Erich von Manstein: Perbedaan antara revisi

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(17 revisi perantara oleh 8 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 5:
| death_date={{death date and age|1973|6|9|1887|11|24|df=y}}
| birth_place=[[Berlin]], [[Kerajaan Prusia]], [[Kekaisaran Jerman]]
| death_place=[[Icking|Irschenhausen]], [[Bayern]], [[Jerman Barat]]
| image=Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H01758, Erich v. Manstein.jpg
| caption=Marsekal Lapangan''Generalfeldmarschall'' Erich von Manstein
| nickname=
| allegiance={{plainlist |
Baris 18:
| rank=[[Generalfeldmarschall]]
| commands={{plainlist |
* [[Divisi Infantri Kedelapanbelas (Wehrmacht)|'''Divisi Infantri Ke-18]]'''
* [['''Korps Angkatan Darat XXXVIII (Wehrmacht)|Korps Angkatan Darat XXXVIII]]'''
* [['''Korps Panzer LVI (Jerman)|Korps Panzer LVI]]'''
* [[Angkatan Darat Kesebelas (Wehrmacht)|'''Angkatan Darat Ke-11]]'''
* [['''Satuan Darat Don]]'''
* [['''Satuan Darat Selatan]]'''
}}
| unit=
| battles={{plainlist |
*; [[Perang Dunia I]]
 
; [[Perang Dunia II]]
: [[Invasi Polandia (1939)|Invasi Polandia]]
: [[Pertempuran PerancisPrancis]]
: [[Operasi Barbarossa]]
: [['''Pengepungan Sevastopol (1941–42)|Pengepungan Sevastopol]]'''
: [[Pengepungan Leningrad]]
: [[Pertempuran Stalingrad]]
Baris 40:
: [[Pertempuran Dnieper]]
}}
| awards=[[''Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern]]''
| relations={{plainlist |
* [['''Eduard von Lewinski]]''' (ayah kandung)
* [['''Albrecht Gustav von Manstein]]''' (kakek adopsi)
* [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (paman)
}}
Baris 50:
'''Fritz Erich Georg Eduard von Lewinski''', dikenal dengan nama '''Erich von Manstein''' (24 November 1887 – 9 Juni 1973), adalah komandan ''[[Wehrmacht]]'', angkatan darat [[Jerman Nazi]] selama [[Perang Dunia Kedua]]. Ia berpangkat [[Marsekal Lapangan]].
 
Ia lahir di keluarga aristokrat [[Prusia]] yang telah lama berkecimpung di dalam dunia [[militer]]. Manstein bergabung dengan [[angkatan darat]] pada usia yang muda dan pernah bertugas di [[Front Barat (Perang Dunia I)|Front Barat]] dan [[Front Timur (Perang Dunia I)|Front Timur]] selama [[Perang Dunia Pertama]] (1914–18). Ia naik pangkat menjadi kapten menjelang berakhirnya perang dan turut serta dalam upaya Jerman untuk membangun kembali angkatan daratnya selama [[periode antar perang]]. Pada September 1939, setelah dilancarkannya [[invasi Polandia]] pada permulaan [[Perang Dunia Kedua]], ia menjabat sebagai Kepala Staf [['''Satuan Darat Selatan]]''' [[Gerd von Rundstedt]]. [[Adolf Hitler]] lalu memilih [[Rencana Manstein|strategi]] yang disusun oleh Manstein untuk [[Pertempuran PerancisPrancis|menyerbu PerancisPrancis]] pada Mei 1940, sebuah rencana yang nantinya akan disempurnakan oleh [[Franz Halder]] dan anggota-anggota [['''OKH]] (Oberkommando des Heeres/Komando Tertinggi Angkatan Darat Jerman)''' lainnya. Manstein mengantisipasi serangan balasan dari Sekutu bila invasi dilancarkan lewat [[Belgia]], sehingga ia merancang sebuah operasi yang inovatif yang disebut ''[[Sichelschnitt]]'' ("potongan sabit"). Operasi ini akan melancarkan serangan lewat wilayah [[Ardennes]] dan kemudian pasukan Jerman akan bergerak dengan cepat ke wilayah pesisir [[Selat Inggris]] untuk menjebak pasukan PerancisPrancis dan Sekutu di [[Belgia]] dan [[Flandria]]. Rencana ini berhasil dan Manstein naik pangkat menjadi jenderal. Ia kemudian turut serta dalam [[Operasi Barbarossa|invasi Uni Soviet]] pada Juni 1941 dan [[Pengepungan Sevastopol (1941–1942)]], dan kemudian diangkat menjadi marsekal lapangan pada 1 Juli 1942. Ia juga terlibat dalam [[Pengepungan Leningrad]].
 
Namun, Jerman mulai mengalami kekalahan pada akhir tahun 1942, terutama setelah terjadinya [[Pertempuran Stalingrad]]. Manstein sendiri memimpin operasi penyelamatan di [[Stalingrad]] yang disebut [['''Operasi ''Wintergewitter]]''''' pada Desember 1942, tetapi operasi tersebut mengalami kegagalan. Meskipun begitu, serangan balasan Manstein dalam [[Pertempuran Kharkov Ketiga]] (Februari–Maret 1943) berhasil merebut kembali beberapa wilayah dan menghancurkan tiga angkatan darat Soviet. Ia lalu menjadi salah satu komandan utama dalam [[Pertempuran Kursk]] (Juli–Agustus 1943), salah satu pertempuran tank terbesar dalam sejarah. Akan tetapi, ia pada akhirnya diberhentikan pada Maret 1944 karena ia berselisih pendapat dengan [[Hitler]] terkait dengan jalannya perang. Ia tidak pernah diberi tugas komando lagi dan kemudian ditawan oleh pasukan Britania pada Agustus 1945, beberapa bulan setelah kekalahan Jerman.
 
Manstein menjadi saksi dalam [[pengadilan Nürnberg|pengadilan kejahatan perang Nürnberg]] pada Agustus 1946 dan mempersiapkan pernyataan yang membantu menciptakan mitos "[[Wehrmacht yang bersih]]" -, mitos bahwa angkatan darat Jerman tidak bersalah atas peristiwa [[Holocaust]]. Pada tahun 1949, [[Pengadilan Erich von Manstein|ia diadili]] di [[Hamburg]] karena kejahatan perang dan dinyatakan bersalah atas tujuh belas dakwaan, termasuk perlakuan buruk terhadap tawanan perang dan kegagalan melindungi nyawa penduduk sipil di ruangdaerah operasinya. Vonis hukuman delapan belas tahun penjara kemudian dikurangi menjadi dua belas tahun dan ia hanya sempat menjalani hukumannya selama empat tahun sebelum akhirnya dilepaskan pada tahun 1953. Ia kemudian menjadi penasihat militer pemerintah [[Jerman Barat]] pada pertengahan tahun 1950-an dan membantu mendirikan kembali angkatan darat. Riwayat hidup yang ia tulis, ''[['Verlorene Siege]]'' (1955)''', sangat kritis terhadap kepemimpinan Hitler, tetapi hanya fokus kepada aspek militer dan mengabaikan konteks politik dan etika. Maanstein meninggal dunia di [[München]] pada tahun 1973.
 
== Daftar pustaka ==
Baris 60:
 
* {{cite book | last = Bartov | first = Omer | authorlink = Omer Bartov | chapter = Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich | pages = 129–150 | title = The Third Reich | editor-last = Leitz | editor-first = Christian |publisher = Blackwell | location = London | year= 1999 | isbn = 978-0-631-20700-9 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Beevor | first = Antony | authorlink = Antony Beevor | title = Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege, 1942–1943 | url = https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00beev | year = 1999 | publisher = Penguin | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-028458-4 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Barratt | first = Stephen | authorlink = Stephen Barratt | title = Zhitomir- Berdichev | year = 2012 | publisher = Helion | location = Solihull | isbn = 978-1-907677-66-3 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Burleigh | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Burleigh | title = The Third Reich: A New History | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichnewhis00burl | year = 2000 | publisher = Hill and Wang | location = New York | isbn = 0-8090-9326-X | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | authorlink = Richard J. Evans | title = The Third Reich at War | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_0 | year = 2008 | publisher = Penguin Group | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-311671-4 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Forczyk | first = Robert | title = Sevastopol 1942: Von Manstein's Triumph | publisher = Osprey | location = Oxford | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-84603-465-7 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Forczyk | first = Robert | title = Manstein: Leadership – Strategy – Conflict | publisher = Osprey | location = Oxford | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-84603-221-9 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Glantz | first = David M. | authorlink = David Glantz | title = When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler | url = https://archive.org/details/whentitansclashe00glan_0 | publisher = University Press of Kansas | location = Lawrence, KS | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-7006-0899-7 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Glantz | first1 = David M. | last2 = House | first2 = Jonathan M. | title = The Battle of Kursk | url = https://archive.org/details/battleofkursk0000glan | publisher = University Press of Kansas | location = Lawrence, KS | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-7006-1335-9 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite AV media | people = [[Guido Knopp|Knopp, Guido]] (creator, director) | year = 1998 | title = Hitler's Warriors: The Strategist | medium = television documentary | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dueGnewPbFQ | accessdate = 28 May 2014 | time = | location = Germany | publisher = [[ZDF]] | ref = {{sfnRef|Knopp|1998}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Knopp | first = Guido | title = Hitlers Krieger | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerskrieger0000unse | trans_title = Hitler's Warriors | year = 2000 | publisher = Goldmann Verlag | location = Munich | isbn = 3-442-15045-0 | language = German | ref = harv}}
* {{cite journal | last =Kopp | first = Roland | title = Die Wehrmacht feiert. Kommandeurs-Reden zu Hitlers 50. Geburtstag am 20. April 1939 | journal = Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift | year = 2003 | volume = 62 | issue = 2 | pages = 471–535 | publisher = Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt | language = German | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Kosk | first = Henryk P | title = Generalicja Polska: Popularny Słownik Biograficzny. T. 2, M – Ż, suplement | location = Pruszków | publisher = Oficyna Wydawnicza Ajaks | year = 2001 | isbn= 978-83-87103-81-1 | language = Polish | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Lemay | first1 = Benoît | others = Heyward, Pierce (trans.) | title = Erich von Manstein: Hitler's Master Strategist | url = https://archive.org/details/erichvonmanstein0000lema | year = 2010 | publisher = Casemate | location = Havertown, PA; Newbury, Berkshire | isbn = 978-1-935149-26-2 | ref = harv }}
* {{citation | last = Longerich | first = Heinz Peter | authorlink = Peter Longerich | title = Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime | chapter = 10. Hitler and the Mass Murders in Poland 1939/40 | publisher = Emory University | location = Atlanta | year = 2003 | url = http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/10.html | accessdate = 5 August 2014 | ref = {{sfnRef|Longerich, Chapter 10|2003}} | postscript = . | archive-date = 2015-10-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151001222518/http://hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/10.html | dead-url = yes }}
* {{cite book | last = Manstein | first = Erich | editor1-last = Powell | editor1-first = Anthony G | title = Lost Victories: The War Memoirs of Hitler's Most Brilliant General | url = https://archive.org/details/lostvictories0000mans | year = 2004 | origyear = 1955 | publisher = Zenith | location = St. Paul, MN | isbn = 0-7603-2054-3 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = McKale | first = Donald M. | title = Nazis After Hitler: How Perpetrators of the Holocaust Cheated Justice and Truth | url = https://archive.org/details/nazisafterhitler0000mcka | year = 2012 | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham, MD | isbn = 978-1-4422-1316-6 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Melvin | first = Mungo | authorlink = Mungo Melvin | title = Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General | url = https://archive.org/details/mansteinhitlersg0000melv_j4h5 | year = 2010 | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicholson | location = London | isbn = 978-0-297-84561-4 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Murray | first1 = Williamson | authorlink1 = Williamson Murray | last2 = Millett | first2 = Allan Reed | title = A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War | url = https://archive.org/details/wartobewonfighti00murr_0 | year = 2000 | publisher = Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Mass | isbn = 978-0-674-00680-5 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Nipe | first = George M. Jr. | title = Last Victory in Russia: The SS-Panzerkorps and Manstein's Kharkov Counteroffensive, February–March 1943 | publisher = Schiffer | location = Atglen, PA | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-7643-1186-7 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Paget | first = Baron Reginald Thomas | authorlink = Reginald Paget, Baron Paget of Northampton | title = Manstein: Seine Feldzüge und sein Prozess | language = German | year = 1952 | publisher = Limes Verlag | location = Wiesbaden | oclc = 16731799 | ref = harv}}
Baris 83:
* {{cite book | last1 = Smelser | first1 = Ronald | last2 = Davies | first2 = Edward | title = [[The Myth of the Eastern Front]]: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture | year=2008 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 978-0-521-71231-6 | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite book |last = Thomas |first = Franz | year = 1998 | title = Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z | trans_title = The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z | language = German | location = Osnabrück, Germany | publisher = Biblio-Verlag | isbn = 978-3-7648-2300-9 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite journal | title = Fritz von Manstein: Jan. 10, 1944 | date = 10 January 1944 | work = [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] | publisher = [[Time Warner]] | url = http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19440110,00.html | accessdate = 9 September 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Time''|1944}} | journal = | archive-date = 2013-08-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130826233756/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19440110,00.html | dead-url = yes }}
* {{cite journal | title = Obituary: Field Marshal von Manstein: An outstanding German soldier | date = 13 June 1973 | newspaper = [[The Times]] | url = https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!msg/soc.history.war.world-war-ii/AEii3yIjpYU/Wy8ixLB72f4J | accessdate = 19 August 2012 | format = transcript | ref = {{sfnRef|''The Times'', 13 June 1973}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard | authorlink = Gerhard Weinberg | title = A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II | year = 2005 | origyear = 1994 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-521-85316-3 | ref = harv }}
Baris 98:
|language=German
|accessdate=13 May 2016
|archive-date=2022-01-02
}}
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102164851/https://www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/biografie-erich-von-manstein.html
{{bio-stub}}
|dead-url=yes
}}
 
{{Lifetime|1887|1973|Manstein, Erich von}}
 
[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1887]]
[[Kategori:Kematian 1973]]
[[Kategori:Marsekal Lapangan Jerman Nazi]]
[[Kategori:KelahiranTokoh 1887dari Berlin]]