Eni: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{other uses}}
{{short description|Perusahaan minyak dan gas multinasional yang berkantor pusat di Italia}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Eni S.p.A.
| logo =
| logo_size = 200px
|
| image_caption = [[Palazzo Eni]], kantor pusat Eni di Roma
| image_size = 200px
| type = Perusahaan publik
| traded_as = {{ISE|IT0003132476|ENI}}<br/>{{nyse|E}}<br/>Komponen [[FTSE MIB]]
| ISIN = IT0003132476
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1953|02|10}}
| founder =
| defunct = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| location_city = [[Roma]]
| location_country =
| locations =
| area_served = Seluruh dunia
| key_people =
| industry = [[Industri minyak dan gas|Minyak dan gas]]
| products = [[Minyak
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|www.eni.
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}
'''Eni S.p.A.''' ({{IPA-it|ˈɛːni}}) adalah sebuah perusahaan [[minyak dan gas]] multinasional yang berkantor pusat di [[Roma]]. Dianggap sebagai salah satu dari tujuh perusahaan minyak "[[superbesar]]" di dunia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/oil-gas-and-mining/spotlight-sharpens/|title=The spotlight sharpens: Eni and corruption in Republic of Congo's oil sector|website=Global Witness}}</ref> Eni beroperasi di 66 negara<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eni.com/en-IT/global-presence.html |title=Global Presence|website=eni.com }}</ref> dengan [[kapitalisasi pasar]] sebesar US$36,08 milyar, hingga tanggal 31 Desember 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/E/eni-spa/market-cap|title=Eni SpA Market Cap 2006-2020 | E|website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> Pemerintah Italia memegang 30,33% [[saham emas]] perusahaan ini, dengan 4,37% saham emas dipegang melalui Kementerian Keuangan, sementara sisanya dipegang melalui [[Cassa Depositi e Prestiti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eni.com/en-IT/about-us/governance/shareholders.html|title=List of shareholders | Eni|website=www.eni.com}}</ref> Perusahaan ini merupakan salah satu komponen dari [[indeks pasar saham]] [[Euro Stoxx 50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boerse-frankfurt.de/en/equities/indices/euro+stoxx+50+EU0009658145/constituents|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119171222/http://www.boerse-frankfurt.de/en/equities/indices/euro+stoxx+50+EU0009658145/constituents|url-status=dead|title=Frankfurt Stock Exchange|archivedate=19 November 2015}}</ref>
Nama "ENI" awalnya merupakan akronim dari "Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi" (Dewan Hidrokarbon Nasional). Namun, beberapa tahun setelah didirikan, dewan tersebut telah beroperasi di sejumlah bidang, seperti [[kontraktor independen|kontraktor]], tenaga nuklir, energi, pertambangan, [[bahan kimia]] dan plastik, permesinan distribusi dan pemurnian/ekstraksi, industri [[penyantunan]], serta bahkan [[industri tekstil]] dan berita.
Pada tahun 2020, Eni menempati peringkat ke-113 dalam daftar [[Fortune Global 500]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/company/eni/global500/|title=ENI | 2020 Global 500|website=Fortune}}</ref> dan peringkat ke-24 dalam sektor energi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/global500/2020/|title=Global 500|website=Fortune}}</ref> Pada daftar [[Forbes Global 2000]] tahun 2020, Eni menempati peringkat ke-468.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.forbes.com/companies/eni/#8f4c6bf46716 | title= Forbes Global 2000 | access-date = 31 October 2020}}</ref>
==Sejarah==
===1950-an – 1960-an===
[[File:Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Roma, 1967) - BEIC 6364270.jpg|thumb|[[Palazzo ENI]], Roma, dibangun pada tahun 1959–1962.<ref name="Gangemi">{{cite book|title=La costruzione dell'architettura: temi e opere del dopoguerra italiano|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KrxTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT190|date=2016|publisher=Gangemi Editore|isbn=978-88-492-9096-7|pages=190–}}</ref> Foto oleh [[Paolo Monti]], 1967]]
Eni didirikan pada tahun 1953 dari perusahaan yang telah ada sebelumnya, yakni [[Agip]], yang dibentuk pada tahun 1926 untuk mengeksplorasi ladang minyak serta mengakuisisi dan mengkomersialisasi minyak dan turunannya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=ENI:IM|title=ENI SPA (ENI:BrsaItaliana): Stock Quote & Company Profile |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015071028/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=ENI:IM|archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adr.com/DRDetails/Overview?cusip=26874R108|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530003858/https://www.adr.com/DRDetails/Overview?cusip=26874R108|url-status=dead|title=J.P. Morgan's adr.com | The premier site for the global investor|archivedate=30 May 2012|website=www.adr.com}}</ref>
Pada bulan Maret 1953, [[Enrico Mattei]] dilantik sebagai chairman Eni.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://enistoria.eni.com/en/inizia-il-viaggio/enrico-mattei/introducing-enrico-mattei.html|title=Introducing Enrico Mattei – enihistory|work=eni.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.feem.it/getpage.aspx?id=85&sez=About%20us&padre=24&sub=26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816230938/http://www.feem.it/getpage.aspx?id=85&sez=About%20us&padre=24&sub=26|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2011|title=FEEM – ''Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei'' – About us – Enrico Mattei|work=feem.it}}</ref>
Eni awalnya merupakan akronim dari '''Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi''' (Dewan Hidrokarbon Nasional).<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/188388/Eni|title=Eni|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>
Namun pada tahun 1995, nama perusahaan ini resmi disingkat menjadi Eni saja.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eni.com/en_IT/faq/company-information/miscellaneous/faq-miscellaneous-stand-for.shtml|title=What does Eni stand for?|work=eni.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224940/http://www.eni.com/en_IT/faq/company-information/miscellaneous/faq-miscellaneous-stand-for.shtml|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref>
Pada tahun 1952, logo Eni resmi ditetapkan. Logo tersebut menampilkan anjing berkaki enam, untuk menyimbolkan jumlah roda mobil dan kaki pengemudinya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eni.com/brand_eni/en/1_la_storia_del_marchio.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619153043/http://www.eni.com/brand_eni/en/1_la_storia_del_marchio.shtml|url-status=dead|title=History of the trademark|archivedate=19 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eni.com/en_IT/faq/company-information/history-trademark/faq-significance-six-legged-dog-symbol.shtml|title=What is the significance of the "six-legged dog" in the Eni symbol?|work=eni.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006130800/http://www.eni.com/en_IT/faq/company-information/history-trademark/faq-significance-six-legged-dog-symbol.shtml|archive-date=6 October 2015}}</ref>
Mulai tahun 1954, Eni mengakuisisi sejumlah hak eksplorasi di Afrika Utara, meneken sebuah perjanjian dengan pemerintah Mesir yang dipimpin oleh [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]], sembari menyediakan peran yang setara dan aktif untuk negara penghasil minyak melalui pendirian [[perusahaan patungan]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://enistoria.eni.com/en/inizia-il-viaggio/1954.html|title=1954 – MOVING AROUND THE WORLD. ALL YOU NEED IS A FORMULA. |website=eni.com}}</ref>
Pada tahun 1957, Eni mengajukan perjanjian serupa, yang dikenal sebagai "formula Mattei",<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1420391/Enrico-Mattei|title=Enrico Mattei|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://enistoria.eni.com/en/inizia-il-viaggio/1957.html|title=1957 – THE MATTEI FORMULA, ANOTHER WINNING MOVE. |work=enihistory}}</ref> untuk diteken bersama Shah Persia, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] dan [[National Iranian Oil Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eni.com/en_IT/attachments/documentazione/pubblicazioni/paesi/Eni_in_Egypt_2.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230839/http://www.eni.com/en_IT/attachments/documentazione/pubblicazioni/paesi/Eni_in_Egypt_2.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Eni in Egypt|archivedate=2 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/oil-agreements-in-iran|title=OIL AGREEMENTS IN IRAN|work=iranicaonline.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://italypr.wordpress.com/2013/05/14/eni/|title=ENI|work=wordpress.com}}</ref>
Pada tahun 1960, selama [[Perang Dingin]], Eni meneken sebuah perjanjian dengan [[Uni Soviet]] untuk dapat mengimpor minyak mentah dari Rusia dengan harga murah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thinkrussia.com/business-economy/ceo-paolo-scaroni-discusses-eni-russia-relations-past-present-and-future|title=CEO Paolo Scaroni discusses Eni-Russia relations: past, present and future|work=thinkRUSSIA|access-date=7 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003834/http://www.thinkrussia.com/business-economy/ceo-paolo-scaroni-discusses-eni-russia-relations-past-present-and-future|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epubbud.com/read.php?g=C54UGV9Y&p=11|title=A History of US Petroleum Wars by We Fight for Oil|work=epubbud.com}}</ref>
Pada tanggal 27 Oktober 1962, pesawat terbang yang ditumpangi oleh Enrico Mattei meledak di dekat [[Bascapè]], saat sedang terbang dari [[Catania]] ke [[Milan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://enistoria.eni.com/en/inizia-il-viaggio/1962.html|title=1962 – A LIGHT GOES OFF OVER THE SKY OF Bascapè. – enihistory|work=eni.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fly.historicwings.com/2012/10/the-mystery-of-enrico-mattei/|title=The Mystery of Enrico Mattei| work=HistoricWings.com: A Magazine for Aviators, Pilots and Adventurers}}</ref>
Kematian Mattei awalnya dianggap sebagai sebuah kecelakaan, namun kemudian dikonfirmasi bahwa kecelakaan tersebut telah direncanakan untuk melindungi dan menyembunyikan kepentingan politik dan ekonomi di Italia dan luar Italia, sebagaimana yang dijelaskan oleh jurnalis [[Mauro De Mauro]], yang menginvestigasi kematian Enrico Mattei.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://palermo.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/08/07/news/la_sentenza_su_de_mauro_ucciso_per_lo_scoop_su_mattei-40542417/|title=La sentenza su De Mauro 'Ucciso per lo scoop su Mattei' |location=Palermo |work=La Repubblica|access-date=8 January 2018}}</ref>
Beberapa tahun kemudian, Eni meneken kontrak [[joint venture]] dengan sejumlah perusahaan asing agar dapat memasok minyak mentah dari Mesir ke Iran dan dari Libya ke Tunisia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virginia.edu/igpr/APAG/apagoilhistory.html|title=Oil Company Histories|work=virginia.edu}}</ref>
Pada tahun 1963, Eni mengakuisisi mayoritas saham [[Italgas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.italgas.it/en/about-us/history/|title=Learn about Italgas|website=italgas.it}}</ref>
===1970-an – 1980-an===
Pada bulan Oktober 1973, pasca [[Perang Yom Kippur]] dan embargo [[OPEC]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/OPEC |title=Oil Embargo, 1973–1974 – 1969–1976 – Milestones – Office of the Historian |work=state.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101162806/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/OPEC |archive-date=1 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/opec-states-declare-oil-embargo|title=OPEC states declare oil embargo|work=HISTORY.com|access-date=8 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705064905/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/opec-states-declare-oil-embargo|archive-date=5 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> terhadap Amerika Serikat dan Belanda, krisis minyak parah pun terjadi,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/projects/debt/oilcrisis.html|title=1973–74 Oil Crisis|work=berkeley.edu}}</ref> sehingga memaksa Eni untuk mengkonsolidasi posisinya di pasar internasional dengan meneken perjanjian dengan [[Sonatrach]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/algerian-gas-to-europe-the-transmed-pipeline-and-early-spanish-gas-import-projects|title=Research Library|work=bakerinstitute.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504092105/http://bakerinstitute.org/publications/algerian-gas-to-europe-the-transmed-pipeline-and-early-spanish-gas-import-projects|archive-date=4 May 2013}}</ref> [[badan usaha milik negara]] Aljazair yang bergerak di bidang gas alam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eni.com/en_IT/company/history/the-steps/the-70s-80s/the-70s-80s.shtml|title=The 70s/80s|work=eni.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817011109/http://www.eni.com/en_IT/company/history/the-steps/the-70s-80s/the-70s-80s.shtml|archive-date=17 August 2011}}</ref>
Pada tahun 1974, Eni meneken perjanjian dengan pemerintah Libya, yang kemudian disusul dengan penjanjian dengan Mesir, Nigeria, dan Tunisia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.noclibya.com.ly/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=0 |title=National Oil Corporation-Eni gas company |access-date=8 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010820/http://en.noclibya.com.ly/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=0 |archive-date=3 December 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eni.com/brand_eni/en/storia/tempimoderni/72-98/il_marchio_1972_98.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231141/http://www.eni.com/brand_eni/en/storia/tempimoderni/72-98/il_marchio_1972_98.shtml|url-status=dead|title=The Race for Energy: from 1972 to 1998|archivedate=2 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/oil/Pipelines%20or%20pipe%20dreams.htm|title=Pipelines or pipe dreams? Lessons from the history of Arab transit pipelines|work=macam.ac.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eni.com/it_IT/attachments/documentazione/pubblicazioni/paesi/APR-Folder-Eni-EP-in-Libia.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924001721/http://www.eni.com/it_IT/attachments/documentazione/pubblicazioni/paesi/APR-Folder-Eni-EP-in-Libia.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Eni in Libya|archivedate=24 September 2015}}</ref>
Selama pertengahan dekade 1970-an, Eni merencanakan sebuah infrastruktur besar untuk mengangkut gas alam dalam jarak jauh, dengan membangun sebuah jaringan pipa sepanjang ribuan mil di seantero Eropa dan [[Laut Mediterania|Mediterania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=453|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109084348/http://www.nato-pa.int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=453|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2005|title=NATO PA – 166 GSM 03 – ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN|[email protected]|work=nato-pa.int}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pipelinesinternational.com/news/trans-mediterranean_pipeline/009342/|title=Trans-Mediterranean Pipeline|work=Pipelines International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orfonline.org/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/enm-analysis/ENM-ANALYSISDetail.html?cmaid=30043&mmacmaid=30038|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233914/http://www.orfonline.org/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/enm-analysis/ENM-ANALYSISDetail.html?cmaid=30043&mmacmaid=30038|url-status=dead|title=Pipelines in the Middle East and North Africa|archivedate=2 December 2013}}</ref>
Setelah meluncurkan [[Jalur Pipa Trans-Mediterania]] yang menghubungkan Aljazair ke [[Sisilia]] melalui Tunisia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/trans-med-pipeline/|title=Trans-Mediterranean Natural Gas Pipeline – Hydrocarbons Technology|work=hydrocarbons-technology.com}}</ref> Eni meneken perjanjian baru dengan Libya untuk dapat mengeksploitasi [[Lapangan Bouri|Boùri]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmctechnologies.com/SubseaSystems/GlobalProjects/Africa/Libya/ENIBouri.aspx|title=ENI (Agip) Bouri|work=FMC Technologies|access-date=8 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006162144/http://www.fmctechnologies.com/SubseaSystems/GlobalProjects/Africa/Libya/ENIBouri.aspx|archive-date=6 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ladang minyak terbesar di tengah [[Laut Mediterania|Mediterania]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-65/issue-2/pipeline-transportation/libya-gas-export-project-sets-records.html|title=Libya gas export project sets records|work=offshore-mag.com}}</ref> dan mengembangkan eksistensi internasionalnya di industri minyak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://enistoria.eni.com/en/inizia-il-viaggio/1978.html|title=1978 – HOUSTON, WE HAVE A CONTRACT. – enihistory|work=eni.com}}</ref>
== Eni Indonesia Ltd ==
Eni mulai beroperasi di Indonesia sejak tahun 2000. Aktivitas produksinya dikonsentrasikan di pulau [[Kalimantan]] di Blok Sanga-Sanga [[PSC]] dimana Eni memiliki 37,81% saham dengan sisanya dimiliki oleh [[VICO Indonesia|Virginia Indonesia Co (VICO)]]. Area tersebut terutama memproduksi gas alam yang hasilnya dikirimkan ke [[Badak NGL|PT Badak NGL]], sebuah pabrik penghasil [[LNG|''Liquid Natural Gas'']] dan [[LPG|''Liquid Petroleum Gas'']] di [[Bontang]].
Aktivitas eksplorasi Eni difokuskan di lepas pantai (laut dalam) Kalimantan Timur. Eni memiliki ''participating interest'' di delapan lokasi di dua cekungan minyak Kutai dan Tarakan. Empat lokasi (Muara Bakau, Ambalat, Bukat dan Bulungan) dimiliki dengan persentase 41.25% hingga 100%, sedangkan empat lainnya (Ganal, Rapak, Popodi, Papalang) dengan persentase 20% hingga 37.8%.
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
===Sumber===
*{{cite web|title=Gov't signs $7billion oil and gas agreement to produce 1100 megawatts power|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2015/January-27th/govt-signs-7billion-oil-and-gas-agreement-to-produce-1100-megawatts-power.php#sthash.iNrEmve3.dpuf|format=PDF|work=myjoyonline.com|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-date=2017-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601123143/http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2015/January-27th/govt-signs-7billion-oil-and-gas-agreement-to-produce-1100-megawatts-power.php#sthash.iNrEmve3.dpuf|dead-url=yes}}
*{{cite web|title=Gov't signs $7billion oil and gas agreement to produce 1100 megawatts power|url=http://www.energymin.gov.gh/?p=3347|website=energymin.gov.gh|access-date=3 February 2015}}
== Bibliografi ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{in lang|en}} Marcello Boldrini, ''Mattei'', Rome, Colombo, 1969
* {{in lang|it}} Marcello Colitti, ''Energia e sviluppo in Italia'', Bari, De Donato, 1979
* {{in lang|en}} Paul H. Frankel, ''Oil and Power Policy'', New York – Washington, Praeger, 1966
* {{in lang|en}} [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]], ''Petrolio'', various
* {{in lang|it}} [[Nico Perrone]], ''Enrico Mattei'', Bologna, Il mulino, 2001 {{ISBN|88-15-07913-0}}
{{refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{official website|http://www.eni.com}}
*[https://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=E Eni from Yahoo! finance]
*[http://www.energy.eu/#routes New Gas Routes to the European Union]
{{Perusahaan Euro Stoxx 50}}
{{Perusahaan FTSE MIB}}
{{authority control}}
[[Kategori:Perusahaan minyak dan gas Italia]]
[[Kategori:Perusahaan kimia Italia]]
[[Kategori:Perusahaan yang didirikan tahun 1953]]
[[Kategori:Perusahaan minyak dan gas nasional]]
[[Kategori:Perusahaan milik pemerintah Italia]]
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