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[[File:Rome- Ruins of the Forum, Looking towards the Capitol.jpg|thumb|right|''Roma: Reruntuhan Forum, Menghadap Kapitol'' (1742) karya [[Canaletto]]]]▼
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'''Sejarah Roma''' mencakup sejarah [[Roma|kota Roma]] maupun [[Romawi Kuno|peradaban bangsa Romawi Kuno]]. Sejarah Roma telah memengaruhi dunia modern, teristimewa perjalanan [[sejarah Gereja Katolik]], sementara [[hukum Romawi|hukum Roma]] telah memengaruhi banyak [[Daftar negara menurut sistem hukum|tatanan hukum]] modern. Sejarah Roma dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa kurun waktu sebagai berikut:▼
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| title = Negara-negara bersejarah
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| quote = {{ubl|[[Kerajaan Romawi]] 753–509 SM|
[[Republik Romawi]] 509–27 SM|
[[Kekaisaran Romawi]] 27 SM – 395 M|
[[Kekaisaran Romawi Barat]] 286–476|
[[Odoaker#Sejarah|Kerajaan Italia]] 476–493|
[[Kerajaan Ostrogoth|Kerajaan bangsa Ostrogoth]] 493–536|
{{Flagicon image|Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century, square.svg}} [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur]] 536–546|
[[Kerajaan Ostrogoth|Kerajaan bangsa Ostrogoth]] 546–547|
{{Flagicon image|Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century, square.svg}} [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur]] 547–549|
[[Kerajaan Ostrogoth|Kerajaan bangsa Ostrogoth]] 549–552|
{{Flagicon image|Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century, square.svg}} [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur]] 552–751|
[[Kerajaan Langobardi|Kerajaan bangsa Lombardi]] 751–756|
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg}} [[Negara Gereja]] 756–1798|
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Repubblica Romana (1798).svg}} [[Republik Roma (abad ke-18)|Republik Roma]] 1798–1799|
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Papal States (1803-1825).svg}} [[Negara Gereja]] 1799–1809|
{{Flag|Kekaisaran Prancis Pertama}} 1809–1814|
{{Flag|Negara Gereja}} 1814–1849|
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Roman Republic (19th century).svg}} [[Republik Roma (abad ke-19)|Republik Roma]] 1849|
{{Flag|Negara Gereja}} 1849–1870|
{{Flag|Kerajaan Italia}} 1870–1943|
{{Flag|Republik Sosial Italia}} 1943–1944|
{{Flag|Kerajaan Italia}} 1944–1946|
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Italy.svg}} [[Republik Italia]] 1946–sekarang
}}
}}
▲[[File:Rome- Ruins of the Forum, Looking towards the Capitol.jpg|thumb|right|''Roma:
▲'''Sejarah Roma''' mencakup sejarah [[Roma|kota Roma]] maupun sejarah [[Romawi Kuno|peradaban bangsa Romawi Kuno]]. Sejarah
*
*Babak [[Bangsa Etruria|
*
*Babak [[Kekaisaran Romawi|kekaisaran]] menyusuli babak republik, yang mulai mendekati akhirnya ketika [[Yulius Kaisar]] berkuasa, dan benar-benar berakhir sesudah [[Augustus|Oktavianus]], anak angkat Yulius Kaisar, mengalahkan [[Markus Antonius]] dalam [[Perang Akhir Republik Romawi|perang saudara]] pada tahun 27 SM.
*
*Babak [[Abad Pertengahan Roma|Abad Pertengahan]], ditengarai oleh keretakan hubungan dengan Konstantinopel dan pembentukan [[Negara Gereja]]. Lembaga [[kepausan]] berjuang mempertahankan kewibawaannya
*Babak [[Renaisans Roma|Renaisans]],
*
==
== Lini masa Roma Kuno ==
{{main|Romawi Kuno}}
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=== Sejarah
{{Further|Pendirian kota Roma}}
Ada bukti arkeologis yang mengindikasikan bahwa kawasan kota Roma sudah didiami manusia selambat-lambatnya sejak 5.000 tahun yang lampau, tetapi lapisan padat puing-puing yang jauh lebih muda umurnya mengaburkan keberadaan situs-situs zaman Batu Tua dan Batu Muda.<ref>Heiken, G., Funiciello, R. dan De Rita, D. (2005), The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City. Penerbit Universitas Princeton.</ref> Bukti tersebut mengisyaratkan bahwa cikal bakal terbentuknya kota Roma pada masa purba juga dikaburkan legenda pendirian kota Roma yang melibatkan [[Romulus dan Remus]].▼
==== Prasejarah ====
Menurut tradisi, kota Roma didirikan pada tanggal 21 April 753 SM, mengacu kepada keterangan [[Marcus Terentius Varro]],<ref name=Potter>{{cite book|last1=Potter|first1=D.S.|title=Rome in the Ancient World: From Romulus to Justinian|date=2009|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=London|isbn=9780500251522|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSU_AQAAIAAJ&q=753}}</ref> dan kira-kira sejak saat itu kota Roma maupun daerah [[Lazio|Latium]] terus-menerus didiami manusia nyaris tanpa jeda. Usaha-usaha ekskavasi pada tahun 2014 telah menyingkap keberadaan sebuah tembok yang dibangun jauh sebelum tahun 753 SM. Para arkeolog menemukan sebuah tembok batu dan pecahan tembikar yang [[pertanggalan|dipertanggal]] abad ke-9 SM dan permulaan abad ke-8 SM. Selain itu terdapat pula bukti kedatangan manusia ke [[bukit Palatin]] seawal-awalnya pada abad ke-10 SM.<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news|last1=Hooper|first1=John|title=Archaeologists' findings may prove Rome a century older than thought|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/13/archaelogists-find-rome-century-older-than-thought|newspaper=The Guardian|date=13 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,874209,00.html |title=Science: Rome: Older Than Ever|magazine=Time |date=21 November 1960}}</ref>▼
▲
▲Menurut tradisi, kota Roma didirikan pada tanggal 21 April 753 SM, mengacu kepada keterangan [[Marcus Terentius Varro]],<ref name=Potter>{{cite book|last1=Potter|first1=D.S.|title=Rome in the Ancient World: From Romulus to Justinian|date=2009|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=London|isbn=9780500251522|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSU_AQAAIAAJ&q=753}}</ref> dan kira-kira sejak saat itu kota Roma maupun daerah [[Lazio|Latium]] terus-menerus didiami manusia nyaris tanpa jeda. Usaha-usaha ekskavasi pada tahun 2014 telah menyingkap keberadaan
Situs [[Area Sant'Omobono]] sangat penting artinya bagi usaha memahami tiga proses yang saling terkait, yakni monumentalisasi, [[urbanisasi]], dan pembentukan negara di Roma menjelang akhir zaman Purba. Situs kuil Sant'Omobono dipertanggal abad ke-7 sampai ke–6 SM, sehingga menjadikannya reruntuhan kuil tertua di Roma yang sudah diketahui saat ini.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archaeology.org/issues/132-1405/trenches/1982-reexcavation-rome-earliest-temple|title=A Brief Glimpse into Early Rome – Archaeology Magazine|first=JASON M.|last=URBANUS|website=archaeology.org}}</ref>▼
▲Situs [[Area Sant'Omobono]] sangat penting artinya bagi usaha memahami tiga proses yang saling
==== Legenda asal mula kota Roma ====
[[File:Capitoline she-wolf Musei Capitolini MC1181.jpg|thumb|left|[[Serigala Kapitolin]] menyusui si kembar [[Romulus dan Remus]]]]
Asal mula nama kota Roma diduga berasal dari nama [[Romulus]], tokoh legendaris yang dipercaya sebagai pendiri sekaligus raja pertamanya.<ref>[[Livius]], ''[[Ab Urbe Condita (buku)|Ab Urbe Condita]]'' I, 7</ref> Konon Romulus dan
▲Berbagai usaha sudah dilakukan untuk mencari akar kebahasaan dari nama Roma. Kemungkinan-kemungkinannya mencakup turunan dari kata [[bahasa Yunani|Yunani]] ''ῥώμη'' (rome) yang berarti keberanian atau kebernyalian;<ref>Bdk. [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] dan karya tulisnya "[[The Social Contract]]", Jilid IV, Bab IV, ditulis tahun 1762, memuat catatan kaki yang menerangkan bahwa nama Roma berasal dari kata Yunani yang berarti daya. "''Ada penulis-penulis yang mengatakan bahwa nama 'Roma' diturunkan dari 'Romulus'. Sesungguhnya nama itu adalah kata Yunani yang berarti daya.''"</ref> kemungkinan besar berasal dari akar kata ''*rum-'' yang berarti "puting", dan secara teoritis merujuk kepada totem serigala yang mengadopsi dan menyusui si kembar yang nama-namanya masih berkaitan. Tampaknya nama Etruski untuk kota Roma adalah ''Ruma''.<ref>Kesimpulan ini ditarik dari nama sosok yang terlukis pada [[Makam François]] di Vulci, disertai tulisan kalimat Etruski ''Kneve Tarkhunies Rumakh'' yang ditafsirkan menjadi ''Gnaeus Tarquinius asal Roma. http://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/francois.html</ref> Bandingkan pula dengan ''Rumon'', nama lama Sungai Tiber. Sebagaimana kebanyakan kata-kata bahasa Etruski, etimologinya tidak diketahui. Di dalam bukunya, ''Concise Etymological Dictionary of Latin'' (terbit tahun 1931), [[Thomas George Tucker|Thomas G. Tucker]] mengemukakan dugaannya bahwa nama Roma mungkin sekali berasal dari kata ''*urobsma'' (bdk. ''urbs'', ''robur''), malah mungkin pula, "kendati kecil kemungkinannya", berasal dari kata''*urosma'' yang berarti "bukit" (bdk. kata Sangsekerta ''varsman-'' yang berarti "tinggi" atau "ujung", kata Slavoni ''vriksu'' yang berarti "mercu" atau "puncak", kata Rusia ''verks'' yang berarti "mercu" atau "arah ke atas", kata Lituania ''virsus'' yang berarti "sebelah atas").
==== Pembentukan kota ====
Cikal bakal kota Roma adalah padang-padang penggembalaan atau perkampungan-perkampungan di atas [[bukit Palatium|Bukit Palatin]] dan [[Tujuh bukit Roma|bukit-bukit di sekitarnya]], kira-kira {{convert|30|km|0|abbr=on|lk=out}} dari [[Laut Tirenia]] di tepi selatan [[Sungai Tiber]]. Mungkin sekali [[Bukit Kuirinal]] adalah pangkalan terdepan orang [[Sabini]], salah satu kelompok masyarakat penutur [[Rumpun bahasa Italik|rumpun bahasa Itali]]. Di lokasi tersebut, aliran Sungai Tiber berkelok. Di tengah kelokan sungai terdapat sebuah [[Pulau Tiber|pulau]] yang menandai perairan dangkal, tempat orang dapat menyeberang dengan mudah. Dengan lokasi semacam ini, Roma berada di persimpangan lalu lintas sungai dan jalur ulang-alik utara-selatan kaum pedagang di kawasan barat [[semenanjung Italia|Jazirah Italia]].
Temuan-temuan [[arkeologi]]s membuktikan bahwa pada abad ke-8 SM sudah ada dua permukiman berkubu di lokasi yang kemudian hari menjadi kawasan kota Roma, yakni permukiman orang Rumi di Bukit Palatin dan permukiman orang Titientes di Bukit Kuirinal, dibekingi orang Luceres yang mendiami hutan-hutan di sekitarnya.<ref name="Ismarmed.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ismarmed.com/early.html |title=History of Rome (Italy) |last=Ismarmed.com |work=ismarmed.com |year=2011 |access-date=2022-06-14 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709104434/http://www.ismarmed.com/early.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Rumi, Titientes, dan Luceres hanyalah tiga di antara sekian banyak komunitas penutur rumpun bahasa Itali di daerah [[Latium]], sebuah [[dataran]] luas di Jazirah [[Italia]], pada milenium pertama SM. [[Daftar masyarakat kuno di Italia|Masyarakat-masyarakat penutur rumpun bahasa Itali]] terbentuk pada zaman prasejarah sehingga asal-usulnya tidak diketahui secara pasti, tetapi [[rumpun bahasa India-Eropa]] yang mereka tuturkan datang dari timur pada seperdua akhir milenium ke-2 SM.
Menurut [[Dionysios dari Halikarnassos|Dionisios dari Halikarnasos]], banyak sejarawan Romawi (termasuk Porcius Cato dan Gaius Sempronius) beranggapan bahwa nenek moyang bangsa Romawi (keturunan [[Aborigines|kaum Aborigines]]) adalah orang Yunani, kendati anggapan itu sesungguhnya mereka dapatkan dari khazanah sastra legenda Yunani.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dionisios dari Halikarnasos|author-link=
==== Konteks Itali ====
[[File:Tomba Francois - Liberazione di Celio Vibenna.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Makam François]], petilasan bangsa Etruski dari abad ke-6 SM]]
Bangsa Etruski (''Etrusci'' atau ''Tusci'' dalam [[bahasa Latin]]) diketahui berdiam di sebelah utara dari Roma, di [[Etruria]] (kawasan utara daerah Lazio, daerah [[Toskana]], dan sebagian daerah [[Umbria]] sekarang ini). Bangsa ini mendirikan kota-kota seperti [[Tarquinia]], [[Veii]], dan [[Volterra]]. Budaya mereka pun sangat mempengaruhi budaya bangsa Romawi, mengingat beberapa Raja Roma menurut mitos adalah orang Etruski. Lantaran ketiadaan peninggalan pustaka, sastra keagamaan atau filsafat, sebagian besar pengetahuan tentang peradaban Etruski didapatkan para sejarawan dari barang-barang bekal kubur dan temuan-temuan makam.<ref name="Bonfante 2006, page 9">[[#Bonfante2006|Larissa Bonfante:''Etruscan Inscriptions and Etruscan Religion in'' The Religion of the Etruscans – University of Texas Press 2006, halaman 9]]</ref>
=== Zaman daulat Etruski ===
▲The Greeks had founded many colonies in Southern [[Italy]] between 750 and 550 BC (which the Romans later called [[Magna Graecia]]), such as [[Cumae]], [[Naples]], [[Reggio Calabria]], [[Crotone]], [[Sybaris]], and [[Taranto]], as well as in the eastern two-thirds of [[Sicily]].<ref name="The Story of the Greeks">{{cite web |url=http://example.invalid |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003085828/http://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage-books.php?Dir=books&MenuItem=display&author=guerber&book=greeks&story=troy |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 October 2011 |title=Heritage History eBook Reader |first=H. A.|last=Guerber |work=heritage-history.com |year=2011}}</ref><ref name="Roman religion">{{cite web |url=http://www.roman-empire.net/religion/religion.html |title=Religion |last=Roman-Empire.net |work=roman-empire.net |year=2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512041736/http://www.roman-empire.net/religion/religion.html |archive-date=12 May 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:TempleofCapitoliumRome.jpg|thumb|220px|[[
[[File:Servian Wall-Termini Station.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Tembok Servius]], tembok pertama kota Roma, sebutannya terambil dari nama Raja Servius Tullius]]
▲{{Further|Roman Kingdom}}
Sesudah tahun 650 SM, [[bangsa Etruria|bangsa Etruski]] kian berkuasa dan memperluas wilayah kedaulatannya sampai ke tengah kawasan utara Jazirah Italia. Menurut tradisi bangsa Romawi, [[Kerajaan Romawi|tujuh orang raja]] silih berganti memerintah kota Roma dari tahun 753 sampai tahun 509 SM, mulai dari [[Romulus dan Remus|Romulus]], yang konon [[pendirian kota Roma|mendirikan kota Roma]] bersama-sama saudara kembarnya, [[Romulus dan Remus|Remus]]. Konon tiga raja terakhir adalah orang Etruski (sekurang-kurangnya peranakan Etruski), yakni [[Lucius Tarquinius Priscus|Tarquinius Priscus]], [[Servius Tullius]], dan [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus|Tarquinius Superbus]] (menurut sumber-sumber sastrawi kuno, ayah Tarquinius Priscus adalah seorang pengungsi Yunani, sementara ibunya berkebangsaan Etruski). Nama-nama mereka merujuk kepada [[Tarquinia]], kota bangsa Etruski.
▲[[File:TempleofCapitoliumRome.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus]] 526–509 BC<ref>{{Google books |id=qSP4ovkOTpoC |page=6 |title=The Architecture of Roman Temples: The Republic to the Middle Empire}}</ref>]]
[[Livius]], [[Plutarkhos]], [[Dionysios dari Halikarnassos|Dionisios dari Halikarnasos]], dan pujangga-pujangga kuno lainnya mengklaim bahwa Roma silih berganti diperintah tujuh orang raja pada abad-abad permulaan sejarah kota itu. Menurut kronologi tradisional yang dibakukan pujangga [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]], rentang waktu pemerintahan ketujuh raja tersebut adalah 243 tahun, rata-rata satu orang raja memerintah selama kurang lebih 35 tahun. Pandangan tradisional ini sudah diketepikan dunia kesarjanaan modern sejak terbitnya karya tulis [[Barthold Georg Niebuhr]]. [[suku Galia|Orang-orang Galia]] memusnahkan sebagian besar catatan sejarah Roma ketika menyerang kota itu seusai [[Pertempuran Allia]] tahun 390 SM (menurut Polibios, pertempuran itu terjadi pada tahun 387 atau 386 SM), dan catatan sejarah yang masih tersisa pada akhirnya sirna ditelan waktu atau hilang dicuri orang. Karena tidak ada catatan sejarah yang berasal dari zaman Kerajaan Roma, semua keterangan mengenai raja-rajanya tidak boleh ditelan mentah-mentah begitu saja.<ref>Asimov, Isaac. Asimov's Chronology of the World. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. hlm. 69.</ref> Daftar raja-raja Roma pun masih diragukan nilai kesejarahannya, kendati raja-raja terakhir mungkin saja adalah tokoh-tokoh nyata.
Beberapa sejarawan meyakini (sekali lagi, keyakinan mereka masih dipermasalahkan) bahwa Roma berada di bawah pengaruh bangsa Etruski kira-kira seabad lamanya. Pada kurun waktu ini, dibangun sebuah jembatan yang dinamakan [[Pons Sublicius]] untuk menggantikan jalur penyeberangan [[Sungai Tiber]]. [[Cloaca Maxima]] juga dibangun pada kurun waktu ini. Konon bangsa Etruski sangat piawai dalam mengerjakan bangunan-bangunan semacam itu. Dari segi kebudayaan dan teknik, boleh dikata bangsa Etruski adalah bangsa kedua yang besar berpengaruhnya terhadap perkembangan Roma, sesudah Bangsa Yunani.<!--
Expanding further south, the Etruscans came into direct contact with the Greeks and initially had success in conflicts with the Greek colonists; after which, Etruria went into a decline. Taking advantage of this, Rome rebelled and gained independence from the Etruscans around 500 BC. It also abandoned monarchy in favour of a republican system based on a [[Roman Senate|Senate]], composed of the nobles of the city, along with popular assemblies which ensured political participation for most of the freeborn men and elected magistrates annually.
The Etruscans left a lasting influence on Rome. The Romans learned to build temples from them, and the Etruscans may have introduced the worship of a triad of gods — [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]], [[Minerva]], and [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] — from the [[Etruscan mythology|Etruscan gods]]: [[Uni (
===
{{Further|Overthrow of the Roman monarchy|Roman Republic|Crisis of the Roman Republic}}
[[File:Forum Romanum through Arch of Septimius Severus Forum Romanum Rome.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Forum Romanum]]'']]
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The years 44–31 BC mark the struggle for power between Marcus Antonius and Octavian (later known as Augustus). Finally, on 2 September 31 BC, in the Greek promontory of [[Actium]], the final battle took place in the sea. Octavian was victorious, and became the sole ruler of Rome (and its empire). That date marks the end of the Republic and the beginning of the [[Principate]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/fallofromanrepublic_article_01.shtml |title=BBC – History – The Fall of the Roman Republic |author=BBC History |work=bbc.co.uk |year=2011}}</ref><ref>The Roman Republic was never restored; but nor was it abolished, so the event which signaled its transition to [[Roman Empire]] is a matter of interpretation. Historians have variously proposed the appointment of [[Julius Caesar]] as perpetual [[Roman dictator|dictator]] in 44 BC, the defeat of [[Mark Antony]] at the [[Battle of Actium]] in 31 BC, and the [[Roman Senate]]'s grant of extraordinary powers to [[Augustus|Octavian (Augustus)]] under the [[Augustus#First settlement|first settlement]] in 27 BC, as candidates for the defining pivotal [[Epoch (reference date)|event]] ending the Republic.</ref>
===
{{Further|Roman Empire}}
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====
[[File:Vita Romae.webm|thumb|left|Life in Rome; animation in Latin with English subtitles]] By the end of the Republic, the city of Rome had achieved a grandeur befitting the capital of an empire dominating the whole of the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]. It was, at the time, the largest city in the world. Estimates of its peak population range from 450,000 to over 3.5 million people with estimates of 1 to 2 million being most popular with historians.<ref>{{cite book |last= Aldrete |first= Gregory S. |author-link= Gregory S. Aldrete |title= Daily life in the Roman city: Rome, Pompeii and Ostia |publisher= Greenwood Press |year= 2004 |location= Westport, CT |page= [https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinroman00aldr/page/22 22] |url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinroman00aldr |url-access= registration |quote= rome first city with one million inhabitants -.com .edu. |isbn= 0-313-33174-X |access-date= 8 July 2011}}</ref> This grandeur increased under [[Augustus]], who completed Caesar's projects and added many of his own, such as the [[Forum of Augustus]] and the [[Ara Pacis]]. He is said to have remarked that he found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble (''Urbem latericium invenit, marmoream reliquit''). Augustus's successors sought to emulate his success in part by adding their own contributions to the city. In AD 64, during the reign of [[Nero]], the [[Great Fire of Rome]] left much of the city destroyed, but in many ways it was used as an excuse for new development.<ref name="Tacitus, Annals XV.40">Tacitus, ''Annals''XV.40</ref><ref name="Fordham">{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/diocassius-nero1.html |title=Ancient History Sourcebook: Dio Cassius: Nero and the Great Fire 64 AD |last=Fordham.edu|work=fordham.edu |year=2009}}</ref>
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Rome's population declined after its apex in the 2nd century. At the end of that century, during the reign of [[Marcus Aurelius]], the [[Antonine Plague]] killed 2,000 people a day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/gloucestershire/7374836.stm |title='Plague' killed Roman grave dead |work=BBC News |date=30 April 2008}}</ref> Marcus Aurelius died in 180, his reign being the last of the "[[Five Good Emperors]]" and [[Pax Romana]]. His son [[Commodus]], who had been co-emperor since AD 177, assumed full imperial power, which is most generally associated with the gradual decline of the Western Roman Empire. Rome's population was only a fraction of its peak when the [[Aurelian Walls|Aurelian Wall]] was completed in the year 273 (in that year its population was only around 500,000). At this time, part of the Roman aristocratic class circulated in Rome following the catastrophic eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in 79 AD, which destroyed the city of [[Pompeii]].
====
Starting in the early 3rd century, matters changed. The "[[Crisis of the Third Century]]" defines the disasters and political troubles for the Empire, which nearly collapsed. The new feeling of danger and the menace of barbarian invasions was clearly shown by the decision of Emperor [[Aurelian]], who at year 273 finished encircling the capital itself with a massive [[Aurelian Walls|wall]] which had a perimeter that measured close to {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on|lk=off}}. Rome formally remained capital of the [[Roman Empire|empire]], but emperors spent less and less time there. At the end of 3rd century [[Diocletian]]'s political reforms, Rome was deprived of its traditional role of administrative capital of the Empire. Later, [[Western Roman Empire|western emperors]] ruled from [[Milan]] or [[Ravenna]], or cities in [[Gaul]]. In 330, [[Constantine I]] established a second capital at [[Constantinople]].
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{{Further|Early Christianity|Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism|Constantinian shift|State church of the Roman Empire}}
Baris 202 ⟶ 237:
The Empire's conversion to Christianity made the [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]] (later called the Pope) the senior religious figure in the Western Empire, as officially stated in 380 by the [[Edict of Thessalonica]]. In spite of its increasingly marginal role in the Empire, Rome retained its historic prestige, and this period saw the last wave of construction activity: Constantine's predecessor [[Maxentius]] built buildings such as its basilica in the [[Roman Forum|Forum]], Constantine himself erected the [[Arch of Constantine]] to celebrate his victory over the former, and [[Diocletian]] built the greatest [[Baths of Diocletian|baths]] of all. Constantine was also the first patron of official Christian buildings in the city. He donated the [[Lateran Palace]] to the Pope, and built the first great basilica, the [[old St. Peter's Basilica]].
==== Invasi bangsa Jermani dan tumbangnya kekaisaran barat ====
[[File:Basilica of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls.jpg|thumb|220px|right|The ancient basilica of St. Lawrence outside the walls was built directly over the tomb of the people's favourite Roman martyr]]
Baris 211 ⟶ 246:
At the beginning of the 6th century Rome's population may have been less than 100,000. Many monuments were being destroyed by the citizens themselves, who stripped stones from closed temples and other precious buildings, and even burned statues to make lime for their personal use. In addition, most of the increasing number of churches were built in this way. For example, the [[Old Saint Peter's Basilica|first Saint Peter's Basilica]] was erected using spoils from the abandoned [[Circus of Nero]].<ref name=met>{{cite journal |author= Boorsch, Suzanne |date= Winter 1982–1983 |title= The Building of the Vatican: The Papacy and Architecture |journal= The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin |volume= 40 |issue= 3 |pages= 4–8 }}</ref> This architectural cannibalism was a constant feature of Roman life until the [[Renaissance]]. From the 4th century, imperial edicts against stripping of stones and especially marble were common, but the need for their repetition shows that they were ineffective. Sometimes new churches were created by simply taking advantage of early Pagan temples, while sometimes changing the Pagan god or hero to a corresponding Christian saint or martyr. In this way, the Temple of Romulus and Remus became the basilica of the twin saints [[Santi Cosma e Damiano|Cosmas and Damian]]. Later, the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]], Temple of All Gods, became the church of All Martyrs.
==== Usaha restorasi Romawi Timur ====
{{Further|Ostrogothic Kingdom|Duchy of Rome|Sack of Rome (546)}}
[[File:Roma-Porta San Paolo.JPG|thumb|220px|[[Porta San Paolo]], a gate in the [[Aurelian Walls]], built between 271 AD and 275 AD. During the [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic Wars]] of the mid-6th century, Rome was besieged several times by Eastern Roman and Ostrogoth armies. Ostrogoths of Totila entered through this gate in 549, because of the treason of the [[Isauria]]n garrison.]]
Baris 236 ⟶ 271:
Then, in 663, Rome had its first imperial visit for two centuries, by [[Constans II]]—its worst disaster since the Gothic Wars when the Emperor proceeded to strip Rome of metal, including that from buildings and statues, to provide armament materials for use against the [[Saracen]]s. However, for the next half century, despite further tensions, Rome and the Papacy continued to prefer continued Byzantine Roman rule: in part because the alternative was Lombard rule, and in part because Rome's food was largely coming from Papal estates elsewhere in the Empire, particularly [[Sicily]].
== Abad Pertengahan Roma ==
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Baris 603 ⟶ 638:
=== Kepustakaan ===
*{{cite book|last=Beard|first=Mary|author-link=Mary Beard (classicist)|title=SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome|url=https://archive.org/details/spqrhistoryofanc0000bear_b2c1|year=2015|location=New York & London|publisher=Liveright Publishing|isbn=978-0-87140-423-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Bloch|first=Raymond|title=The ancient civilization of the Etruscans|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientcivilizat00bloc|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=Cowles Book|year=1969}}
*{{Cite book|title=A history of Rome to 565 A. D. |author=Boak, Arthur Edward Romilly |year=1921 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5bsoAAAAYAAJ}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Bonfante|editor-first=Larissa |title=Etruscan Life and Afterlife: a Handbook of Etruscan Studies|location=Warminster|publisher=Aris and Phillips|year=1986}}
*{{cite book|last=Bonfante|first=Larissa|title=Etruscan|url=https://archive.org/details/etruscan0000bonf|publisher=University of California Press|year=1990|isbn=0-520-07118-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Bonfante|first=Larissa |title=''Etruscan Inscriptions and Etruscan Religion in'' The Religion of the Etruscans|location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2006|ref=Bonfante2006}}
*{{cite book|author=Bonfante, G.|author2=L. Bonfante|title=The Etruscan Language. An Introduction|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2002|ref=Bonfante2002}}
Baris 617 ⟶ 652:
*[[Theodor Mommsen]] ''The History of Rome, Books I, II, III, IV, V.''
*{{cite book|author=Frost Abbott, Frank|title=A history and description of Roman political institutions|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryanddesc03abbogoog|year=1911|publisher=Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=0-543-92749-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Kertzer|first=David|author-link=David Kertzer|title=Prisoner of the Vatican|url=https://archive.org/details/prisonerofvatica00unse|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|year=2004|isbn=0-618-22442-4}}
==== Atribusi ====
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