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Revisi per 6 Desember 2023 03.13 sunting Dwianto08 (bicara \| kontrib) 6.686 suntingan →‎Letusan besar Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi terkini sejak 19 April 2024 16.40 sunting balikkan Dwianto08 (bicara \| kontrib) 6.686 suntingan →‎Sulawesi dan Kepulauan Sangihe Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler
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Baris 1: [[Berkas:Mahameru-volcano.jpeg\|~~jmpl~~thumb\|~~400px~~280px\|alt=A brown volcano in the center with white smoke emanating from its peak, a cloudy sky fading from blue at the top through yellow in the middle to red at the horizon, and brown mountains in the foreground.\|[[Semeru\|Mahameru]] (Semeru) di atas [[Gunung Bromo]], Jawa Timur.]] [[File:East Indonesia Island Chain from ISS.jpg\|thumb\|280px\|Jawa Timur dari atas satelit, nampak enam gunung berapi aktif]] [[Geografi Indonesia]] didominasi oleh [[gunung api]] yang terbentuk akibat [[Subduksi\|zona subduksi]] antara [[lempeng Eurasia]] dan [[Lempeng Australia\|lempeng Indo-Australia]]. Beberapa gunung api terkenal karena letusannya, misalnya [[Krakatau]] yang letusannya berdampak secara global [[Letusan Krakatau 1883\|pada tahun 1883]],<ref name="winchester2003">{{cite book\|last=Winchester\|first=S.\|year=2003\|title=Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883\|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]\|isbn=0-06-621285-5\|language=en\|url-status=live}}</ref> letusan [[supervulkan]] [[Gunung Toba]] yang diperkirakan terjadi 74.000 tahun yang menyebabkan terjadinya musim dingin vulkan selama enam tahun,<ref name="Oppenheimer2002">{{Cite journal\|last=Oppenheimer\|first=C.\|date=2002\|title=Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba ≈74 kyr BP?\|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002QSRv...21.1593O\|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews\|volume=21\|pages=1593–1609\|doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00154-8\|issn=0277-3791}}</ref> dan [[Gunung Tambora]] dengan letusan paling hebat yang pernah tercatat dalam sejarah pada tahun 1815.<ref name="Stothers1984">{{cite journal\|last=Stothers\|first=Richard B.\|year=1984\|title=The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath\|journal=[[Science (jurnal)\|Science]]\|volume=224\|issue=4654\|pages=1191–1198\|doi=10.1126/science.224.4654.1191\|pmid=17819476\|biSMode=1984Sci...224.1191S}}</ref> Gunung berapi di Indonesia merupakan bagian dari [[Sabuk alpida\|Sabuk Alpida]] dan [[Cincin Api Pasifik]]. 150 entri dalam daftar di bawah ini dikelompokkan menjadi enam wilayah geografis, empat di antaranya memiliki gunung berapi dalam barisan [[Busur Sunda]]. Dua wilayah lainnya mencakup gunung berapi di [[Halmahera]], termasuk pulau-pulau vulkanik di sekitarnya, serta gunung berapi di [[Sulawesi]] dan [[Kepulauan Sangihe]]. Wilayah terakhir berada dalam satu [[Busur vulkanik\|busur vulkan]] dengan gunung berapi [[Filipina]]. Gunung berapi yang paling aktif adalah [[Gunung Kelud\|Kelud]] dan [[Gunung Merapi\|Merapi]] di [[Pulau Jawa]], yang bertanggung jawab atas ribuan kematian akibat letusannya di wilayah tersebut. Sejak tahun [[1000]], Kelud telah meletus lebih dari 30 kali, dengan letusan terbesar berkekuatan 5 VEI (''[[Volcanic Explosivity Index]]''),<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Kelut Eruptive History\|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=263280&vtab=Eruptions\|website=Global Volcanism Program\|publisher=[[Institusi Smithsonian]]\|language=en\|access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref> sedangkan [[Merapi]] telah meletus lebih dari 100 kali.<ref name="merapi">{{Cite web\|title=Merapi Eruptive History\|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=263250\|website=Global Volcanism Program\|publisher=[[Institusi Smithsonian]]\|language=en\|access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref> [[Asosiasi Internasional Vulkanologi dan Kimia Interior Bumi]] menobatkan Merapi sebagai [[Gunung Api Dekade Ini]] sejak tahun 1995 karena aktivitas vulkaniknya yang sangat tinggi. Baris 55 ⟶ 56: \| [[Gunung Sarik-Gajah\|Sarik Gajah]] \|\| [[Kerucut piroklastik]] \|\| align="right"\|Tidak diketahui \|\| Tidak diketahui \|\| {{coord\|0.008\|N\|100.20\|E\|type:mountain}} \|- \| [[Marapi]] \|\| [[Gunung berapi kompleks\|kompleks]] \|\| align="right"\|{{convert\|sortable=on\|2,891\|m\|ft}} \|\| ~~{{dts\|format=dmy\|2017\|7\|6}}~~3 Desember 2023 \|\| {{coord\|0.381\|S\|100.473\|E\|type:mountain}} \|- \| [[Gunung Singgalang\|Singgalang]] \|\| [[Stratovulkan]] \|\| align="right"\|{{convert\|sortable=on\|2,877\|m\|ft}} \|\| Tidak diketahui \|\| {{coord\|0.420\|S\|100.317\|E\|type:mountain}} Baris 349 ⟶ 350: \| [[Gunung Tangkoko]]\|\| [[stratovulkan]] \|\| align="right"\|{{convert\|sortable=on\|1,149\|m\|ft}} \|\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1880\|\|}} (1) \|\| {{coord\|1.52\|N\|125.20\|E\|type:mountain}} \|- \| [[Gunung Ruang\|Ruang]]\|\| [[stratovulkan]] \|\| align="right"\|{{convert\|sortable=on\|725\|m\|ft}} \|\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|~~2002~~2024\|~~September~~April\|2518}} (4) \|\| {{coord\|2.30\|N\|125.37\|E\|type:mountain}} \|- \| [[Gunung Karangetang\|Karangetang]]\|\| [[stratovulkan]] \|\| align="right"\|{{convert\|sortable=on\|1,784\|m\|ft}} \|\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|2007\|8\|}} \|\| {{coord\|2.78\|N\|125.40\|E\|type:mountain}} Baris 407 ⟶ 408: {\| align=center style="background: #ffffff; margin-top:0.5em;" class="wikitable sortable" \|- ! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"\| Tanggal letusan !! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"\| Gunung api !! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"\| Tanggal berhenti !! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"\| [[Volcanic Explosivity Index\|VEI]] !! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"\| ~~Karakteristik~~Lokasi !! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"\| [[Tsunami]] !! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"\| Volume [[tefrit]] !! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"\| Korban jiwa !! style="background-color:#e7dcc3;"\| Sumber \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|2023\|12\|3}} \|align=center \|[[Letusan Marapi 2023\|Marapi]] \| \|align=center\|{{~~small~~dts\|~~Sedang Berlangsung~~format=dmy\|2023\|12\|8}} !style="background-color: #FC0;"\|3 \|\| \|\|align=center\| cv,pf,lf,lm \|\|align=center\|tidak \|\|align=center\| N/A \|\|align=center\| 11▼ \| align=center\|[[Sumatera 7Barat]]▼ \|align=center\|tidak \|align=center\| N/A \|align=center\| 24 \|<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/cq5p15qxlpyo\|title=Pencarian korban hilang erupsi Gunung Marapi dihentikan sementara - bagaimana cerita penyintas?\|website=[[BBC Indonesia]]\|date=5 Desember 2023\|access-date=5 Desember 2023}}</ref> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|2021\|12\|4}} \| \|align=center\| [[Letusan Gunung Semeru 2021\|Semeru]] \| \|align=center\|5 Desember ~~2023\|\| align~~2021 !style=~~center~~"background:#f90;"\|34 \| \|align=center\|[[Jawa ~~cv,pf,lf,lm \|~~Timur]] \|align=center\|tidak \| \|align=center\| N/A \| \|align=center\| 51 \| align=center\|<ref>https://amp.kompas.com/nasional/read/2021/12/05/09165451/bnpb-13-orang-meninggal-akibat-erupsi-gunung-semeru-baru-2-yang#aoh=16386825444774&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=Dari%20%251%24s</ref> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|2018-12-18}} \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|2010\|November\|3}} \|\|align=center\| [[Letusan Gunung Merapi 2010\|Merapi]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|2010\|November\|8}} \|\| align=center\|4 \|\|align=center\| cv,pf,ld,lm \|\|align=center\|tidak \|\|align=center\| N/A \|\|align=center\| 138 \|align=center\| [[Tsunami Selat Sunda 2018\|Anak Krakatau]] \|align=center\| {{dts\|2019-01-10}} !style="background-color: #FC0;"\|3 \|align=center\|[[Selat Sunda]] \|align=center\| 3 M \|align=center\| N/A \|align=center\| 437 \| \|- \| align=center\| {{dts\|2017-08-13}} \| align=center\| [[Letusan Gunung Agung 2017–2019\|Gunung Agung]] \| align=center\| {{dts\|2019-06-12}} !style="background-color: #FC0;"\|3 \| align=center\| [[Bali]] \| align=center\| tidak \| align=center\| N/A \| align=center\| 0 \| \|- \|align=center\| {{dts\|2014-02-13}} \|align=center\| [[Letusan Kelud 2014\|Kelud]] \|align=center\| {{dts\|2014-02-15}} !style="background:#f90;"\|4 \|align=center\| [[Jawa Timur]] \|align=center\| tidak \|align=center\| N/A \|align=center\| 4 \| \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|2010\|November\|3}} \|align=center\| [[Letusan Gunung Merapi 2010\|Merapi]] \|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|2010\|November\|8}} !style="background:#f90;"\|4 \|align=center\|[[Jawa Tengah]], [[DI Yogyakarta]] \|align=center\|tidak \|align=center\| N/A \|align=center\| 353 \| align=center\|<ref name="merapi"/> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1990\|2\|10}} \|\|align=center\| [[Kelud]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1990\|3\|}} ~~\|\| align~~ !style=~~center~~"background:#f90;"\|4 \| \|align=center\| ~~cv,cl,pf,ph,ld,lm~~[[Jawa Timur]] \|\|align=center\| tidak \|\|align=center\| 0.13 km³ \|\|align=center\| 35 \|align=center\| <ref name="gvpholocene">{{cite web\|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm\|title=Large Holocene Eruptions\|work=Global Volcanism Program\|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]\|accessdate=2006-12-18\|archive-date=2012-01-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117212357/http://volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1983\|7\|18}} \|\|align=center\| [[Gunung Colo\|Colo]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1983\|12\|}} ~~\|\| align~~ !style=~~center~~"background:#f90;"\|4 \| \|align=center\|[[Sulawesi ~~cv,pf,ph~~ Tengah]]\|\|align=center\| tidak \|\|align=center\| N/A \|\|align=center\| 0 \|align=center\| <ref name="gvpholocene"/> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1982\|April\|5}} \|\|align=center\| [[Galunggung]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1983\|1\|8}} \|\| ~~align~~ !style=~~center~~"background:#f90;"\|4 \| \|align=center\| ~~cv,pf,lf,lm~~[[Jawa Barat]]\|\|align=center\| tidak \|\|align=center\| 0.37 km³ + \|\|align=center\| 68 \|align=center\| <ref>{{cite journal\|author=Katili, J.A. and Sudradjat, A.\|year=1984\|title=Galunggung: the 1982-1983 eruption\|journal=Volcanology Survei Indonesia\|pages=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Galunggung, Java, Indonesia\|url=http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/indonesia/galunggung.html\|accessdate=2006-12-30\|work=Volcano World\|publisher=Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616143900/http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/indonesia/galunggung.html\|archivedate=2008-06-16\|dead-url=no}}</ref> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|1979\|04\|30}} \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1966\|April\|26}} \|\|align=center\| [[Kelud]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1966\|April\|27}} \|\| align=center\|4 \|\|align=center\| cv,cl,pf,lm \|\|align=center\| tidak \|\|align=center\| 0.089 km³ \|\|align=center\| 212▼ \| align=center\| [[Marapi]] \| align=center\|{{dts\|1979\|05\|05}} !style="background-color: #FC0;"\|3 \| align=center\|[[Sumatera Barat]] \| align=center\| tidak \| align=center\| N/A \| align=center\|80 \| align=center\|<ref>{{Citation \| author1=Pusat Meteorologi dan Geofisika \| title=Laporan bencana alam Gunung Marapi, Sumatera Barat, tanggal 30 April 1979 \| publication-date=1979 \| publisher=[s.n.] \| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/10060521 \| access-date=4 December 2023 \| language=id \|location=[[Jakarta]]}}</ref> \|- ▲\| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1966\|April\|26}} \|\|align=center\| [[Kelud]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1966\|April\|27}} ~~\|\| align=center\|4 \|\|align=center\| cv,cl,pf,lm \|\|align=center\| tidak \|\|align=center\| 0.089 km³ \|\|align=center\| 212~~ !style="background:#f90;"\|4 ▲~~\|\| \|~~\|align=center\| ~~cv,pf,lf,lm~~[[Jawa Timur]] \|\|align=center\| tidak \|\|align=center\| ~~N/A~~0.089 km³ \|\|align=center\| 11212 \|align=center\| <ref name="gvpholocene"/> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1963\|3\|17}} \|\|align=center\| [[Letusan Gunung Agung 1963\|Agung]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1964\|1\|27}} \|\| ~~align~~ !style=~~center~~"background-color: #F60;"\|5 \| \|align=center\| ~~cv,pf,lf,lm~~ [[Bali]]\|\|align=center\| tidak \|\|align=center\| 1 km³ \|\|align=center\| 1,148 \|align=center\|<ref name="Rampino">{{cite journal\|author=Michael R. Rampino and Stephen Self\|title=Historic eruptions of Tambora (1815), Krakatau (1883), and Agung (1963), their stratospheric aerosols, and climatic impact\|journal=Quaternary Research\|volume=18\|issue=2\|year=1982\|pages=127–143\|doi=10.1016/0033-5894(82)90065-5\|bibcode = 1982QuRes..18..127R }}</ref> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1951\|8\|31}} \|\|align=center\| [[Kelud]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1951\|8\|31}} ~~\|\| align~~ !style=~~center~~"background:#f90;"\|4 \| \|align=center\| ~~cv,cl,pf,lm~~[[Jawa Timur]]\|\|align=center\| tidak \|\|align=center\| 0.2 km³ \|\|align=center\| 7 \|align=center\| <ref name="gvpholocene"/> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1930\|November\|25}} \|\|align=center\| [[Gunung Merapi\|Merapi]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1931\|September\|}} \|\| !style="background-color: ~~align=center~~#FC0;"\|3 \| \|align=center\| cv[[Jawa Tengah]],~~rf,pf,lf,ld,lm~~ [[DI Yogyakarta]]\|\|align=center\| tidak \|\|align=center\| 0.0017 km³ \|\|align=center\| 1,369 \|align=center\| <ref name="merapi"/> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1919\|5\|19}} \|\|align=center\| [[Kelud]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1919\|5\|20}} ~~\|\| align~~ !style=~~center~~"background:#f90;"\|4 \| \|align=center\| ~~cv,cl,pf,lm~~[[Jawa Timur]]\|\|align=center\| tidak \|\|align=center\| 0.19 km³ \|\|align=center\| 5,110 \|align=center\| <ref name="gvpholocene"/> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1892\|6\|7}} \|\|align=center\| [[Gunung Awu\|Awu]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1892\|6\|12}} \|\| !style="background-color: ~~align=center~~#FC0;"\|3 \| \|align=center\| ~~cv,pf,lm~~[[Sulawesi Utara]]\|\|align=center\| ya \|\|align=center\| N/A \|\|align=center\| 1,532 \|align=center\| <ref name="awu">{{cite web\|title=Awu's Eruptive History\|work=Global Volcanism Program\|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]\|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0607-04=&volpage=erupt\|accessdate=2006-12-31\|archive-date=2007-07-07\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707110803/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0607-04=&volpage=erupt\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1883\|8\|26}} \|\|align=center\| [[Letusan Krakatau 1883\|Krakatau]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1884\|2\|}} \|\| !style="background-color: ~~align=center~~#F00; color: white;"\|6 \| \|align=center\| ~~cv,se,pf,fa,lm,cc~~[[Selat Sunda]]\|\|align=center\| 15–42 m \|\|align=center\| 5–8.5 km³ \|\|align=center\| 36,600 \|align=center\| <ref name="winchester2003"/><ref name="Rampino"/><ref>{{cite journal\|doi=10.5194/nhess-3-321-2003\|journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences\|title=Simulation of the trans-oceanic tsunami propagation due to the 1883 Krakatau volcanic eruption\|author=B.H. Choi, E. Pelinovsky, K.O. Kim and J.S. Lee\|url=http://iri.ldeo.columbia.edu/~lareef/tsunami/nhs-3-321.pdf\|format=PDF\|year=2003\|pages=321–332\|issue=5\|volume=3\|access-date=2014-01-31\|archive-date=2006-09-12\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912023833/http://iri.ldeo.columbia.edu/~lareef/tsunami/nhs-3-321.pdf\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1872\|April\|15}} \|\|align=center\| [[Gunung Merapi\|Merapi]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1872\|April\|21}} ~~\|\| align~~ !style=~~center~~"background:#f90;"\|4 \| \|align=center\|[[Jawa cvTengah]],pf [[DI Yogyakarta]]\|\|align=center\| tidak \|\|align=center\| 0.33 km³ \|\|align=center\| 200 \|align=center\| <ref name="merapi"/> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1856\|3\|2}} \|\|align=center\| [[Gunung Awu\|Awu]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1856\|3\|17}} \|\| !style="background-color: ~~align=center~~#FC0;"\|3 \| \|align=center\| ~~cv,pf,lm~~[[Sulawesi Utara]]\|\|align=center\| ya \|\|align=center\| 0.51±0.50 km³ \|\|align=center\| 2,806 \|align=center\| <ref name="awu"/> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1822\|10\|8}} \|\|align=center\| [[Galunggung]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1822\|12\|}} \|\| !style="background-color: ~~align=center~~#F60;"\|5 \| \|align=center\| ~~cv,pf,ld,lm~~[[Jawa Barat]] \|\|align=center\| tidak \|\|align=center\| 1 km³ + \|\|align=center\| 4,011 \|align=center\| <ref name="gvpholocene"/> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1815\|April\|10}} \|\|align=center\| [[Letusan Tambora 1815\|Tambora]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1815\|7\|15}} \|\| !style="background-color: ~~align=center~~#900; color: white;"\|7 \| \|align=center\| ~~cv,pf,cc~~ [[Sumbawa]]\|\|align=center\| 1–2 m \|\|align=center\| 160–180 km³ \|\|align=center\| 71,000+ \|align=center\| <ref name="Stothers1984"/><ref name="Oppenheimer2003">{{cite journal\|last=Oppenheimer\|first=Clive\|title=Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815\|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_progress-in-physical-geography_2003-06_27_2/page/230\|journal=Progress in Physical Geography\|volume=27\|issue=2\|year=2003\|pages=230–259\|doi=10.1191/0309133303pp379ra}}</ref> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1812\|8\|6}} \|\|align=center\| [[Gunung Awu\|Awu]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1812\|8\|8}} ~~\|\| align~~ !style=~~center~~"background:#f90;"\|4 \| \|align=center\| ~~cv,pf,lm~~[[Sulawesi Utara]]\|\|align=center\| tidak \|\|align=center\| 0.55±0.50 km³ \|\|align=center\| 963 \|align=center\| <ref name="awu"/> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1772\|8\|12}} \|\|align=center\| [[Gunung Papandayan\|Papandayan]] \|\|align=center\| {{dts\|format=dmy\|1772\|8\|12}} \|\| !style="background-color: ~~align=center~~#FC0;"\|3 \| \|align=center\| ~~cv,ph~~[[Jawa Barat]]\|\|align=center\| tidak \|\|align=center\| N/A \|\|align=center\| 2,957 \|align=center\| <ref>{{cite web\|title=The Deadliest Eruptions\|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/facts/deadly_volcs.html\|work=Volcano World\|accessdate=2009-03-15\|publisher=Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University\|archive-date=2009-01-25\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125131010/http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/facts/deadly_volcs.html\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1672\|8\|4}} \|\|align=center\| [[Gunung Merapi\|Merapi]] \|\|align=center\| {{dtsh\|1672\|\|}}tidak diketahui \|\| !style="background-color: ~~align=center~~#FC0;"\|3 \| \|align=center\| cv[[Jawa Tengah]],~~pf,lm~~ [[DI Yogyakarta]]\|\|align=center\| tidak \|\|align=center\| N/A \|\|align=center\| 3,000 \|align=center\| <ref name="merapi"/> \|- \| align=center\|{{dts\|format=dmy\|1586\|\|}} \|\|align=center\| [[Kelud]] \|\|align=center\| {{dtsh\|1586\|\|}}tidak diketahui \|\| !style="background-color: ~~align=center~~#F60;"\|5 \| \|align=center\| ~~cf,cl,lm~~[[Jawa Timur]]\|\|align=center\| tidak \|\|align=center\| 1 km³ + \|\|align=center\| 10,000 \|align=center\| <ref name="gvpholocene"/> \|- Baris 477 ⟶ 573: \| align=center\| [[Letusan Samalas 1257\|Samalas]] \| align=center\| tidak diketahui !style="background-color: #900; color: white;"\|7 ▲\| align=center\| 7 \| align=center\| ~~pf,cl,lm~~[[Lombok]] \| align=center\| tidak \| align=center \| N/A Baris 484 ⟶ 580: \| align=center \| <ref>{{Cite web\|title=Letusan Samalas 1257 - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas\|url=https://m.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Letusan_Samalas_1257\|website=m.wiki-indonesia.club\|language=id\|access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref> \|- \| align=center\|{{dtsh\|74000\|\|\|SM}}≈ 74,000 [[Sebelum Masehi\|SM]] \|\|align=center\| [[Gunung Toba]] \|\|align=center\| {{dtsh\|74000\|\|\|SM}}tidak diketahui \|\| !style="background-color: ~~align=center~~#900; color: white;"\|8 \| \|align=center\| ~~pf,lf,cc~~[[Sumatera Utara]]\|\|align=center\| mungkin \|\|align=center\| 2,800 km³ \|\| align="center" \| hampir memusnahkan<br>populasi manusia \|align=center\| <ref name="Oppenheimer2002"/> \|} Jumlah korban jiwa bersumber dari Survei Vulkanologi Indonesia,<ref name="vsi">{{cite web\|title=Centre of Volcanology & Geological Hazard Mitigation\|url=http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/\|publisher=Volcanological Survey of Indonesia\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216081307/http://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/\|archivedate=2006-12-16\|dead-url=no\|accessdate=2006-12-31}}</ref> dan Tanguy et al. (1998).<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Victims from volcanic eruptions: a revised database\|year=1998\|author=J.-C. Tanguy, Ch. Ribière, A. Scarth and W.S. Tjetjep\|journal=Bulletin of Volcanology\|volume=60\|issue=2\|pages=137–144\|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/8bn1re4crce6yr8r/\|doi=10.1007/s004450050222\|bibcode=1998BVol...60..137T}}{{Pranala mati\|date=Januari 2021 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br>Catatan: cv= letusan ventilasi sentral, pf=[[aliran piroklastik]], lf=[[aliran lava]], lm=[[lumpur]] [[lahar]], cl=letusan [[danau kawah]], ph=[[letusan freatik]], ld=[[kubah lava\|ekstrusi kubah lava]], cc=[[kaldera\|keruntuhan kaldera]], se=[[gunung api bawah laut\|letusan bawah laut]], fa=[[fumarol\|aktivitas fumarol]], rf=letusan celah radial. == Galeri == <gallery widths=190px heights=140px> Berkas:Erupsi Gunung Marapi RRI-Novelhya Wirda.jpg\|[[Letusan Gunung Marapi 2023]] File:Anak Krakatau 2018-12-20 Landsat 8 T1 SR.jpg\|[[Tsunami Selat Sunda 2018\|Letusan dan tsunami Anak Krakatau 2018]] File:Ratusan rumah tertimbun abu vulkanik erupsi gunung Semeru.jpg\|[[Letusan Gunung Semeru 2021]] File:Ash in Yogyakarta during the 2014 eruption of Kelud 09.jpg\|[[Letusan Kelud 2014]] File:Mount Merapi Eruption (5134675344).jpg\|[[Letusan Merapi 2010]] File:Galunggung eruption 1982.jpeg\|[[Galunggung\|Letusan Gunung Galunggung 1982]] File:Gunung Agung saat erupsi tahun 1963.jpg\|[[Letusan Gunung Agung 1963]] File:De uitbarsting van de Krakatau, KITLV 5888.tiff\|[[Letusan Krakatau 1883]] File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Vulkaan op Poelau Roeang TMnr 60018639.jpg\|[[Gunung Ruang\|Letusan dan tsunami Gunung Ruang 1871]] File:Caldera Mt Tambora Sumbawa Indonesia.jpg\|Kaldera Tambora setelah [[Letusan Tambora 1815]] </gallery> ==Lihat pula== {{portal\|Ilmu kebumian\|Indonesia}} * [[Gunung berapi di Indonesia]] * [[Daftar gempa bumi di Indonesia]] * [[Daftar gunung berapi]] * [[Cincin Api Pasifik]] == Referensi == {{Reflist}} === Referensi umum ===