Gender: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 15:
Dalam konteks hukum [[diskriminasi]], ''seks'' dan ''jenis kelamin'' yang menyangkut arti biologis umumnya lebih dipilih ketimbang ''gender'' sebagai [[norma]] yang terkonstruksi secara sosial dan lebih terbuka dari sisi tafsir maknanya.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Render|first=M. |year=2006|title=Misogyny, Androgyny, and Sexual Harassment: Sex Discrimination in a Gender-Deconstructed World|journal=Harvard Journal of Law & Gender |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=99–150}}</ref> Pakar hukum Amerika Serikat, Julie A. Greenberg, menyatakan bahwa meskipun gender dan seks adalah konsep yang terpisah, kedua kata tersebut memiliki keterikatan dengan [[diskriminasi gender]] sering kali terjadi akibat dari [[stereotipe]] masing-masing seks.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Greenberg | first1 = J. A. | year = 1999 | title = Defining Male and Female: Intersexuality and the Collision Between Law and Biology | url = https://www.tjsl.edu/sites/default/files/julie_greenberg_defining_male_and_female_intersexuality_and_the_collision_between_law_and_biology_41_ariz._l._rev._265_1999.pdf | journal = Arizona Law Review | volume = 41 | issue = | page = 265 | access-date = 2018-06-03 | archive-date = 2023-07-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230709021238/https://www.tjsl.edu/sites/default/files/julie_greenberg_defining_male_and_female_intersexuality_and_the_collision_between_law_and_biology_41_ariz._l._rev._265_1999.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref>
== Identitas gender dan peran gender ==
Baris 66 ⟶ 64:
==== Gender ketiga dan gender nonbiner ====
{{main|Gender ketiga|Genderqueer}}
Secara tradisional pada umumnya, masyarakat hanya mengakui dua peran gender yaitu feminin dan maskulin. Keduanya pun masing-masing berkaitan dengan jenis kelamin perempuan dan laki-laki. Ketika seorang bayi lahir, masyarakat menempatkan bayi itu ke dalam satu gender berdasarkan tampilan [[organ genitalia]] mereka.<ref name="Birke, Lynda 2001">{{cite book|last=Birke|first=L.|year=2001 |chapter=In Pursuit of Difference: Scientific Studies of Women and Men |editor-first1=M.|editor-last1=Lederman |editor-first2=I.|editor-last2=Bartsch |title=The Gender and Science Reader |location=New York|publisher= Routledge}}</ref> Akan tetapi, beberapa masyarakat di dunia memiliki kelompok gender yang tidak terpatok pada jenis kelamin biologis misalnya orang [[Bissu]] dalam kebudayaan [[Bugis]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Graham |first=Sharyn |year=2001 |url=http://www.insideindonesia.org/sulawesis-fifth-gender-2 |title=Sulawesi's fifth gender |magazine=Inside Indonesia |issue=66 |publisher=Indonesian Resources and Information Program |issn=0814-1185 |access-date=2018-06-20 |archive-date=2015-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414144755/http://www.insideindonesia.org/sulawesis-fifth-gender-2 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> dan orang [[dua roh]] di kebudayaan pribumi Amerika. Kelompok ini disebut dalam [[sosiologi gender|sosiologi]] sebagai [[gender ketiga]]<ref>{{Cite book | editor=Gilbert Herdt | title=Third Sex Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History | url=https://archive.org/details/thirdsexthirdgen0000unse | year=1996 | isbn=0-942299-82-5 | oclc=35293440}}</ref> yang terpisah dari kondisi jenis kelamin biologis.<ref>{{cite book|first=W.|last=Roscoe|title=Changing Ones: Third and Fourth Genders in Native North America|url=https://archive.org/details/changingonesthir0000rosc|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=0-312-22479-6}}</ref> Beberapa contoh lainnya adalah masyarakat [[hijra (Asia Selatan)|hijra]] di [[India]] dan [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Nanda|first=S.|year=1998|title=Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras of India|url=https://archive.org/details/neithermannorwom0022nand|publisher=Wadsworth Publishing|isbn=0-534-50903-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reddy|first=G.|year=2005|title=With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India |url=https://archive.org/details/withrespecttosex0000redd|publisher= University Of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-70756-3}}</ref> Contoh lainnya adalah masyarakat [[muxe]] di [[Meksiko]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/weekinreview/07lacey.html?scp=1&sq=muxe&st=cse |title=A lifestyle distinct: the Muxe of Mexico |publisher=New York Times |date=2008-12-06 |access-date=2018-06-18 |archive-date=2023-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709021232/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/weekinreview/07lacey.html?scp=1&sq=muxe&st=cse |dead-url=no }}</ref>
=== Pengukuran identitas gender ===
Baris 124 ⟶ 122:
* {{Cite book |ref=harv | last=Butler |first=J. | year=1990 | title=Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Thinking Gender' |url=https://archive.org/details/gendertroublefem0000butl | location=New York & London | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-415-38955-6}}
* {{Cite book | ref=harv |last= Butler |first=J. | year=1993 | title=Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex" | url=https://archive.org/details/bodiesthatmatter00butl | location=New York | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-415-61015-5}}
* {{Cite book | ref= |last=Fausto-Sterling |first=A. | year=2000 | title=Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality | url=https://archive.org/details/sexingbodygender0000faus| location=New York | publisher=Basic Books | isbn=978-0-465-07714-4}}
== Pranala luar ==
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