Sumber Daya dan Sumber-sumber Alam, sebelum ia menjadi Menteri Luar Negeri. Sebagai Menteri Bahan Bakar, Sumber Daya dan Sumber-sumber Alam, ia menandatangani perjanjian terobosan untuk melakukan eksplorasi minyak dan gas bersama [[Rusia]] pada 1960. Ia membentuk Perusahaan Pengembangan Gas dan Mineral pada 1961 dan penyulingan minyak pertama Pakistan pada 1962 di [[Karachi]].

<!--Bhutto emerged on the world stage as Leader of the Pakistan Delegation to the UN in 1959. To muster the support for [[Kashmir]] issue he toured [[China]], [[Britain]], [[Egypt]] and [[Ireland]]. He also held a series of talks with the Indian Foreign Minister [[Swaran Singh]]. He was appointed Foreign Minister in 1963 and remained at that post until his resignation in June 1966. Bhutto made indelible imprints on world community by his inimitable oratorical skills in United Nation's General Assembly and the Security Council{{citation needed}}. He believed in an independent Foreign Policy which had hitherto been the hand maiden of the Western Powers. During his tenure as Foreign Minister, Pakistan and [[Iran]] cemented a special relationship.

His opposition to the Tashkent accord between [[India]] and Pakistan led to his resignation from the government. In [[1967]] Bhutto formed the [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP) to oppose President [[Ayub Khan]]'s regime. He adopted a uniform similar to those worn by the [[Communist Party of China]] leaders and called for the introduction of "[[Islamic socialism]]" in Pakistan and the commencement of a "thousand years war" against [[India]]. The slogan of "Food, Shelter and Clothing" shifted the focus of Pakistan politics from theological to economic issues. Using the popular title '''Quaid-e-Awam''' ("Leader of the People,") Bhutto launched a nationwide tour, agitating against the military dictatorship.

Bhutto was arrested in connection with these activities in November 1968, and detained for 3 months. The movement he helped unleash in [[West Pakistan]] (coextensive with the country's current boundaries), in conjunction with agitation for greater autonomy taking place in [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]), forced the resignation of [[Ayub Khan]] in March 1969. Ayub Khan handed power over to the army commander in chief, [[Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan]], who assumed the presidency and reimposed martial law.

He helped unite the country despite worries of its imminent collapse post [[1971]], lifted martial law in [[1972]], and pushed through a new [[constitution]] in 1973 that recognized [[Islam]] as the [[national religion]]. The never ending dispute of powers between the Head of State and Parliament was resolved temporarily by empowering the office of the [[Prime Minister]].

Upon his release, Bhutto traveled the country amid adulatory crowds of PPP supporters. He used to take the train traveling from the south to the north and on the way, would address public meetings at different stations. Several of these trains were late, some by days, in reaching their respective destinations and as a result Bhutto was banned from traveling by train. The last visit he made to the city of Multan in the province of Punjab was marked the turning point in Bhutto's political career and ultimately, his life. In spite of the administration's efforts to block the gathering, the crowd was so large that it became disorderly, providing an opportunity for the administration to declare that Bhutto had been taken into custody because the people were against him and it had become necessary to protect him from the masses for his own safety.

The '''Senate of Pakistan''' was created, in which the provinces had equal representation in order to redress the balance of power in Pakistan. The creation of '''Council of Common Interest''' also gave to the provinces a greater weight in the federal dispensation. Islam was declared to be the State religion, and the '''Council of Islamic Ideology''' was given charge of the Islamisation of laws. At the same time the Constitution reiterated the basic principle of socialism: "[[from each according to his ability to each according to his need]]".

* [http://www.historychannel.com/broadband/clipview/index.jsp?id=d1t11 Pidato di depan Dewan Keamanan PBB]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix--attempted=yes Rekaman}}—Rekaman audio yang mengutuk PBB dari The History Channel.

* Peace-Keeping by the United Nations.(1967)
* Political Situation in Pakistan, Veshasher Prakashan, New Dehli. (1968)

* The Myth of Independence Oxford University Press, Karachi and Lahore (1969)

* The Great Tragedy (1971)

* Bilateralism: New Directions (1976)

* If I Am Assassinated oleh Zul Ali Bhutto(1979)

* My Execution. Musawaat Weekly International, London (1980)

* New Directions. Narmara Publishers, London (1980)

* S. Kulmar, The New Pakistan (1979)

* S. J. Burki, Pakistan Under Bhutto, 1971–1977 (1980)

* S. Wolpert, Zulfiquar Bhutto of Pakistan (1993)

* Interview with History oleh Oriana Fallaci (1988)

* Kebijakan luar negeri Pakistan (1964)

* Mengusahakan Perdamaian (1966)

* Berderap Menuju Demokrasi (1972).

* [[Politik Pakistan]]

* [[PresidenPolitik Pakistan]]

* [[Perdana MenteriPresiden Pakistan]]

* [[Garis SuksesiPerdana PresidenMenteri Pakistan]]

* [[Partai RakyatBenazir PakistanBhutto]]

* [http://www.pakdef.info/multimedia/bhutto_address.wmv Video clip speech of Prime Minister Z A Bhutto's after the Indian nuclear explosion of 1974] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201111144/http://www.pakdef.info/multimedia/bhutto_address.wmv |date=2007-12-01 }}---------Pak Defence Info.com

* [http://www.ppp.org.pk/zab.html Zulfikar Ali Bhutto founder of Pakistan Peoples Party] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230134129/http://www.ppp.org.pk/zab.html |date=2007-12-30 }}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040416030217/http://pakistanspace.tripod.com/47.htm Chronicles Of Pakistan]

{{succession box | before = [[Nurul Amin]]| title =[[Perdana Menteri Pakistan]]|years= [[14 Agustus]] [[1973]] - [[5 Juli]] [[1977]]| after = [[Muhammad Khan Junejo]]{{<br}} /><small>(pada 1985, tidak ada selama [[darurat militer]]</small>}}

{{succession box | before = [[Yahya Khan]]| title = [[Presiden Pakistan]]|years=[[20 Desember]] [[1971]] - [[13 Agustus]] [[1973]]| after = [[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]]}}

{{succession box | title = Ketua [[Partai Rakyat Pakistan]]| before = ''Tidak ada, jabatan baru''| after = [[Nusrat Bhutto]] | years = [[30 November]] [[1967]] - [[4 April]] [[1973]]}}

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