Kapal: Perbedaan antara revisi

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== Sejarah ==

 

 

 

Before the introduction of the compass, [[celestial navigation]] was the main method for navigation at sea. In China, early versions of the [[magnetic compass]] were being developed and used in navigation between [[1040]] and [[1117]].<ref>Li Shu-hua, “Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole,” ''Isis'', Vol. 45, No. 2. (Jul., 1954), p.181</ref> The true mariner's compass, using a pivoting needle in a dry box, was invented in Europe no later than 1300.<ref>Frederic C. Lane, “The Economic Meaning of the Invention of the Compass,” ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 68, No. 3. (Apr., 1963), p.615ff.</ref><ref name="eb284">Chisholm, 1911:284.</ref>-->

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kapal sulit untuk diklasifikasikan, terutama karena banyak sekali kriteria yang menjadi dasar klasifikasi dalam sistem yang ada seperti:

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Most military submarines are either [[attack submarine]]s or [[ballistic submarine]]s. Until [[World War Two]], the primary role of the diesel/electric submarine was anti-ship warfare, inserting and removing covert agents and military forces, and intelligence-gathering. With the development of the homing torpedo, better [[sonar]] systems, and [[Nuclear navy|nuclear propulsion]], submarines also became able to effectively hunt each other. The development of [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile|submarine-launched nuclear missiles]] and submarine-launched [[cruise missiles]] gave submarines a substantial and long-ranged ability to attack both land and sea targets with a variety of weapons ranging from [[cluster bomb]]s to [[nuclear weapon]]s.

 

 

Naval vessels usually have fine hulls to maximize speed and maneuverability.{{cn|date=April 2008}} They also usually have advanced electronics and communication systems, as well as weapons.

Fishing vessels are a subset of commercial vessels, but generally small in size and often subject to different regulations and classification. They are distinguished by several criteria: the type of fish they catch, the fishing method used, geographical origin, and technical features such as rigging.

 

 

Modern commercial fishermen use many methods. One is fishing by [[Fishing net|nets]], such as [[Seine (fishing)|purse seine]], [[beach seine]], lift nets, [[gillnet]]s, or entangling nets. Another is [[trawl]]ing, including [[Bottom trawling|bottom trawl]]. [[Fish hook|Hooks]] and lines are used in methods like [[long-line fishing]] and [[hand-line fishing]]). Another method is the use of [[fishing trap]].

Many types of boats and ships are designed for inland and coastal waterways. These are the vessels that trade upon the lakes, rivers and canals.

 

 

[[Riverboat]]s and [[ferry boat|inland ferries]] are specially designed to carry passengers, cargo, or both in the challenging river environment. Rivers present special hazards to vessels. They usually have varying water flows that alternately lead to high speed water flows or protruding rock hazards. Changing siltation patterns may cause the sudden appearance of shoal waters, and often floating or sunken logs and trees (called snags) can endanger the hulls and propulsion of riverboats. Riverboats are generally of shallow draft, being broad of beam and rather square in plan, with a low freeboard and high topsides. Riverboats can survive with this type of configuration as they do not have to withstand the high winds or large waves that are seen on large lakes, seas, or oceans.

[[Lake freighter]]s, also called lakers, are [[cargo]] vessels that ply the [[Great Lakes]]. The most well-known is the {{SS|Edmund Fitzgerald}}, the latest major vessel to be wrecked on the Lakes. These vessels are traditionally called boats, not ships. Visiting ocean-going vessels are called "salties." Due to their additional [[Beam (nautical)|beam]], very large salties are never seen inland of the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]]. Because the largest of the [[Soo Locks]] is larger than any Seaway lock, salties that can pass through the Seaway may travel anywhere in the Great Lakes. Because of their deeper draft, salties may accept partial loads on the Great Lakes, "topping off" when they have exited the Seaway. Similarly, the largest lakers are confined to the Upper Lakes ([[Lake Superior|Superior]], [[Lake Michigan|Michigan]], [[Lake Huron|Huron]], [[Lake Erie|Erie]]) because they are too large to use the Seaway locks, beginning at the [[Welland Canal]] that bypasses the [[Niagara River]].

 

 

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* Historical boats, frequently used as [[museum ships]], [[training ship]]s, or as good-will ambassadors of a country abroad.

* [[Houseboat]]s, floating structures used as dwellings.

* [[Submarine]]s, for underwater navigation and exploration

 

 

# Kapal bertenaga manusia (Pendayung)

# [[Kapal uap]]

# [[Kapal nuklir]]

 

=== Berdasarkan jenis pelayarannya ===

 

# [[Kapal mengambang]]

# [[Kapal bantalan udara]]

# [[Kapal tunda]]

# [[Kapal pandu]]

# [[Kapal tender]]

# [[Kapal Ro-Ro]]

 

== Referensi ==

=== Sumber ===

{{reflist}}

 

[[Kategori:Kapal| ]]

[[Kategori:Angkutan]]

[[Kategori:Transportasi air]]