Mahyong: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{terjemah|Inggris}}
:''Artikel ini membahas permainan asal Tiongkok untuk empat orang. Untuk permainan untuk dua orang, lihat [[Mahjong soliter]].''
{{Infobox game
| image = [[File:Mahjong_in_Hangzhou.jpg|240px]]
| caption = Mahyong yang sedang dimainkan di [[Hangzhou]] pada tahun 2006
| italic title = no
| subject_name = Mahjong
| genre = {{ubl|[[Olahraga pikiran]]|[[Game berbasis ubin]]|[[Game strategi abstrak]]}}
| players = 3 atau 4
| playing_time = Bergantung pada variasi dan aturan
| random_chance = Moderate
▲ skills= Taktik, observasi, daya ingat |
}}
'''Mahyong''' ({{zh-tsp|t=麻將|s=麻将|p=Májiàng}}; [[bahasa Kantonis|Kantonis]]: ''Màhjeung''; atau {{zh-cp|c=麻雀|p=Máquè}}; Kantonis: ''Màhjeuk''; ejaan Inggris lainnya yang umum antara lain '''mahjongg''', '''majiang''', '''mah-jong''' atau '''mah-jongg''') adalah sebuah [[permainan]] untuk empat orang yang berasal dari [[Cina]]. Ini adalah permainan yang menuntut kecakapan, strategi, kecerdasan, kalkulasi, dan peruntungan. Tergantung pada variasi permainannya, faktor keberuntungan bisa kecil atau dominan. Di Asia, mahyong adalah permainan yang populer untuk [[judi]] atau [[Mahjong (permainan komputer)|permainan komputer]].
Tujuan permainan ini adalah membangun seri yang lengkap (biasanya tiga set) dari 13 atau 16 batu. Orang pertama yang mencapai tujuan ini adalah pemenangnya. Batu yang menang melengkapi serinya menjadi 14 atau 17 batu.
== Jumlah batu dan pemain ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Jumlah batu !! banyaknya batu per set untuk tiap pemain
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| 136 || 17
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<!--[[Berkas:|frame|Different kinds of Chinese playcards (from left to right): ''Bógŭ'' ''Yèzí'' (博古葉子), Caozhou ''Paí'' (曹州牌), [[Romance of the Three Kingdoms|Three Kingdoms ''Yèzí'']] (三國葉子), [[Dongguan]] ''Paí'' (東莞牌).]]-->
Salah satu mitos tentang asal usul Mahyong mengatakan bahwa [[Kong Hu Cu]],<ref>Butler, Jonathan. ''The Tiles of Mah Jong''. 1996.</ref> sang filsuf [[
Mitos ini juga mengklaim bahwa Kong Hu Cu suka akan burung-burung. Hal ini agaknya menerangkar arti nama "Mahyong" (burung gereja). Kong Hu Cu berasal dari Cina Selatan, dan "Mahyong" berasal dari ucapan nama dalam bahasa Yueyu (Kantonis) yang dibaratkan untuk permainan ini (pengucapan dialek Cina Selatan sesungguhnya lebih dekat ke ucapan Tionghoa klasik (jadi, lebih konservatif) <!--karena Cina Selatan bukan tempat asal bahasa Tionghoa)-->. Namun, tidak ada bukti bahwa mahjong sudah ada sebelum era [[Taiping]] sehingga tampaknya tak mungkin bahwa Kong Hu Cu adalah pencipta permainan ini.
Sebuah teori lain menyiratkan bahwa permainan ini dikembangkan dari permainan kartu dan domino Cina yang sudah ada sebelumnya sekitar tahun 1850. Beberapa sejarahwan percaya bahwa permainan ini didasarkan pada [[permainan kartu]] Cina yang bernama ''Mádiào'' (馬吊) (juga dikenal sebagai ''Ma Tiae'', artinya, ''Kuda Gantung''; atau ''Yèzí'' (葉子), ''Daun'') pada awal [[Dinasti Ming]].
Permainan tradisional Cina ini dilarang di negaranya sendiri pada 1949, ketika [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]] terbentuk. Pemerintahan [[komunis]] yang baru menganggap segala bentuk kegiatan judi sebagai lambang kebusukan [[kapitalisme|kapitalis]]. Setelah [[Revolusi Kebudayaan]], permainan ini dihidupkan kembali, dan sekali lagi Mahjong menjadi permainan rekreasi rakyat Cina.
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===Mahyong in the western world===
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The game was a sensation in America when it was imported from China in the 1920s, as the same Mahjong game took on a number of trademarked names, such as ''Pung Chow'' or the ''Game of Thousand Intelligences''. Part of Mahjong nights in America were to decorate rooms in Chinese style and dress like Chinese.<ref>Chapter 16, ''Made in America'', [[Bill Bryson]].</ref> Several hit songs were also recorded during the mahjong fad, most notably "Since Ma is Playing Mah Jong" by [[Eddie Cantor]].<ref>[http://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq19.html#t Eddie Cantor and his Mahjong song]</ref>
American mahjong, which was mainly played by women during the time, grew from this craze. By the 1930s, many revisions of the rules developed that were substantially different from Babcock's classical version (including some that were considered fundamentals in other variants, such as the notion of a standard hand). Standardization came with the formation of the National Mah Jongg League in 1937, along with the first American mahjong rulebook, ''Maajh: The American Version of the Ancient Chinese Game.''
While mahjong was accepted by U.S. players of all racial backgrounds during the Babcock era, many consider the modern American version a [[Jew]]ish game,<ref>[http://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq19.html#t Why are so many players of American mah-jongg Jewish?]</ref> as many American mahjong players are of Jewish descent. (Also, the NMJL was founded by Jewish players and considered a Jewish organization.) In addition, players usually use the American game as a family-friendly social activity, not as gambling.
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===Current development===
Today, the popularity and demographic of players of Mahjong differs greatly from country to country. There are also many governing bodies, which often host exhibition games and tournaments.
In Japan, there is a traditional emphasis on gambling and the typical player is male. Many devotees there believe the game is losing popularity and have taken efforts to revive it. In addition, Japanese [[video arcade]]s have introduced [[computer mahjong|Mahjong arcade machines]] that can be connected to others over the internet, as well as video games that allow a victorious player to view pictures of women in varying stages of undress.
Mahjong culture is still deeply ingrained in the Chinese community: [[Sam Hui]] wrote [[Cantopop|Cantopop songs]], using mahjong as their themes. Chinese movies have always included scenes of mahjong games. Gambling movies have been filmed time and again in [[Hong Kong]], and a recent sub-genre is the [[mahjong movie]].
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* '''Japanese Mahjong''' is a standardized form of Mahjong in Japan, found prevalently in video games. In addition to scoring changes, the rules of ''riichi'' and ''dora'' are unique highlights of Japanese Mahjong.
* '''Western Classical Mahjong''' is a descendant of the version of Mahjong introduced by Babcock to America in the 1920s. Today, this term largely refers to the [[Wright-Patterson]] rules, used in the [[U.S.]] [[military]], and other similar American-made variants that are closer to the Babcock rules.
* '''American Mahjong''' is a form of Mahjong standardized by the National Mah Jongg League and the [http://amja.net/ American Mah-Jongg Association] -- and makes the greatest divergence from traditional Mahjong. It uses Joker tiles, the Charleston, plus melds of five or more tiles, and eschews the Chow and the notion of a standard hand. Purists claim that this makes American Mahjong a separate game. In addition, the NMJL and AMJA variations, which differ by minor scoring differences, are commonly referred to as ''Mahjongg'' or ''Mah-jongg'' (with two Gs, often hyphenated).
Other variants include '''Fujian Mahjong''' (with ''Dadi'' Joker 帶弟百搭), '''Taiwanese Mahjong''' (with 16 tiles for each player), '''Vietnamese Mahjong''' (with 16 different kinds of joker), and '''Filipino Mahjong''' (with the Window Joker).<ref>[http://zh.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%86#.E7.A8.AE.E9.A1.9E Variants of Mahjong in Chinese Wikipedia] [[Berkas:Symbole-zh.png|25px|Chinese only]]</ref> In addition, '''Pussers Bones''' is a fast-moving variant developed by sailors in the Royal Australian Navy; it uses a creative alternative vocabulary, such as ''Eddie'', ''Sammy'', ''Wally'', and ''Normie'' instead of ''East'', ''South'', ''West'', and ''North.'
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{{main|Mahjong tiles}}
Mahjong, can be played either with a set of [[Mahjong tiles]], or a set of Mahjong playing cards (sometimes spelled 'kards' to distinguish them from the list of standard hands used in American mahjong); one brand of Mahjong cards calls these ''Mhing''). Playing cards are often used when travelling as it reduces space and is lighter than their tile counterparts, but are of a lower quality in return. In this article, "tile" will be used to denote both playing cards and tiles.
Many Mahjong sets will also include a set of chips or bone tiles for scoring, as well as indicators denoting the dealer and the prevailing wind of the round. Some sets may also include racks to hold tiles or chips (although in many sets the tiles are generally sufficiently thick so that they can stand on their own), with one of them being different to denote the dealer's rack.
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==Trivia==
* The suits of the tiles are money-based. In ancient China, the copper coins had a square hole in the center. People passed a rope through the holes to tie coins into strings. These strings are usually in groups of 100 coins called diao (弔 or variant 吊) or 1000 coins called guan (貫). Mahjong's connection to the ancient Chinese currency system is consistent with its alleged derivation from the game named ''ma diao'' (馬吊).
* In the mahjong suits, the coppers represent the coins; the ropes are actually strings of 100 coins; and the character myriad represents 10,000 coins or 100 strings. When a hand received the maximium allowed winning of a round, it is called ''man guan'' (滿貫, ''lit.'' full string of coin.)
* When three players ditch the West tile, the fourth player will usually avoid discarding another West the following turn. That is caused by a superstition which when all the players discard a West("西") together, all players will die("歸西") or be cursed with bad luck (see [[Tetraphobia]]). Also, during the West Prevailing Wind Round, players will also avoid ditching the One Circle during the first move because One Circle in Chinese sounds like together.
* Mahjong appears frequently in Hong Kong's movies and TV drama, since it is considered part of Chinese daily life. For example, two Cantonese comedies, ''[[Fat Choi Spirit]]'' and ''[[Kung Fu Mahjong]]'', parody the game's popularity.
* [[Nintendo]] made mahjong sets before it made video games. They are still sold today in Japan.
* The artists of the [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]] movement in the Soviet Union in the 1920's were fascinated by the game of Mahjong.
* Two Japanese [[anime]] series, ''[[AKAGI]]'' and ''Legendary Gambler Tetsuya'', are stories about great mahjong players. The former was released on DVD with English subtitles.
* In the 9th volume of the [[manga]] series [[Saiyuki]], four of the main characters play mahjong as a symbolic analogy for 'playing to lose'.-->
== Mahyong dalam budaya pop Barat ==
* Sebuah permainan mahyong digambarkan dalam ''[[The Murder of Roger Ackroyd]]'' oleh [[Agatha Christie]], yang berakhir dengan kejadian yang sangat luar biasa ketika pada awal permainan seorang pemain memperoleh batu-batu yang menang. Sukses ini membuat sang tokoh banyak bicara, yang menimbulkan perkembangan plot yang penting.
* Tokoh mata-mata Britania, James Bond, bermain mahyong yang berbahaya dalam ''[[Zero Minus Ten]]'', sebuah novel tegang oleh [[Raymond Benson]].
▲* Tokoh mata-mata Britania, James Bond, bermain mahyong yang berbahaya dalam ''[[Zero Minus Ten]]'', sebuah novel tegang oleh [[Raymond Benson]].
* Dalam film ''[[Charlie Chan]]'s Murder Cruise'' (1940), sang tokohnya mengatakan, "Di Cina, mahyong sangat sederhana; di Amerika sanagt rumit - seperti kehidupan modern."
* Tokoh "Naga Merah" yang berarti "tengah" muncul dengan berpakaian super-hero yang dikenakan oleh ''[[The Greatest American Hero]].'' Stasiun TV Hong Kong TVB mengubah nama pertunjukan ini menjadi '' "The Flying Red Centre Hero" ''[飛天紅中俠]''. (ABC, 1981-83).
* Batu "tengah" atau "Naga Merah" adalah plot utama dalam novel ''[[Red Dragon]]'' karya [[Thomas Harris]] dan dua film yang diadaptasi dari novel ini, ''[[Manhunter (film)|Manhunter]]'' dan ''[[Red Dragon (film)|Red Dragon]]''.
* Permainan mahyong
▲* Permainan mahyong seringkali muncul dalam novel [[Amy Tan]] ''[[The Joy Luck Club]]'' dan adaptasi filmnya pada 1993.
* ''[[Stone trilogy]]'' karya [[Graham Edwards (penulis)|Graham Edwards]] banyak menampilkan permainan mahyong. Banyak dari gambaran dalam buku ini terpusat pada simbol-simbol mahyong, dan seorang tokohnya memiliki satu set batu mahyong, yang dilukisinya dalam seluruh trilogi ini.
* Komponis Amerika terkemuka dan pemain saksofon jazz Wayne Shorter diilhami oleh permainan ini dalam menciptakan struktur musik yang unik untuk lagunya yang berjudul "Mahjong", dari albumnya 'JuJu', yang diterbitkan pada 1964 dalam piringan hitam Blue Note.
* Dalam permainan pertama dari seri [[Simon the Sorcerer]] empat tukang sihir bermain mahyong di kedai minuman desa.
▲* Dalam permainan pertama dari seri [[Simon the Sorcerer]] empat tukang sihir bermain mahyong di kedai minuman desa.
* Mahyong menjadi pusat novel "Dim Sum Dead", sebuah seri misteri kuliner Madeline Bean yang ditulis oleh Jerrilyn Farmer.
* Ny. Costanza bermain mahjong dengan sejumlah teman dalam episode Seinfeld 1993 yang berjudul "The Handicap Spot".
== Lihat pula ==
{{commonscat|Mahjong}}
* [[
* [[Budaya mahyong]]
* [[Film mahyong]]
* [[Istilah mahyong]] ([[Tanyao]])
* [[Kode mahyong]]
* [[
* [[
* [[Permainan dengan mahyong]]
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=== Lain-lain ===
* Lo, Amy. ''The Book of Mah jong: An Illustrated Guide''. Tuttle Publishing: 2001. ISBN 0-8048-3302-8
* Oxfeld, Ellen., ''Blood, Sweat, and Mahjong: Family and Enterprise in an Overseas Chinese Community''. Cornell University Press. 1993. ISBN 0-8014-9908-9.
* Pritchard, David B.,''Teach Yourself Mahjong''. McGraw-Hill/Contemporary: 2001. ISBN 0-658-02147-8.
* Sloper, Tom., ''Mah-Jongg: Game of the Orient.'' terbitan sendiri, tanpa tanggal
* Wright Patterson Mah Jongg Group, ''Mah Jongg; Wright-Patterson Rules''. Wright Patterson Mah Jongg Group: 1963.
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== Pranala luar ==
* {{en}} [http://www.nationalmahjonggleague.org/ National Mah-Jongg League] Organisasi Mah-Jongg Amerika
* {{en}} [http://www.mahjongnews.com Mahjong News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209092413/https://www.mahjongnews.com/ |date=2019-02-09 }} khusus untuk berita dan turnamen mahjong internasional
* {{en}} [http://www.mahjongmuseum.com/ Jim May's Mah Jong Cyber Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016131523/http://www.mahjongmuseum.com/ |date=2006-10-16 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq.html Mahjong FAQ] of newsgroup news://rec.games.mahjong
* {{en}} [http://dmoz.org/Games/Tile_Games/Mah_Jongg/ DMOZ Direktori permainan Mah Jongg empat orang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110180558/http://dmoz.org/Games/Tile_Games/Mah_Jongg/ |date=2007-01-10 }}
* {{en}} [http://museum.takeshobo.co.jp/ Museum mahjong di Chiba, Jepang]
* {{en}} [http://www.mahjongonline.eu/mahjong-rules.html Mahjong Rules] Aturan permainan Mahjong untuk bermain online.
* {{en}} [http://www.world-series-mahjong.com/ Mahjong World Championship Tournament] Situs resmi untuk Rangkaian Kejuaraan Dunia Mahjong 2007 yang akan disadakand i [[Makau]].
* {{en}} [http://www.delfosse.com/mahjong.html Japanese Mah Jong Rules] Description of game play, rules, exceptions, hands listings.
* {{en}} [http://www.hirohurl.net/mahjong/3pmjintro.html Bagaimana bermain Mahong Jepang untuk 3 orang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112143707/http://www.hirohurl.net/mahjong/3pmjintro.html |date=2007-01-12 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.mahjonggmovie.com Mah-Jongg: The Tiles that Bind] is a documentary about the Jewish and Chinese women who play
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