Ekonomi Rusia: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif

← Revisi sebelumnya

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan

VisualTeks wiki

Revisi per 19 Januari 2023 16.29 sunting InternetArchiveBot (bicara \| kontrib) Bot 688.879 suntingan Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.3 ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi terkini sejak 23 April 2024 01.40 sunting balikkan Fazily (bicara \| kontrib) 8.723 suntingan k China ke Tiongkok (via JWB)
(1 revisi perantara oleh pengguna yang sama tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 3: \|image = Moscow-city-MIBC.jpg \|image_size = 300 \|caption = [[Pusat Bisnis Internasional ~~Moskwa~~Moskow]] \|currency = [[Rubel Rusia]] (RUB) \|year = tahun kalender Baris 23: \|exports = $82.1 milyar (Jan-Apr 2016)<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web \|url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b04_03/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d06/123.htm \|title=Salinan arsip \|access-date=2016-08-24 \|archive-date=2016-08-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808023744/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b04_03/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d06/123.htm \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> \|export-goods = Minyak bumi dan produk turunannya, gas alam, logam, kayu dan produk kayu, kimia, dan perlengkapan militer \|export-partners = {{flag\|Belanda}} 11.9%<br /> {{flag\|~~China~~Tiongkok}} 8.3% <br /> {{flag\|Germany}} 7.4% <br /> {{flag\|Italy}} 6.5% <br /> {{flag\|Turkey}} 5.6% <br /> {{flag\|Belarus}} 4.4% <br />{{flag\|Japan}} 4.2% (2015)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2050.html#rs\|title=Export Partners of Russia\|publisher=[[CIA World Factbook]]\|year=2015\|accessdate=26 July 2016\|archive-date=2016-10-02\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002094202/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2050.html#rs\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> \|imports = $53.0 milyar (Jan-Apr 2016)<ref name="ReferenceB"/> \|import-goods = Kebutuhan rumah tangga, mesin, kendaraan, obat-obatan, plastik, produk logam semi jadi, daging, buah dan kacang, peralatan optik dan medis, besi dan baja \|import-partners = {{flag\|~~China~~Tiongkok}} 19.2% <br /> {{flag\|Germany}} 11.2% <br /> {{flag\|United States}} 6.4% <br /> {{flag\|Belarus}} 4.8% <br /> {{flag\|Italy}} 4.6% (2015)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2061.html#rs\|title=Import Partners of Russia\|publisher=[[CIA World Factbook]]\|year=2015\|accessdate=26 July 2016\|archive-date=2016-09-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917144337/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2061.html#rs\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> \|FDI = $360.9 milyar (2015 est.)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2198.html\|title=The World Factbook\|publisher=\|access-date=2016-08-24\|archive-date=2015-12-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209003243/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2198.html\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> \|current account = $29.1 milyar(Jan-Apr 2016)<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Baris 49: Rusia memiliki [[Industri pertahananRusia\|industri senjata]] yang besar dan canggih, mereka memiliki kemampuan mendesain dan manufaktur peralatan militer teknologi tinggi, termasuk [[Sukhoi PAK FA\|jet tempur generasi kelima]], [[kapal selam nuklir]], [[senjata api]], dan [[misil balistik\|misil balistik jarak dekat/jauh]]. Nilai ekspor senjata Rusia mencapai $15.7 miliar tahun 2013-urutan kedua di belakang Amerika Serikat. Top military exports from Russia include combat aircraft, air defence systems, ships and submarines.<ref>{{cite news \|url= http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/07/us-russia-arms-idUSKBN0FC10X20140707 \|publisher= Reuters \|title= Putin says Russia must boost arms exports: RIA news agency \|date= 7 July 2014 \|accessdate= 21 July 2014 \|archive-date= 2014-07-27 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140727215718/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/07/us-russia-arms-idUSKBN0FC10X20140707 \|dead-url= yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url= http://trbd.org/2014/07/07/arms-exports-thrive-military-revamp/ \|work= The Russian Business Digest \|title= Arms Exports Thrive Amid Military Revamp \|date= 7 July 2014 \|accessdate= 21 July 2014 \|archive-date= 2015-04-02 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125207/http://trbd.org/2014/07/07/arms-exports-thrive-military-revamp/ \|dead-url= yes }}</ref> Pada tahun 2015, ekonomi Rusia berada pada urutan [[Daftar negara menurut PDB (PPP)\|keenam terbesar]] di dunia menurut [[Keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja\|KKB]] dan ke-12 terbesar menurut nilai tukar pasar. Antara tahun 2000 dan 2012, ekspor energi Rusia meningkatkan [[standar hidup]] sedemikian cepat, dan [[pendapatan bersih]] naik hingga 160%.<ref>{{cite web \|url= http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b13_13/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d1/06-05.htm \|script-title= ru:ДИНАМИКА РЕАЛЬНЫХ ДОХОДОВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ \|language= russian \|publisher= Rosstat \|accessdate= 21 July 2014 \|archive-date= 2021-01-13 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210113160837/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b13_13/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d1/06-05.htm \|dead-url= yes }}</ref> Dalam dolar AS, nilai pendapatan bersih ini naik 7 kali lipat bila dibandingkan tahun 2000.<ref name="KPMG">{{cite web\|url= https://www.kpmg.com/NL/nl/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/PDF/High-Growth-Markets/Investing-in-Russia1.pdf \|title= Investing in Russia \|publisher= [[KPMG]] \|date= April 2013\|accessdate= 21 July 2014}}</ref> Dalam periode yang sama, tingkat pengangguran dan kemisikinan berkurang setengah, dan kepuasan penduduk juga meningkat signifikan.<ref name="challenges_p12">{{cite book\|editors=Anders Åslund, Sergei Guriev, Andrew C. Kuchins\|title=Russia After the Global Economic Crisis\|url=https://archive.org/details/russiaaftergloba00aslu\|chapter=Challenges Facing the Russian Economy after the Crisis\|last1=Guriev\|first1=Sergei\|last2=Tsyvinski\|first2=Aleh\|publisher=Peterson Institute for International Economics; Centre for Strategic and International Studies; New Economic School\|year=2010\|isbn=9780881324976\|pages=[https://archive.org/details/russiaaftergloba00aslu/page/12 12]–13}}</ref> Pertumbuhan ini merupakan akibat dari [[lonjakan komoditas 2000-an]], tingginya harga minyak, ekonomi yang cermat dan kebijakan fiskal.<ref name="Putin 2007">''Putin: Russia's Choice'', (Routledge 2007), by [[Richard Sakwa]], Chapter 9</ref> Namun, pertumbuhan ini tidak terdistribusi merata. 110 orang terkaya menguasai 35% dari seluruh total [[aset keuangan]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Global Wealth Report 2013 - Pg. 53\|url=https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=BCDB1364-A105-0560-1332EC9100FF5C83\|publisher=Credit Suisse\|accessdate=13 April 2015\|archive-date=2015-02-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214155424/https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=BCDB1364-A105-0560-1332EC9100FF5C83\|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\| url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/09/russia-wealth-inequality_n_4070455.html \|work= [[Huffington Post]]\| title= Russia's Wealth Inequality One Of Highest In The World \| date= 9 October 2013\| accessdate= 21 July 2014}}</ref> Pemerintah yang buruk juga menandakan bahwa negara ini mengalami arus keluar uang haram terbesar kedua di dunia, dengan jumlah sekitar 880 miliar dolar antara tahun 2002-2011.<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://gfintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Illicit_Financial_Flows_from_Developing_Countries_2002-2011-HighRes.pdf \| title= Illicit Financial Flows from Developing Countries: 2002-2011 \| publisher= Global Financial Integrity \| date= 2013 \| accessdate= 2014-12-05}}</ref> Sejak 2008 [[Forbes]] telah berulang kali menyebut [[~~Moskwa~~Moskow]] sebagai "ibu kota miliuner dunia".<ref>{{cite news\|url= http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities.html \|title= Cities Of The Billionaires \|publisher= Forbes\|date= 30 April 2008 \|accessdate= 21 August 2014 \|first=Chaniga \|last=Vorasarun}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/ricardogeromel/2013/03/14/forbes-top-10-billionaire-cities-moscow-beats-new-york-again/ \|title= Forbes Top 10 Billionaire Cities - Moscow Beats New York Again \|publisher= Forbes \|date=14 March 2013 \|accessdate= 21 August 2014 \|first=Ricardo \|last=Geromel}}</ref> Ekonomi Rusia riskan menuju resesi sejak awal 2014 - utamanya akibat jatuhnya [[harga minyak]], [[intervensi militer Rusia di Ukraina 2014]] dan [[pelarian modal]].<ref name="Mark Adomanis">{{cite news\|url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/markadomanis/2014/05/01/according-to-the-imf-russias-economy-is-already-in-a-recession/\|title= According To The IMF, Russia's Economy Is Already In A Recession\|author= Mark Adomanis\|date= 1 May 2014\|work= Forbes\|accessdate= 8 December 2014\|archive-date= 2014-05-01\|archive-url= https://archive.today/20140501184827/http://www.forbes.com/sites/markadomanis/2014/05/01/according-to-the-imf-russias-economy-is-already-in-a-recession/\|dead-url= yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|author=Tim Bowler\|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-29643612\|title=Falling oil prices: Who are the winners and losers?\|work=BBC News\|date=19 January 2015\|accessdate=30 April 2015}}</ref> Pertumbuhan GDP 2014 hanya sebesar 0.6%.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b04_03/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d05/75.htm\|script-title=ru:О состоянии внешней торговли в январе-феврале 2015 года\|trans-title=On the state of foreign trade in January–February 2015\|language=ru\|work=gks.ru\|accessdate=30 April 2015\|archive-date=2015-04-27\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143206/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b04_03/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d05/75.htm\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada tahun 2015, ekonomi Rusia bahkan anjlok 3,7% dan diperkirakan akan lebih parah pada tahun 2016.<ref name="bloom1">{{cite web \| url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-28/russia-s-economy-faces-long-term-decline \| title=Russia's Great Downward Shift \| publisher=Bloomberg \| accessdate=28 January 2016 \| author=Matlack , Carol}}</ref> [[Bank Dunia]] dan [[IMF]] mengestimasi bahwa ekonomi Rusia akan kembali bangkit pada tahun 2017.<ref>{{cite web\|title=World Bank Keeps 2015 Growth Projections for Russia, and Slightly Revises 2016-2017 Outlook\|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/12/18/world-bank-keeps-2015-growth-projections-for-russia-and-slightly-revises-2016-2017-outlook\|publisher=World Bank}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=World Economic Outlook\|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/update/01/pdf/0116.pdf\|publisher=International Monetary Fund\|date=19 January 2016}}</ref>