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{{Quranitalic title}}
{{Quran|teks}}
'''Muqattaʿāt''' ({{lang-ar|حروف مقطعات }} ''ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿāt '' "huruf yang tidak bisa menyambung";<ref>مقطعات kata majemuk dari [[:wikt:قطع|قطع]] "memotong".</ref> juga disebut "huruf misterius") adalah kombinasi dari satu hingga lima [[huruf Arab]] <ref name=Massey2005>Massey, Keith. "Mysterious Letters." in Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.) [[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]]. Vol. 3 (205), p. 472 ([http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-the-quran/mysterious-letters-EQCOM_00128 .brillonline.com]).</ref> Huruf ini juga dikenal sebagai ''fawātih'' ({{lang|ar|فواتح}}) atau "pembuka", karena letaknya yang berada di awal surah.
'''Muqatta'at''' ({{lang-ar|الحروف المقطعات|translit=al-ḥurūf al-muqaṭṭaʿāt|lit=huruf yang terpotong-potong}}), atau '''fawatihus suwar''' ({{lang|ar|فواتح السور|translit=fawātiḥ al-suwar}}), adalah [[Ayat Mutasyabih|ayat-ayat mutasyabih]] pada pembukaan beberapa surat [[Alquran]] yang tersusun dari satu sampai lima huruf [[hijaiyah]] yang tidak membentuk kata.{{sfn|As-Suyuthi|1426 H}}<ref name=Massey2005>Massey, Keith. "Mysterious Letters." in Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.) [[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]]. Vol. 3 (205), p. 472 ([http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-the-quran/mysterious-letters-EQCOM_00128 .brillonline.com]).</ref>
 
Empat Surah yang dinamakan berdasarkan ''muqatta'at'', yaitu [[Surah Ta-Ha|''Ṭāʾ-Hāʾ'']], [[Surah Ya Sin|''Yāʾ-Sīn'']] , [[Surah Sad|''sādṢād'']] dan [[Surah Qaf|'' Qāf'']].
 
Tidak ada seorangpun yang mengetahui maksud dari apa arti sebenarnya dari muqatta'at, hanya Allah yang mengetahuinya.
 
== Penyebaran ==
{|class="wikitable"
''Muqatta'at'' berada di Surah 2&ndash;3, 7, 10&ndash;15, 19&ndash;20, 26&ndash;32, 36, 38, 40&ndash;46, 50 dan 68. Berikut tabel penjelasannya:
|+ Tabel persebaran huruf-huruf muqatta'at di Alquran
 
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Surah
! ''Muqatta'at''
! Surah
! Akumulasi
|-
|[[Surah Al-Baqarah]]align=center | {{lang| ar|ألم}}<br/>''ʾAlif’Alif Lām Mīm'' ألم
| [[Surah Al-Baqarah|Al-Baqarah]], [[Surah Ali Imran|Ali Imran]], [[Surah Al-Ankabut|al-Ankabut]], [[Surah Ar-Rum|ar-Rum]], [[Surah Luqman|Luqman]], dan [[Surah As-Sajdah|as-Sajdah]]
| 6
|-
|[[Surah Al-Imran]]align=center | {{lang| ar|ألمص}}<br/>''ʾAlif Lām Mīm Ṣād'' ألم
| [[Surah Al-A'raf|Al-A'raf]]
| 7
|-
|[[Surah align=center Al-A'raf]]| {{lang|ar| ألر}}<br/>''ʾAlif Lām Mīm sādRāʾ'' ألمص
| [[Surah Yunus|Yunus]], [[Surah Hud|Hud]], [[Surah Yusuf|Yusuf]], [[Surah Ibrahim|Ibrahim]], dan [[Surah Al-Hijr|al-Hijr]]
| 12
|-
|[[Surah Yunus]]align=center | {{lang| ar|ألمر}}<br/>''ʾAlif Lām Mīm Rāʾ'' ألر
| [[Surah Ar-Ra’d|Ar-Ra'd]]
| 13
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|كهيعص}}<br/>''Kāf Hāʾ Yāʾ ʿAin Ṣād''
|[[Surah Hud]] || ''ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ'' ألر
| [[Surah Maryam|Maryam]]
| 14
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|طه}}<br/>''Ṭāʾ Hāʾ''
|[[Surah Yusuf]]|| ''ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ'' ألر
| [[Surah Ta Ha|Ta Ha]]
| 15
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|طسم}}<br/>''Ṭāʾ Sīn Mīm''
|[[Surah Ar-Ra'du]] || ''ʾAlif Lām Mīm Rāʾ'' ألمر
| [[Surah Asy-Syu'ara'|Asy-Syu'ara']] dan [[Surah Al-Qasas|al-Qasas]]
| 17
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|طس}}<br/>''Ṭāʾ Sīn''
|[[Surah Ibrahim]] || ''ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ'' ألر
| [[Surah An-Naml|An-Naml]]
| 18
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|يس}}<br/>''Yāʾ Sīn''
|[[Surah Al-Hijr]] || ''ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ'' ألر
| [[Surah Ya Sin|Ya Sin]]
| 19
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|ص}}<br/>''Ṣād''
|[[Surah Maryam]] || ''Kāf Hāʾ Yāʾ ʿAin sād'' كهيعص
| [[Surah Sad|Sad]]
| 20
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|حم}}<br/>''Ḥā Mīm''
|[[Surah Ta-Ha]] '' || ''Ṭāʾ Hāʾ'' طه
| [[Surah Al-Mu'min|Ghaafir]], [[Surah Fussilat|Fussilat]], [[Surah Az-Zukhruf|az-Zukhruf]], [[Surah Ad-Dukhan|ad-Dukhan]], [[Surah Al-Jasiyah|Jatsiyah]], dan [[Surah Al-Ahqaf|al-Ahqaf]]
| 26
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|حم عسق}}<br/>''Ḥā Mīm; ʿAin Sīn Qāf''
|[[Surah Asy-Syuara]]|| ''Ṭāʾ Sīn Mīm'' طسم
| [[Surah Asy-Syura|Asy-Syura]]
| 27
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|ق}}<br/>''Qāf''
|[[Surah An-Naml]] || ''Ṭāʾ Sīn'' طس
| [[Surah Qaf|Qaf]]
|-
| 28
|[[Surah Al-Qasas]] || '' Sīn Mīm'' طسم
|-
|[[Surah Al-Ankabut]]|| ''ʾAlif Lām Mīm'' ألم
|-
|[[Surah Ar-Rum]] || ''ʾAlif Lām Mīm'' ألم
|-
|[[Surah Luqman]] || ''ʾAlif Lām Mīm'' ألم
|-
|[[Surah As-Sajdah]]|| ''ʾAlif Lām Mīm'' ألم
|-
|[[Surah Yasin]] || ''Yāʾ Sīn'' يس
|-
|[[Surah Sad]] || ''sād'' ص
|-
|[[Surah Ghafir]] || ''Hā Mīm'' حم
|-
|[[Surah Fussilat]] || ''Hā Mīm'' حم
|-
|[[Surah Asy-Syura]] || ''Hā Mīm; ʿAin Sīn Qāf'' حم عسق
|-
|[[Surah Az-Zukhruf]] || ''Hā Mīm'' حم
|-
|[[Surah Ad-Dukhan]]|| ''Hā Mīm'' حم
|-
|[[Surah Al-Jatsiyah]] || ''Hā Mīm'' حم
|-
|[[Surah Al-Ahqaf]] || ''Hā Mīm'' حم
|-
|[[Surah Qaf]] || ''Qāf'' ق
|-
|[[Surah Al-Qalam]] || ''Nūn'' ن
|-
| align=center | {{lang|ar|ن}}<br/>''Nūn''
| [[Surah Al-Qalam]]
| 29
|}
 
== Struktur ==
[[FileBerkas:Qur'anic initial letters en.PNG|right|frameka|bingkai]]
Berikut ada 14 kombinasi yang unik; yang paling banyak yaitu ''ʾAlif Lām Mīm'' dan ''Hā Mīm'', disebutkan hingga enam kali.
Berikut adalah huruf-huruf muqatta'at, yaitu:
Baris 92 ⟶ 90:
''qāf'' ق,
''rā'' ر.
<ref>''nun'' ن and ''qaf'' ق have no variant written without dots in modern script; Steward (2012): "the mysterious letters include no letters with dots. There is an apparent exception to this rule, the occurrences of ya in [Surahs 19 and 36 ...]"</ref><ref>Devin J. Steward, "The mysterious letters and other formal features of the Qur'an in light of Greek and Babylonianatauacular texts", in: ''New Perspectives on the Qur'an'' ed. Reynolds, Routledge (2012), 323-348 ([https://books.google.ch/books?id=6dqoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA341#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 341]).</ref>
The six final letters of the [[Abjadiatauder]] ('' thakhadh ḍaẓagh'') are unused.
The letters represented correspond to those letters written without [[iʿjam|dots]], plus [[yodh|''ya'' ي]].<ref>''nun'' ن and ''qaf'' ق have no variant written without dots in modern script; Steward (2012): "the mysterious letters include no letters with dots. There is an apparent exception to this rule, the occurrences of ya in [Surahs 19 and 36 ...]"</ref>
It is possible that the restricted set of letters was supposed to invoke an archaic variant of the Arabic alphabet (modelled on the [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]]-[[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]] [[Northwest Semitic abjad]]).<ref>Devin J. Steward, "The mysterious letters and other formal features of the Qur'an in light of Greek and Babylonianatauacular texts", in: ''New Perspectives on the Qur'an'' ed. Reynolds, Routledge (2012), 323-348 ([https://books.google.ch/books?id=6dqoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA341#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 341]).</ref>
 
=== Akrofoni ===
Certain co-occurrence restrictions are observable in these letters; for instance, ''ʾAlif'' is invariably followed by Lām. The substantial majority of the combinations begin either ''ʾAlif Lām ''atau ''Hā Mīm''.
 
In all but 3 of the 29 cases, these letters are almost immediately followed by mention of the Qur'anic revelation itself (the exceptions are Surahs [[Surah 29|29]], [[Surah 30|30]], and [[Surah 68|68]]); and some argue that even these three cases should be included, since mention of the revelation is made later on in the Surah. More specifically, one may note that in 8 cases the following verse begins "These are the signs...", and in another 5 it begins "The Revelation..."; another 3 begin "By the Qur'an...", and another 2 "By the Book..." Additionally, all but 3 of these Surahs are [[Meccan Surah]]s (the exceptions are Surahs [[Surah 2|2]], [[Surah 3|3]], [[Surah 13|13]].)
 
''Lām'' and ''Mīm'' are conjoined and both are written with prolongation mark.
One letter is written in two styles. [Refer 19:01 and 20:01] Letter 20:01 is used only in the beginning and middle of a word and that in 19:01 is not used as such. الم is also the First Ayah of Surah 3, 29, 30, 31 and 32 [total 6].{{clarify|date=February 2016}}
 
 
===Akrofoni===
[[Muhammad Ali]] memberikan pendapatnya mengenai arti dari huruf-huruf berikut:
:Alif (ا): merujuk kepada kata Ana (أنا, saya)
Baris 113 ⟶ 101:
:Kāf (ك): an abbreviation for Al-Kāfi (كافي, the Sufficient),
:Lām (ل): merujuk kepada Nama Allāh (الله, menggunakan huruf keduanya),
:Mīm (م): askependekan either an abbreviation fordari Al-'Alīm (العليم, the Knowing, using the ending letter)atau for Al-Majīd (المجيد, the Glorious),
:Nūn (ن): (occurringkemungkinan onlyikan as the name ofnun ([[Surah 68paus]]): a word meaning Inkstand,
:Sīn (س): askependekan either an abbreviation for Manatau an abbreviation fordari As-Samī' (السميع, theMaha HearingMendengar),
:ʿAin (ع): ankependekan abbreviation fordari Al-'Alīm (العليم, theMaha KnowingMengetahui),
:sād (ص): ankependekan abbreviation fordari As-sādiq (الصادق, theMaha TruthfulBenar),
:Qāf (ق): ankependekan abbreviation fordari Al-Qādir (القادر, theMaha AlmightyBerkehendak),
:Rā (ر): andiartikan abbreviation for the Seeingmenjadi melihat (رائي / رأى / رؤيا / يرى / بصير )
 
===Surah contentArti dalam pendapat ===
[[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]], berpendapat bahwasannya Allah memberi petunjuk kepada manusia melalui ayat-ayatnya.
[[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]], a classical commentator of the Qur'an, has noted some twenty opinions regarding these letters, and mentions multiple opinions that these letters present the names of the Surahhs as appointed by God.
InIa addition,mengartikannya hedalam mentionsbahasa that Arabs would name things after such lettersArab, (for examplecontohnya, 'eye'mata assebagai 'ع', cloudsawan assebagai 'غ', anddan whalepaus assebagai 'ن'). {{bdo|ltr|<ref>{{cite journal|coauthors=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi, Shehzad Saleem|date=July 2003|title=Al-Baqarah (1-7)|journal=Renaissance|author=Michael R. Rose; Casandra L. Rauser; Laurence D. Mueller}}</ref>}}<ref>Amatul Rahman Omar and Abdul Mannan Omar, [http://tafsirs.com/introduction/ "Derivation of Vocabulary from its Root Alphabets"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322024416/http://tafsirs.com/introduction/ |date=2016-03-22 }}, ''Exegesis of the Holy Qur'an - Commentary and Reflections'', 2015</ref>
[[Amin Ahsan Islahi]]{{year needed|date=February 2016}} supported al-Razi's opinion, arguing that since these letters are names for Surahhs, they are proper nouns.
[[Hamiduddin Farahi]] similarly attaches symbolic meanings to the letters, e.g. Nun (ن) symbolizing "fish" identifying the Surah dedicated to [[Jonah]],atau Ta (ط) representing "serpent" introducing Surahs that mention the story of Prophet [[Moses]] and serpents.<ref>{{cite book|author=Islahi, Amin Ahsan|title=Taddabur-i-Quran|publisher=Faraan Foundation| year=2004| pages=82–85}}</ref>
 
[[Amin Ahsan Islahi]] mendukung pendapat al-Razi, yang membenarkan hal-hal yang di pandapatkannya
Ahsan ur Rehman (2013) claims that there are phonological, syntactic and semantic links between the prefixed letters and the text of the chapters.<ref>[http://www.iiu.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/academics/short_cv/fll/eng-male/ahsan-ur-rehman.pdf Ahsan ur Rehman], "Morpho Phonemic Patterns in the Prefixed Chapters of the Qur'an: A Stylistic Approach" (2013) [http://lasjan.page.tl/Muqattaat.htm lasjan.page.tl]
 
[[Hamiduddin Farahi]] menyimbolkan Nun (ن) sebagai "ikan", sebagai pertanda awal dari kisah perjalanan [[Nabi Yunus]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Islahi, Amin Ahsan|title=Taddabur-i-Quran|publisher=Faraan Foundation| year=2004| pages=82–85}}</ref><ref>[http://www.iiu.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/academics/short_cv/fll/eng-male/ahsan-ur-rehman.pdf Ahsan ur Rehman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626143638/http://www.iiu.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/academics/short_cv/fll/eng-male/ahsan-ur-rehman.pdf |date=2015-06-26 }}, "Morpho Phonemic Patterns in the Prefixed Chapters of the Qur'an: A Stylistic Approach" (2013) [http://lasjan.page.tl/Muqattaat.htm lasjan.page.tl]
[http://lasjan.page.tl/Quranic-stylistics.htm A stylistic study of the consonant Șād (ﺹ) in three Qur’anic chapters:Șād (38), Maryam (19) and Al A‘rāf (7)] (2013)</ref>
 
===Numerology= Referensi ==
'''Catatan kaki'''
There have been attempts to give [[numerology|numerological]] interpretations. Loth (1888) suggested a connection to [[Gematria|Jewish models]].<ref>Otto Loth, "Tabaris Korankommentar" ZDMG 35 (1888), 603f.</ref> [[Rashad Khalifa]] (1974) claimed to have discovered a mathematical code in the Qur'an based on these initials and the [[19 (number)|number 19]]. According to his claims, these initials occur throughout their respective chapters in multiples of nineteen.<ref>Rashad Khalifa, ''[http://www.masjidtucson.org/publications/books/vp/contents.html Quran: Visual Presentation of the Miracle]'', Islamic Productions International, 1982. ISBN 0-934894-30-2</ref> which is mentioned in Surah 74:30<ref>{{Cite quran|74|30|s=ns}}</ref>
{{reflist|2}}
The [[Báb]] uses Muqatta'at in his [[Selections from the Writings of the Báb#Qayy.C3.BAmu.27l-Asm.C3.A1.27|Qayyúmu'l-Asmá']].<ref>{{cite web | title = Reading Reading Itself: The Bab's `Surah of the Bees,' A Commentary on Qur'an 12:93 from the Surah of Joseph| last = Lawson| first = Todd | accessdate=2007-03-19 | url=http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~bahai/bhpapers/vol1/nahl2.htm#Preface}}</ref><ref name="BEP">See the following source for more about Bábí letter symbolism: {{cite encyclopedia |last= Editors |encyclopedia= Bahá’í Encyclopedia Project |title= Letters of the Living (Hurúf-i-Hayy) |year= 2009 |publisher= National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States |location= Evanston, IL |url= http://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?view=article&catid=38%3Ahistory&id=65%3Aletters-of-the-living&option=com_content&Itemid=74}}</ref> He writes in an early commentary and in his ''[[Báb#M.C3.A1h-K.C3.BA.2C late summer 1847 .E2.80.93 May 1848|Dalá'il-i-Sab'ih]]'' (Seven Proofs) about a [[hadith]] from [[Muhammad al-Baqir]] (the fifth [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Shia Imam]]) where it is stated that the first seven sets of Muqatta'at (Surah 2 through 13) have a [[Abjad numerals|numerical value]] of 1267, from which the year AD 1844 (the year of the Báb's declaration) can be derived.<ref>Lambden, Stephen N. ''[http://www.hurqalya.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/03-Biblical-islam-BBst/1844.HTM A note upon the messianic year 1260 / 1844 and the Bābī-Bahā'ī interpretation of the isolated letters of the Qur'an]''.</ref><ref name="saiedi109">{{cite book | title = Gate of the Heart: Understanding the Writings of the Báb | first = Nader | last = Saiedi | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | location = Waterloo, ON | pages = 109–110| isbn = 978-1-55458-035-4 | year = 2008 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=XTfoaK15t64C}}</ref>
 
'''Daftar pustaka'''
===Mystical===
{{refbegin}}
{{further|Hurufism}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Al-Baidhawi|1418 H}} |last=Al-Baidhawi |first=Abdullah bin Umar bin Muhammad asy-Syirazi |title=Anwār al-Tanzīl Wa’asrār al-Ta’wīl |language=Arab |publisher=Dar Ihyaut Turats al-'Arabi |location=Beirut |year=1418 H |url=https://www.waqfeya.net/book.php?bid=10388}}
[[Sufism]] has a tradition of attributing mystical significance to the letters.
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|As-Suyuthi|1426 H}} |last=As-Suyuthi |first=Abdurrahman bin Abi Bakr |year=1426 H |title=Al-Itqān fī ‘Ulūm al-Qur’ān |language=Arab |publisher=Majma' al-Malik Fahd |location=Madinah |url=https://waqfeya.com/book.php?bid=1693}}
The details differ between schools of Sufism; Sufi tradition generally regards the letters as an extension to the [[Names of God in Islam|ninety-nine names of God]], with some authors offering specific "hidden" meanings for the individual letters.<ref>An example is given by Siddiq Osman Noormuhammad of the [[Naqshbandi]]atauder in '' Salawaat by Sufi Mashaaikh'' Nairobi (2004).</ref>
{{refend}}
 
In 1857-58, [[Bahá'u'lláh]], founder of the [[Bahá'í Faith]], wrote his ''Commentary on the Isolated Letters'' (''Tafsír-i-Hurúfát-i-Muqatta'ih'', also known as ''Lawh-i-Áyiy-i-Núr'', ''Tablet of the Light Verse'').<ref name="marshall">{{cite web | title = What on earth is a disconnected letter? - Baha'u'llah's commentary on the disconnected letters| last = Marshall| first = Alison| accessdate=2007-03-19 | url=http://bahai-library.com/marshall_disconnected_letters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Tafsír-al-Hurúfát al-Muqatta'át (Commentary on the Isolated Letters)atau Lawh-i Áyah-yi Núr (Tablet of the Light Verse) of Mírzá Husayn 'Alí Núrí Bahá'-Alláh (1817-1892)| last = Lambden | first = Stephen N. | accessdate=2007-03-19 | url=http://www.hurqalya.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/BAHA'-ALLAH/L-hurufat.htm}}</ref> In it, he describes how God created the letters. A black teardrop fell down from the Primordial Pen on the "[[Predestination in Islam|Perspicuous, Snow-white Tablet]]", by which the [[Arabic diacritics|Point]] was created. The Point then turned into an [[Aleph#Arabic|Alif]] (vertical stroke), which was again transformed, after which the Muqatta'at appeared. These letters were then differentiated, separated and then again gathered and linked together, appearing as the "names and attributes" of creation. Bahá'u'lláh gives various interpretations of the letters "''alif, lam, mim''", mostly relating to Allah, trusteeship (''wilayah'') and the prophethood (''nubuwwah'') of Muhammad. He emphasizes the central role of the ''alif'' in all the worlds of God.<ref name="marshall" />
 
==Referensi==
{{reflist|2}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://thedisconnectedletters.wordpress.com/ A comprehensive exposition of the theories surrounding the Muqatta'at]
* [http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/59737615/consonant-sad-saad-three-quranic-chapters-sad-mary-al-ara-f The consonant şād in three Qur'anic chapters: Sād, Mary and al-A'rāf]
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Muqatta'at}}
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