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[[ImageBerkas:ChineseMedicine-HK.JPG|thumbjmpl|rightka|300px|Gerai obat tradisional Tionghoa di [[Tsim Sha Tsui]], [[Hong Kong]].]]
'''Pengobatan tradisional Tionghoa''' ([[bahasa InggrisHanzi]]:''Traditional Chinese medicine'' atau ''TCM''中醫學) adalah praktekpraktik [[pengobatan tradisional]] yang dilakukan di [[Tiongkok]] dan telah berkembang selama beberapa ribu tahun. PraktekPraktik pengobatan termasuk [[pengobatan herbal]], [[akupunturakupunktur]], dan [[pijat]] [[Tui Na]]. Pengobatan ini digolongkan dalam ''kedokteran Timur'', yang manajuga termasuk di dalamnya pengobatan tradisional Asia Timur lainnya seperti [[Kampo]] ([[Jepang]]) dan [[Korea]].
Pengobatan tradisionalTradisional TiongkokTionghoa percaya bahwa segala proses dalam tubuh [[manusia]] berhubungan dan berinteraksi dengan [[lingkungan]]. Oleh karena itu, penyakit disebabkan oleh ketidakharmonisan antara lingkungan di dalam dan di luar tubuh seseorang. Gejala ketidakseimbangan ini digunakan dalam pemahaman, pengobatan, dan pencegahan penyakit.
Teori yang digunakan dalam pengobatan didasarkan pada beberapa acuan filsafat termasuk teori [[Yin-yang]], [[lima unsur]] (''Wu-xing''), sistem [[Meridian (pengobatan TiongkokTionghoa)|meridian]] tubuh manusia (''Jing-luo''), teori organ [[Zang Fu]], dan lainnya. Diagnosis dan perawatan dirujuk pada konsep tersebut. Pengobatan tradisional TiongkokTionghoa tidak jarang berselisih dengan [[kedokteran Barat]], namun beberapa praktisi mengkombinasikannyamengombinasikannya dengan prinsip [[kedokteran berdasarkan pembuktian]].
== Sejarah ==
Sebagian besar filosofi pengobatan tradisional TiongkokChina berasal dari filsafat [[Taoisme|Taois]] dan mencerminkan kepercayaan purba TiongkokChina yang menyatakan pengalaman pribadi seseorang memperlihatkan prinsip kausatif di lingkungan. Prinsip kausatif ini berhubungan dengan takdir dari surga.
Selama masa kejayaan [[Kaisar Kuning|Kekaisaran Kuning]] pada 2696 sampai 2598 [[Sebelum Masehi|SM]], dihasilkan karya yang terkenal yakni ''[[Neijing Suwen]] (內經 素問)'' atau ''Pertanyaan Dasar mengenai Pengobatan Penyakit Dalam'', yang dikenal juga sebagai ''Huangdi Neijing''.
Ketika masa [[dinasti Han]], [[Chang Chung-Ching]], seorang wali kota [[Chang-sa]], pada akhir abad ke-2 Masehi, menulis sebuah karya ''Risalat Demam Tifoid'', yang mengandung referensi pada ''Neijing Suwen''. Ini adalah referensi ke ''Neijing Suwen'' terlama yang pernah diketahui.
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During the Han dynasty, [[Chang Chung-Ching]], who was [[mayor]] of [[Chang-sha]] toward the end of the [[2nd century AD]], wrote a ''Treatise on Typhoid Fever'', which contains the earliest known reference to ''Neijing Suwen''. The [[Chin dynasty]] practitioner and advocate of [[acupuncture]] and [[moxibustion]], [[Huang-fu Mi]] ([[215]] - [[282]] AD), also quoted the [[Yellow Emperor]] in his ''[[Chia I Ching]]'', ca. [[265]] AD. During the [[Tang dynasty]], Wang Ping claimed to have located a copy of the originals of the ''Neijing Suwen'', which he expanded and edited substantially. This work was revisited by an imperial commission during the [[11th century|11th century AD]].
Pada masa [[dinasti Chin]], seorang tabib akupunktur, [[Huang-fu Mi]] ([[215]]-[[282]] Masehi), juga mengutip karya Kaisar Kuning itu pada karyanya ''[[Chia I Ching]]''. Wang Ping, pada masa [[dinasti Tang]], mengatakan bahwaia memiliki kopi asli ''Neijing Suwen'' yang telah ia sunting.
However, [[Classical Chinese Medicine]] ([[CCM]]) is notably different from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The [[Kuomintang|Nationalist]] government at that time elected to abandon and outlaw the practice of CCM as it did not want China to be left behind by scientific progress. For 30 years, CCM was forbidden in China and several people were prosecuted by the government for engaging in CCM. In the [[1960s|1960's]], [[Mao Zedong]] finally decided that the government could not continue to outlaw the use of CCM. He commissioned the top 10 doctors (M.D.'s) to take a survey of CCM and create a standardized format for its application. This standardized form is now known as TCM.
Bagaimanapun, [[pengobatan klasik Tionghoa]] berbeda dengan pengobatan tradisional Tionghoa. [[Pemerintah]] [[kuomintang|nasionalis]], pada masanya, menolak dan mencabut perlindungan hukum pada pengobatan klasiknya karena mereka tidak menginginkan [[China]] tertinggal dalam hal perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan yang ilmiah. Selama 30 tahun, pengobatan klasik dilarang di China dan beberapa orang dituntut oleh pemerintah karena melakukan pengobatan klasik. Pada tahun 1960-an, [[Mao Zedong]] pada akhirnya memutuskan bahwa pemerintah tidak dapat melarang pengobatan klasik. Ia memerintahkan 10 [[dokter]] terbaik untuk menyelidiki pengobatan klasik serta membuat sebuah bentuk standar aplikasi dari pengobatan klasik tersebut. Standardisasi itu menghasilkan pengobatan tradisional Tionghoa.
Today, TCM is what is taught in nearly all those medical schools in China, most of [[Asia]] and [[Northern America]], that teach traditional medical practices at all. To learn CCM typically one must be part of a family lineage of medicine. Recently, there has been a resurgence in interest in CCM in China, Europe and United States, as a specialty.{{cn}} Jeffrey Yuen, allegedly of the 88th generation of a sect of CCM has lead this renewed interest in CCM.{{cn}}
Kini, pengobatan tradisional Tionghoa diajarkan hampir di semua sekolah kedokteran di China, sebagian besar [[Asia]], dan [[Amerika Utara]].
Contact with [[Western culture]] and medicine has not displaced TCM. While there may be many [[Sociology|sociological]] and [[Anthropology|anthropological]] factors involved in the persistent practice, two reasons are most obvious in the westward spread of TCM in recent decades. Firstly, TCM practices are believed by many to be very effective, sometimes offering palliative efficacy where the best practices of Western medicine fail, especially for routine ailments such as [[flu]] and [[Allergy|allergies]], and managing to avoid the [[toxicity]] of some chemically composed medicines. Secondly, TCM provides the only care available to some people when resources are inadequate to import Western medical technologies.
Walauapun [[kedokteran Barat|kedokteran]] dan kebudayaan [[dunia Barat|Barat]] telah menyentuh China, pengobatan tradisional belum dapat tergantikan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh banyak faktor [[sosiologi]]s dan [[antropologi]]s. Pengobatan tradisional dipercaya sangat efektif, dan kadang-kadang dapat berfungsi sebagai obat paliatif ketik kedokteran Barat tidak mampu menangani lagi, seperti pengobatan rutin pada kasus [[flu]] dan [[alergi]], serta menangani pencegahan [[keracunan]].
TCM formed part of the [[barefoot doctor]] program in the [[People's Republic of China]], which extended [[public health]] into rural areas. A large motivation behind the interest in TCM by both individuals in China and the PRC government is that the cost of training a TCM practitioner and staffing a TCM hospital is considerably less than that of a practitioner of Western medicine; hence TCM has been seen as an integral part of extending health services in China.
China sangat dipengaruhi oleh [[marxisme]]. Pada sisi lain, dugaan supranatural bertentantangan pada kepercayaan Marxis, materialisme dialektikal. China modern membawa pengobatan tradisional China ke sisi ilmiah dan teknologi serta meninggalkan sisi [[kosmologi]]snya.
Attitudes toward TCM in China have been strongly influenced by [[Marxism]] and the [[May Fourth Movement]]. The notion of [[supernatural]] forces runs counter to the Marxist belief in [[dialectical materialism]] and strikes many Chinese as [[Feudalism|feudalistic]] and [[Superstition|superstitious]]. Modern Chinese descriptions of traditional Chinese medicine tend to deemphasize the [[Cosmology|cosmological]] aspects of TCM and emphasize its compatibility with modern [[science]] and [[technology]].
== Praktik pengobatan ==
Pada [[dunia Barat]], pengobatan tradisional Tionghoa dianggap sebagai [[pengobatan alternatif]]. Bagaimanapun, di [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]] dan [[Taiwan]], hal ini menjadi bagian tak terpisahkan dengan sistem kesehatan.
===Timeline of TCM ===
The history of TCM can be summarized by a list of important doctors and books.
* Time unknown, author unknown, [[Huang Di Nei Jing]] (Classic of Internal Medicine by Emperor Huang). The earliest classic of TCM passed on to the present.
* [[Warring States Period]] (5th century BC to 221 BC): Silk scrools recording channels and collaterals, Zu Bi Shi Yi Mai Jiu Jing (Moxibustion Classic of the Eleven Channels of Legs and Arms), and Yin Yang Shi Yi Mai Jiu Jing (Moxibustion Classic on the Eleven Yin and Yang Channels)
* [[Eastern Han Dynasty]] (206 BC–AD 220))to Three Kingdoms Period (220 - 280 AD):
** Zhen Jiu Zhen Zhong Jing (Classic of Moxibustion and Acupuncture Preserved in a Pillow) by [[Hua Tuo]]
** Shang Han Za Bing Lun (Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases) by [[Zhang Zhongjing]]
Pengobatan tradisional merupakan bentuk intervensi terapi yang tidak invasif, berakar dari kepercayaan kuno, termasuk di dalamnya konsep kepercayaan kuno. Pada abd ke-19, para praktisi pengobatan tradisional ini masih memiliki pengetahuan yang terbatas mengenai [[penyakit infeksi]], dan pemahaman ilmu kedokteran Barat seperti [[biokimia]]. Mereka menggunakan teori-teori yang telah berumur ribuan tahun yang didasarkan pengalaman dan pengamatan serta sebuah sistem prosedur yang menjadi dasar pengobatan dan diagnosis.
*[[Jìn Dynasty (265-420)]]: Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by [[Huang Fumi]].
Tidak seperti beberapa bentuk pengobatan tradisional yang telah punah, pengobatan tradisional Tionghoa kini menjadi bagian dari pengobatan modern dan bagian sistem kesehatan di China. Dalam beberapa dekade belakangan ini, banyak ahli kedokteran Barat yang juga meneliti kebenaran pengobatan tradisional Tionghoa ini.
* [[Tang Dynasty]](([[June 18]], 618–June 4, 907))
**[[Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang]] (Emergency Formulas of a thousand gold worth) and Qian Jin Yi Fang (Supplement to the Formulas of a thousand gold worth) by [[Sun Simiao]]
** Wai Tai Mi Yao (Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library) by Wang Tao
Pengobatan tradisional China sering diterapkan dalam membantu penanganan efek samping [[kemoterapi]], membantu perawatan keteragantungan obat terlarangan, dan merawat berbagai kondisi kronis yang oleh pengobatan konvensional dianggap mustahil untuk disembuhkan.
* [[Song Dynasty]] (960-1279.)
** Tong Ren Shu Xue Zhen Jiu Tu Jing (Illustrated Manual on the Point for Acupuncture and Moxibustion on the Bronze Figure) by [[Wang Weiyi]].
**Emergence of Wenbing School{{fact}}
[[Pien tze huang]] pertama kali didokumentasikan pada masa [[dinasti Ming]].
* [[Yuan Dynasty]](1271 to 1368): Shi Si Jing Fa Hui (Exposition of the Fourteen Channels) by Hua Shou
== Diagnosis ==
* [[Ming Dynasty]] (1368 to 1644): Climax of acupuncture and Moxibustion. Many famous doctors and books. Only name a few:
Terdapat empat macam metoe diagnosis pada pengobatan tradisional Tionghoa: mengamati (望 wàng), mendengar dan menghidu (聞 wén), menanyakan riwayat (問 wèn), dan menyentuh (切 qiè).<ref name=Maciocia>Komponen pembacaan pulsa dari pemeriksaan yang menyentuh sangat penting sehingga pasien China dapat merujuk ke dokter sebagai "Ingin merasakan denyut nadi saya"{{cite book|first=Giovanni|last=Maciocia|title=The Foundations of Chinese Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofchi0000maci|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|year=1989}}</ref><ref name=Kaptchuk>{{cite book|first=Ted|last=Kaptchuk|title=Chinese Medicine: The Web That Has No Weaver|edition=2nd|year=2000|publisher=Random House}}</ref>
** Zhen Jiu Da Quan (A Complete Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by [[Xu Feng]]
**Zhen Jiu Ju Ying Fa Hui (An Exemplary Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and their Essentials) by [[Gao Wu]]
** Zhen Jiu Da Cheng (Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by [[Yang Jizhou]], a milestone book.
** Ben Cao Gang Mu (本草綱目)([[Compendium of Materia Medica]]) by [[Li Shizhen]], the most complete and comprehensive herb book
**Wen Yi Lun by Wu YouShing{{fact}}
* [[Qing Dynasty]](1644-1912):
**Yi Zong Jin Jian (Golden Reference of the Medical Tradition) by Wu Quan, sponsored by the imperial.
**Zhen Jiu Feng Yuan (The Source of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by [[Li Xuechuan]]
**Wen Zhen Lun Dz by Ye TianShi{{fact}}
=== Teknik diagnosis ===
==Uses==
* Palpasi atau merasakan denyut nadi [[arteri rasialis]] pasien pada enam posisi
In the [[West]], traditional Chinese medicine is often considered [[alternative medicine]]; however, in [[mainland China]] and [[Taiwan]], TCM is widely considered to be an integral part of the [[health care system]]. The term "TCM" is sometimes used specifically within the field of modern Chinese
* Mengamati keadaan [[lidah]] pasien
medicine to refer to the standardized set of theories and practices introduced in the mid-[[20th century]] under the government of [[Mao Zedong|Mao]], as distinguished from related traditional theories and practices preserved by people in Taiwan, [[Hong Kong]] and by the [[overseas Chinese]]. The more general sense is meant in this article.
* Mengamati wajah pasien
* Menyentuh tubuh pasien, terutama bagian [[abdomen]]
* Mengamati suara pasien
* Mengamati permukaan [[telinga]]
* Mengamati pembuluh darah halus pada jalur telunjuk kanak-kanak
* Membandingkan kehangatan relatif atau suhu pada beberapa bagian tubuh
* Mengamati [[bau badan]] pasien
* Menanyakan [[efek]] permasalahannya
* Pemeriksaan lain tanpa alat dan melukai pasien
== Teknik perawatan ==
TCM developed as a form of noninvasive therapeutic intervention (also described as [[folk medicine]] or [[traditional medicine]]) rooted in ancient belief systems, including traditional religious concepts. Chinese medical practitioners before the [[19th century]] relied on observation, trial and error, which incorporated certain mystical concepts. Like their Western counterparts, doctors of TCM had a limited understanding of infection, which predated the discovery of [[bacterium|bacteria]], [[virus]]es ([[germ theory of disease]]) and an understanding of [[cell (biology)|cellular]] structures and [[organic chemistry]]. Instead they relied mainly on observation and description on the nature of infections for creating remedies. Based on theories formulated through three millennia of observation and practical experience, a system of procedure was formed as to guide a TCM practitioner in courses of treatment and diagnosis.
Dalam sejarahnya, terdapat delapan cara pengobatan:
# [[Tui na]] (推拿) - terapi pijat
Unlike other forms of traditional medicine which have largely become extinct, traditional Chinese medicine continues as a distinct branch of modern medical practice, and within [[China]], it is an important part of the [[public health]] care system. In recent decades there has been an effort to integrate the discoveries made by traditional Chinese medicine with the discoveries made by workers in the Western medical traditions. One important component of this work is to use the instrumentation and the methodological tools available via Western medicine to investigate observations made and hypotheses raised by the Chinese tradition.
# [[Akupunktur]] (針灸)
# [[Obat herbal Tionghoa]] (中药)
That this effort has occurred is surprising to many for a number of reasons. In most of the world, [[traditional medicine|indigenous medical practices]] have been supplanted by practices brought from the West, while in Chinese societies, this has not occurred and shows no sign of occurring. Furthermore, many have found it peculiar that Chinese medicine remains a distinct branch of medicine separate from Western medicine, while the same has not happened with other intellectual fields. There is, for example, no longer a distinct branch of Chinese [[physics]] or Chinese [[biology]].
# [[Terapi makanan Tionghoa]] (食 疗)
# [[Qigong]] (氣功) dan latihan meditas - pernapasan lainnya
TCM is used by some to treat the side effects of [[chemotherapy]], treating the cravings and withdrawal symptoms of [[drug addiction|drug addicts]] and treating a variety of [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] conditions that conventional [[medicine]] is claimed to be sometimes ineffective in treating. It has also been used to treat [[antibiotic]]-resistant infection.{{fact}}
# [[T'ai Chi Ch'uan]] (太極拳) dan seni bela diri Tionghoa lainnya
A report issued by the [[Victoria (Australia)|Victorian]] state government in [[Australia]] describes TCM education in China:
:Graduates from TCM university courses are able to diagnose in Western medical terms, prescribe Western pharmaceuticals, and undertake minor surgical procedures. In effect, they practise TCM as a specialty within the broader organisation of Chinese health care. [http://www.health.vic.gov.au/archive/archive2006/chinese/report/8.htm]
In other countries it is not necessarily the case that traditional Chinese and Western medicine are practiced concurrently by the same practitioner. TCM education in Australia, for example, does not qualify a practitioner to prescribe scheduled pharmaceuticals, nor to undertake surgical procedures or diagnose in Western medical terms.[http://www.health.vic.gov.au/archive/archive2006/chinese/report/4.htm] While that juristiction notes that TCM eduction does not qualify practitioners to prescribe Western drugs, a separate legislative framework is being constructed to allow prescribing Chinese herbs that would otherwise be classified as poisons[http://www.cmrb.vic.gov.au/current-news/draft/CMRBDisPaperInternet.pdf] by registered practitioners.
== TCM theory ==
The foundation principles of Chinese medicine are not necessarily uniform, and are based on several schools of thought. Received TCM can be shown to be most influenced by [[Taoism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Neo-Confucianism]].{{fact}}
For over 3000 years ([[1200 BC]] - present), Chinese academics of various schools have focused on the observable natural laws of the universe and their implications for the practical characterisation of humanity's place in the universe. In the [[I Ching]] and other{{fact}} Chinese literary and philosophical classics, they have described some general principles and their applications to health and healing:
*There are observable principles of constant change by which the Universe is maintained. Humans are part of the universe and cannot be separated from the '''universal process of change'''.
*As a result of these apparently inescapable primordial principles, the Universe (and every process therein) tends to eventually '''balance''' itself. '''Optimum health results from living harmoniously''', allowing the spontaneous process of change to bring one closer to balance. If there is no change (stagnation), or too much change (catastrophism), balance is lost and illnesses can result.
*Everything is ultimately interconnected. Always use a '''[[holistic]]''' ("systemic" or "system-wide") approach when addressing imbalances.
==Model of the body==
{{sync|TCM model of the body}}
{{main|TCM model of the body}}
Traditional Chinese medicine is largely based on the [[philosophy|philosophical]] concept that the human body is a small universe with a set of complete and sophisticated interconnected systems, and that those systems usually work in balance to maintain the healthy function of the human body. The balance of [[yin and yang]] is considered with respect to [[qi]] ("breath", "life force", or "spiritual energy"), [[blood]], [[Jing (TCM)|jing]] ("kidney essence" or "semen"), other [[bodily fluids]], the [[Five elements (Chinese philosophy)|Five elements]], [[emotion]]s, and the [[soul]] or [[spirit]] ('''shen'''). TCM has a unique [[TCM model of the body|model of the body]], notably concerned with the [[Meridian (Chinese medicine)|meridian system]]. Unlike the Western anatomical model which divides the physical body into parts, the Chinese model is more concerned with function. Thus, the TCM Spleen is not a specific piece of flesh, but an aspect of function related to transformation and transportation within the body, and of the mental functions of thinking and studying.
There are significant regional and philosophical differences between practitioners and schools which in turn can lead to differences in practice and theory.
Models of the body include:
*[[Yin or Yang]]
*[[Five elements (Chinese philosophy)|Five elements]]
*[[Zang Fu theory]]
*[[Meridian (Chinese medicine)]]
*[[Three jiaos]]
The Yin/Yang and five element theories may be applied to a variety of systems other than the human body, whereas Zang Fu theory, meridian theory and three-jiao theories are more specific.
There are also separate models that apply to specific pathological influences, such as the [[Four stages]] theory of the progression of warm diseases, the [[Six levels]] theory of the penetration of cold diseases, and the [[Eight principles]] system of disease classification.
==Macro approach to disease==
Traditional Chinese medicine has a "macro" or holistic view of disease. For example, one modern interpretation is that well-balanced human bodies can resist most everyday [[bacteria]] and [[virus]]es, which are ubiquitous and quickly changing. Infection, while having a proximal cause of a microorganism, would have an underlying cause of an imbalance of some kind. The traditional treatment would target the imbalance, not the infectious organism.{{fact}} There is a popular saying in China as follows: ''Chinese medicine treats humans while western medicine treats diseases''.
A practitioner might give very ''different'' herbal prescriptions to patients affected by the ''same'' type of infection, because the different symptoms reported by the patients would indicate a different type of imbalance, in a traditional diagnostic system.
Western medicine treats infections by targeting the microorganisms directly, whether preventively (through sterilization of instruments, handwashing, and covering bandages), with [[antibiotics]], or making use of the [[immune system]] through [[vaccine]]s. Conventional medicine does recognize the importance of [[nutrition]] and [[exercise]] and reducing [[Stress (medicine)|stress]] in maintaining a healthy immune system (and thus preventing infection). It also faces problems with [[antibiotic resistance]] caused by overuse of chemical agents and the high mutation rate of microorganisms. Pharmaceutical treatments also sometimes have [[Adverse drug reaction|side effects]], the most severe of which are seen in regimens used to treat otherwise fatal illnesses, such as [[chemotherapy]] and [[radiotherapy]] for cancer, and [[antiretroviral drug]]s for [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]].
The holistic approach of traditional Chinese medicine makes all practitioners generalists. Western medicine has [[general practitioner]]s who dispense primary care, but increasing reliance is placed on [[specialist]]s who have expertise in treating only certain types of diseases. Primary care physicians often refer patients to specialists. [[Emergency department]]s are located in large hospitals where many specialists are available.
==Diagnostics==
Following the macro philosophy of disease, traditional Chinese diagnostics are based on overall observation of human symptoms rather than "micro" level laboratory tests. There are four types of TCM diagnostic methods: observe (望 wàng), hear and smell (聞 wén), ask about background (問 wèn) and touching (切 qiè).<ref name=Maciocia>{{cite book|first=Giovanni|last=Maciocia|title=The Foundations of Chinese Medicine|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|year=1989}}</ref> The pulse-reading component of the touching examination is so important that Chinese patients may refer to going to the doctor as "Going to have my pulse felt"<ref name=Kaptchuk>{{cite book|first=Ted|last=Kaptchuk|title=Chinese Medicine: The Web That Has No Weaver|edition=2nd|year=2000|Publisher=Random House}}</ref>
Modern practitioners in China often use a traditional system in combination with Western methods.{{fact}}
Traditional Chinese medicine is considered to require considerable diagnostic skill. This often depends on the ability to observe what are described as subtle differences. This may be contrasted with a straightforward laboratory test which indicates an unambiguous cause. A training period of years or decades is said to be necessary for TCM practitioners to understand the full complexity of symptoms and dynamic balances. According to one Chinese saying, ''A good (TCM) doctor is also qualified to be a good prime minister in a country''.
===Diagnostic techniques===
* Palpation of the patient's [[radial artery]] [[pulse]] ([[Pulse diagnosis]]) in six positions
* Observation of the appearance of the patient's [[tongue]]
* Observation of the patient's [[face]]
* Palpation of the patient's body (especially the [[abdomen]]) for tenderness
* Observation of the sound of the patient's [[human voice|voice]]
* Observation of the surface of the [[ear]]
* Observation of the [[vein]] on the [[index finger]] on small children
* Comparisons of the relative warmth or coolness of different parts of the body
* Observation of the patient's various odors
* Asking the patient about the effects of his problem
* Anything else that can be observed without instruments and without harming the patient
==Treatment techniques==
Historically, eight branches comprised Chinese medicine treatment:
# [[Tui na]] (推拿) - massage therapy
# [[Acupuncture]] and [[Moxibustion]] (針灸)
# [[Chinese herbology|Chinese herbal medicine]](中药)
# [[Chinese food therapy]] (食 疗)
# [[Qigong]] (氣功) and related breathing and meditation exercise
# [[T'ai Chi Ch'uan]] (太極拳) and other [[Chinese martial arts]]
# [[Feng shui]] (风水)
# [[Astrologi Tionghoa]]
# [[Chinese astrology]]{{dubious}}
== Regulasi ==
Today, all of the above except Feng shui and Chinese astrology are routinely used as part of TCM treatments.{{fact}}
Berbagai pemerintahan telah menetapkan peraturan hukum untuk mengatur praktik pengobatan tradisional China.
=== Australia ===
Specific treatment methods are grouped into these branches. [[Cupping]] and [[Gua Sha]] (刮痧) are part of Tui Na. [[Auriculotherapy]] (耳燭療法) comes under the heading of Acupuncture and Moxibustion. ''Die-da'' or ''Tieh Ta'' (跌打) are practitioners who specialize in healing [[Physical trauma|trauma]] injury such as bone fractures, sprains, and bruises. Some of these specialists may also use or recommend other disciplines of Chinese medical therapies (or Western medicine in modern times) if serious injury is involved. Such practice of bone-setting is not common in the West.
Semenjak 1 Juli 2012, praktisi pengobatan China harus terdaftar dibawah skema regristrasi dan akreditasi nasional bersama dengan Dewan Pengobatan China Australia dan memenuhi Standar Registrasi Dewan, agar dapat melakukan praktik di Australia.<ref>http://www.chinesemedicineboard.gov.au Chinese Medicine Board of Australia</ref>
=== Kanada ===
Modern TCM treatments consist of herbal medicine or acupuncture as the primary method, with other methods such as massage, qi gong, or food therapy playing a secondary role. Illness in TCM is seen as a lack of harmony, and the goal of all traditional treatment is to assist the body to regain balance and achieve homeostasis.
Pengobatan tradisional China diatur dalam lima provinsi di Kanada: Alberta, British Columbia,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ctcma.bc.ca/about.asp |title=CTCMA |publisher=College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners and Acupuncturists of British Columbia |deadurl=yes |accessdate=25 May 2013 |archive-date=2012-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014195917/http://www.ctcma.bc.ca/about.asp }}</ref> Ontario,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_06t27_e.htm |title=Traditional Chinese Medicine Act, 2006 |work=S.O. 2006, c. 27 }}</ref> Quebec, dan Newfoundland.
=== Hong Kong ===
The modern practice of traditional Chinese medicine is increasingly incorporating techniques and theories of Western medicine in its praxis.
Majelis Pengobatan China di Hong Kong didirikan pada tahun 1999. Mejelis ini mengatur standar pengobatan dan profesional untuk praktisi pengobatan tradisional China. Semua praktisinya di Hong Kong wajib untuk mendaftar pada Dewan. Kelayakan untuk pendaftaran meliputi ijasah setingkat universitas yang diakui untuk pengobatan tradisional China selama 5 tahun, intership klinis yang diawasi selama minimal 30 minggu, dan lulus ujian perizinan.<ref>[http://www.cmchk.org.hk/index_en.html The Chinese Medicine Council of Hong Kong] Hong Kong Registered Chinese Medicine Practitioner licensure requirements</ref>
==Branches of TCM==
Traditional Chinese medicine has many branches(or categories, parties, schools.). The most prominent two schools are Jingfang (经方学派) and Wenbing(温病学派) . Jingfang school follows the classic traditional Chinese medicine books from [[Han Dynasty|Han]] and [[Tang dynasty]] such as [[Huangdi Neijing]] and [[Shenlong Bencaojing]]. On the other hand, a later Wenbing school's practise is largely based on more recent books including [[Compendium of Materia Medica]] from [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing Dynasty]], though they still worship the classic books theoretically. There had always been intense debates between those two schools until [[Cultural Revolution]] in mainland [[China]], when Wenbing school seeked the political power and suppressed the opponent. Recently, Jingfang school appears to be booming again because of their effective treatment cases spread by Internet. Several dedicated websites ([http://www.hantang.org.cn hantang] and [http://www.37tcm.net 37tcm])have been established to advocate the traditional Jingfang methods.
=== Malaysia ===
Everything started out as Jingfang School but around the end of the Song Dynasty several doctors concluded that because Southern China has a warm climate, there is no Shanghang. Shanghang is a disease caused by exposure to dense coldness. Wenbing concludes that the diseases are caused by warmth so they prescribe medicines to supress the warmth with cold-based medicines when it is actually caused by the cold. That is because of the warm climate and also because after winter in the springtime, some people would become sick. During the winter when a person is exposed to cold and it is not treated, the symptons will come up during the spring but this is not very common.{{facts}}
''The Traditional and Complementary Medicine Bill'' disahkan oleh Parlemen pada tahun 2012, menetapkan ''Traditional and Complementary Medicine Council'' wajib mendaftar dan mengatur para praktisi pemgobatan tradisional dan komplementer, termasuk didalamnya praktisi pengobatan tradisional China.<ref>{{cite web|title=TRADITIONAL AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE BILL |url=http://www.parlimen.gov.my/files/billindex/pdf/2012/DR302012E.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Official Portal of Traditional & Complementary Medicine Division, Ministry of Health|url=http://tcm.moh.gov.my/v4/|access-date=2014-06-22|archive-date=2012-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511081714/http://tcm.moh.gov.my/v4/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Official Malaysia Traditional Chinese Medicine Centre|url=http://mineswellnesscity.com/Traditional-Chinese-Medicine.php|access-date=2014-06-22|archive-date=2013-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619012503/http://mineswellnesscity.com/Traditional-Chinese-Medicine.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
=== TCM and scienceSingapura ===
''The TCM Practitioners Act'' disahkan oleh Parlemen pada tahun 2000 dan para Dewan Praktisi Pengobatan Tradisional China didirikan pada tahun 2001 sebagai dewan resmi di bawah Menteri Kesehatan, untuk mendata dan mengatur para praktisinya. Persyaratan untuk pendaftaran meliputi memiliki diploma atau ijasah sederajat dari institusi/ universitas pendidikan pengobatan tradisional China yang masuk dalam daftar yang telah diakui, juga pelatihan klinis terstruktur pada institusi pelatihan pengobatan tradisional China lokal yang telah diakui atau registrasi asing bersama bersama dengan praktik pada klinik lokal yang telah diakui. Jika telah memenuhi kriteria ini, praktisi juga telah lulus Ujian Pendaftaran Tabib Pengobatan Tradisional China di Singapura (''Singapore TCM Physicians Registration Examination'' -STRE) yang diadakan oleh Dewan Praktisi Pengobatan Tradisional China.<ref>{{cite web|title=Registration Requirements for the Registration of TCM Physicians|url=http://www.healthprofessionals.gov.sg/content/hprof/tcmpb/en/leftnav/registration_requirements.html|access-date=2014-06-22|archive-date=2014-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107074802/http://www.healthprofessionals.gov.sg/content/hprof/tcmpb/en/leftnav/registration_requirements.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
=== The question of efficacy ===
Much [[scientific research]] about TCM has focused on [[acupuncture]]. There is no scientific consensus as to whether acupuncture is effective or only has value as a [[placebo]]. Reviews of existing clinical trials have been conducted by the [[Cochrane Collaboration]] and [[Bandolier (journal)|Bandolier]] according to the protocols of [[evidence-based medicine]]; some reviews have found efficacy for [[headache]][http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab001218.html][http://www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/alternat/AT003.html] and [[nausea]][http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab003281.html][http://www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/band71/b71-9.html], but for most conditions have concluded a lack of effectiveness or lack of well-conducted clinical trials. The [[World Health Organisation]] (WHO), the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH), and the [[American Medical Association]] (AMA) have also commented on acupuncture[http://www.aaom.org/default.asp?pagenumber=47494][http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13638.html]. These groups disagree on what is acceptable evidence and on how to interpret it, but generally agree that acupuncture is relatively safe (even if not effective) and that further investigation is warranted. The 1997 NIH [http://odp.od.nih.gov/consensus/cons/107/107_statement.htm Consensus Statement on Acupuncture] summarized research and made a prediction as follows:
=== Amerika Serikat ===
<blockquote>
Hingga Juli 2012, hanya enam negara bagian yang tidak memiliki peraturan untuk mengatur praktik profesional pengobatan tradisional China. Keenam negara bagian ini adalah [[Alabama]], [[Kansas]], [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Oklahoma]], dan [[Wyoming]]. Pada tahun 1976, California mendirikan suatu Dewan Akupuntur dan menjadi negara bagian pertama yang membuat perizinan bagi akupunturis profesional.<ref>[http://www.acupuncture.ca.gov/pubs_forms/consumer_guide.shtml] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522194421/http://www.acupuncture.ca.gov/pubs_forms/consumer_guide.shtml |date=2012-05-22 }} California Acupuncture Board</ref>
...promising results have emerged, for example, efficacy of acupuncture in adult post-operative and chemotherapy nausea and vomiting and in postoperative dental pain. There are other situations such as addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma for which acupuncture may be useful as an adjunct treatment or an acceptable alternative or be included in a comprehensive management program. Further research is likely to uncover additional areas where acupuncture interventions will be useful.
</blockquote>
=== Indonesia ===
Much less work in the West has been done on Chinese herbal medicines, which comprise much of TCM. Traditional practitioners usually have no philosophical objections to scientific studies on the effectiveness of treatments.{{fact}}
[[Berkas:Chinese traditional medicine.jpg|jmpl|Obat tradisional China pada salah satu toko obat tradisional China di Jalan Jagalan, [[Surabaya]].]]
Pengobatan tradisional di Indonesia, termasuk pengobatan tradisional China, diatur dalam ''Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 1076/MENKES/SK/VII/2003 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pengobatan Tradisional''. Surat Izin Pengobatan Tradisional (SIPT) diberikan oleh Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten/Kota setempat kepada praktisi yang metodenya telah memenuhi persyaratan penelitian dan pengujian serta terbukti aman dan bermanfaat bagi kesehatan.<ref name=men>Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2003. [http://www.gizikia.depkes.go.id/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/03/KMK-No.-1076-Th-2003-ttg-Penyelenggaraan-Pengobatan-Tradisional.pdf KEPUTUSAN MENTERI KESEHATAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 1076/MENKES/SK/VII/2003 TENTANG PENYELENGGARAAN PENGOBATAN TRADISIONAL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210230847/http://www.gizikia.depkes.go.id/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/03/KMK-No.-1076-Th-2003-ttg-Penyelenggaraan-Pengobatan-Tradisional.pdf |date=2015-12-10 }}.</ref> Belum ada peraturan yang tegas mengenai pendirian klinik pengobatan tradisional China, melainkan pemberian nomor registrasi. Registrasi dilakukan untuk memantau kinerja klinik, menfaat yang diberikan, dan mengetahui efek samping atau bahaya dari praktik yang dilakukan. Menurut dokter Dharma Kumara Widya, satu-satunya metode pengobatan China yang paling bisa diterima logika medis dan dibuktikan secara empiris baru akupunktur.<ref>Cheta Nilawaty dan Rini Kustiati. 13 Agustus 2012. TEMPO, [http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2012/08/13/060423155/Belum-Ada-Aturan-Soal-Klinik-Pengobatan-Cina Belum Ada Aturan Soal Klinik Pengobatan China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084547/http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2012/08/13/060423155/Belum-Ada-Aturan-Soal-Klinik-Pengobatan-Cina |date=2014-08-19 }}.</ref> Akupunturis merupakan praktisi pengobatan tradisional yang disebutkan dapat memperoleh SIPT dan dapat diikutsertakan di sarana pelayanan kesehatan.<ref name=men/>
== Referensi ==
Some herbs have known active ingredients which are also used in Western pharmaceuticals. For example, ''ma huang'', or [[ephedra]], contains [[ephedrine]] and [[pseudoephedrine]]. (Due to the risk of adverse impact on the [[cardiovascular system]] and some deaths due to consumption of extracts in high doses, the use of ephedra is restricted in the [[United States]].) [[Chinese wormwood]] (''qinghao'') was the source for the discovery of [[artemisinin]], which is now used worldwide to treat multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum [[malaria]]. It is also under investigation as an anti-cancer agent.
{{reflist}}
* Chang, Stephen T.<cite>The Great Tao</cite>; Tao Longevity; ISBN 0-942196-01-5 [[Stephen T. Chang]]
In the West, many Chinese herbal medicines have been marketed as [[dietary supplement]]s and there has been considerable controversy over the effectiveness, safety, and regulatory status of these substances. One barrier to scientific research on traditional remedies is the large amount of money and expertise requied to conduct a [[double-blind]] [[clinical trial]], and the lack of financial incentive from the ability to obtain [[patent]]s.
There are [[A priori and a posteriori (philosophy)|a priori]] doubts about the efficacy of many TCM treatments that appear to have their basis in [[magical thinking]] — for example that plants with heart-shaped leaves will help the heart, or that ground bones of the [[tiger]] can function as a stimulant because tigers are energetic animals. Such doubts, however, do not invalidate the efficacy of the medicines themselves. While the [[doctrine of signatures]] does underlie the selection of many of the ingredients of herbal medicines, this does not mean the substances do not (perhaps by coincidence) possess the attributed properties. Given the thousand-year evolution of Chinese materia medica, it is possible that while herbs were originally selected on erroneous grounds, only those that actually proven effective have remained in use. In any case, clinical trials of Chinese herbal medicines will need to be conducted before the question can be considered resolved.
===Mechanism of action===
The basic mechanism of TCM is akin to treating the body as a [[Black box (systems)|black box]], recording and classifying changes and observations of the patient using a traditional philosophy. In contrast to many [[alternative medicine|alternative and complementary medicines]] such as [[homeopathy]], practically all techniques of TCM have explanations for why they may be more effective than a [[placebo]], which Western medicine can find plausible. Most doctors of Western medicine would not find implausible claims that [[qigong]] preserves health by encouraging relaxation and movement, that [[acupuncture]] relieves pain by stimulating the production of [[neurotransmitter]]s, or that Chinese [[herbology|herbal]] medicines may contain powerful [[biochemical]] agents. However, the largest barriers to describing the mechanisms of TCM in scientific terms are the difference of language and lack of research. TCM concepts such as [[qi]] and [[yin and yang]] are used to describe specific biological processes but are difficult to translate into scientific terms. Some research is now beginning to emerge explaining possible scientific mechanisms behind these TCM concepts.
===Safety of Chinese medicines===
Acupressure and acupuncture are largely accepted to be safe from results gained through medical studies. Several cases of [[pneumothorax]], nerve damage and infection have been reported as resulting from acupuncture treatments. These adverse events are extremely rare especially when compared to other medical interventions, and were found to be due to practitioner negligence. Dizziness and bruising will sometimes result from acupuncture treatment.
Some governments have decided that Chinese acupuncture and herbal treatments should only be administered by persons who have been educated to apply them safely. "A key finding is that the risk of adverse events is linked to the length of education of the practitioner, with practitioners graduating from extended Traditional Chinese Medicine education programs experiencing about half the adverse event rate of those practitioners who have graduated from short training programs." [http://www.health.vic.gov.au/archive/archive2006/chinese/report/sumfind.htm]
Certain Chinese herbal medicines involve a risk of [[allergy|allergic]] reaction and in rare cases involve a risk of [[poison]]ing. Cases of acute and chronic poisoning due to treatment through ingested Chinese medicines are found in [[China]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Taiwan]], with a few deaths occurring each year. Many of these deaths do occur however, when patients self prescribe herbs or take unprocessed versions of toxic herbs. The raw and unprocessed form of [[aconite]], or fuzi is the most common cause of poisoning. The use of aconite in Chinese herbal medicine is usually limited to processed aconite, in which the toxicity is denatured by heat treatment.
Furthermore, potentially toxic and [[carcinogenic]] compounds such as [[arsenic]] and [[cinnabar]] are sometimes prescribed as part of a medicinal mixture or used on the basis of "''using poison to cure poison''". Unprocessed herbals are sometimes adulterated with chemicals that may alter the intended effect of a herbal preparation or prescription. Much of these are being prevented with more empirical studies of Chinese herbals and tighter regulation regarding the growing, processing, and prescription of various herbals.
In the United States, the Chinese herb ''má huáng'' (麻黄; lit. "flax yellow") — known commonly in the West by its Latin name [[Ephedra]] — was banned in 2004 by the [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]], although, the FDA's final ruling exempted traditional Asian preparations of Ephedra from the ban. The Ephedra ban was meant to combat the use of this herb in Western weight loss products, a usage that directly conflicts with traditional Asian uses of the herb. There were no cases of Ephedra based fatalities with patients using traditional Asian preparations of the herb for its traditionally intended uses. This ban was ordered lifted in April 2005 by a Utah federal court judge.
Many Chinese medicines have different names for the same ingredient depending on location and time, but worse yet, ingredients with vastly different medical properties have shared similar or even same names. For example, there was a report that [[mirabilite]]/[[sodium sulphate]] decahydrate (芒硝) was misrecognized as [[sodium nitrite]] (牙硝)[http://www.hkcccm.com/main.php?id1=164&id2=165], resulting a poisoned victim[http://www3.news.gov.hk/ISD/ebulletin/tc/category/healthandcommunity/040503/html/040503tc05003.htm][http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200405/03/0503212.htm]. In some Chinese medical texts, both names are interchangeable[http://www.100md.com/html/DirDu/2004/07/25/53/75/65.htm]. Chinese herbal medicine authorities are working towards improved standards in this area [http://www.cmrb.vic.gov.au/current-news/draft/CMRBDisPaperInternet.pdf].
== TCM and Western medicine==
Within China, there has been a great deal of cooperation between TCM practitioners and Western medicine, especially in the field of [[ethnomedicine]]. Chinese herbal medicine includes many compounds which are unused by Western medicine, and there is great interest in those compounds as well as the theories which TCM practitioners use to determine which compound to prescribe. For their part, advanced TCM practitioners in China are interested in statistical and experimental techniques which can better distinguish medicines that work from those that do not. One result of this collaboration has been the creation of peer reviewed scientific journals and medical databases on traditional Chinese medicine.
The relationship between TCM and Western medicine is more contentious. While more and more medical schools are including classes on alternative medicine in their curricula, older Western doctors and scientists are far more likely than their Chinese counterparts to skeptically view TCM as archaic pseudoscience and superstition. This skepticism can come from a number of sources. For one, TCM in the West tends to be advocated either by Chinese immigrants or by those that have lost faith in [[conventional medicine]]. Many people in the West have a stereotype of the East as mystical and unscientific, which attracts those in the West who have lost hope in science and repels those who believe in scientific explanations. There have also been experiences in the West with unscrupulous or well-meaning but improperly-trained "TCM practitioners" who have done people more harm than good in many instances.
As an example of the different roles of TCM in China and the West, a person with a broken bone in the West (i.e. a routine, "straightforward" condition would almost never see a Chinese medicine practitioner or visit a [[martial art]]s school to get the bone set, whereas this is routine in China. As another example, most TCM hospitals in China have [[electron microscope]]s and many TCM practitioners know how to use one.
This is not to say that TCM techniques are considered worthless in the West. In fact, Western pharmaceutical companies have recognized the value of traditional medicines and are employing teams of scientists in many parts of the world to gather knowledge from traditional mouth healers and medical practitioners. After all, the active ingredients of most modern medicines were discovered in plants or animals.{{fact}} The particular contribution of Western medicine is that it strictly applies the [[scientific method]] to promising traditional treatments, separating those that work from those that do not. As another example, most Western hospitals and increasing numbers of other clinics now offer [[T'ai Chi Ch'uan]] or [[qigong]] classes as part of their [[inpatient]] and [[community health]] programs.
Most Chinese in China do not see traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine as being in conflict. In cases of emergency and crisis situations, there is generally no reluctance in using conventional Western medicine. At the same time, belief in Chinese medicine remains strong in the area of maintaining health. To put it simply, you see a Western doctor if you have acute [[appendicitis]], but you do exercises or take Chinese herbs to keep your body healthy enough to prevent appendicitis, or to recover more quickly from the surgery. Very few practitioners of Western medicine in China reject traditional Chinese medicine, and most doctors in China will use some elements of Chinese medicine in their own practice.
A degree of integration between Chinese and Western medicine also exists in China. For instance, at the Shanghai cancer hospital, a patient may be seen by a multidisciplinary team and be treated concurrently with radiation surgery, Western drugs and a traditional herbal formula.
It is worth noting that the practice of Western medicine in China is somewhat different from that in the West. In contrast to the West, there are relatively few [[allied health professional]]s to perform routine [[medical procedure]]s or to undertake procedures such as [[massage]] or [[physical therapy]].
In addition, Chinese practitioners of Western medicine have been less impacted by trends in the West that encourage patient empowerment, to see the patient as an individual rather than a collection of parts, and to do nothing when medically appropriate. Chinese practitioners of Western medicine have been widely criticized for over-prescribing drugs such as [[corticosteroid]]s or [[antibiotic]]s for common [[virus|viral]] infections. It is likely that these medicines, which are generally known to be useless against viral infections, would provide less relief to the patient than traditional Chinese herbal remedies.
Traditional Chinese diagnostics and treatments are often much cheaper than Western methods which require high-tech equipment or extensive chemical manipulation.
TCM doctors often criticize Western doctors for paying too much attention to laboratory tests and showing insufficient concern for the overall feelings of patients.
Modern TCM practitioners will refer patients to Western medical facilities if a medical condition is deemed to have put the body too far out of "balance" for traditional methods to remedy.
== TCM and animals ==
Animal products are used in certain Chinese formulas, which may present a problem for [[vegan]]s and [[vegetarians]]. If informed of such restrictions, practitioners can often use alternative substances.
The use of [[endangered species]] is controversial within TCM. In particular, is the belief that [[tiger]] penis and [[rhinoceros]] horn are [[aphrodisiac]]s. Some believe that this is depleting these species in the wild. Medicinal use is also having a major impact on the populations of [[sea horse]]s.[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/seahorse/vincent.html]
The [[animal rights]] movement notes that a few traditional Chinese medicinal solutions use [[bile bear|bear bile]]. To extract maximum amounts of the bile, the bears are often fitted with a sort of permanent [[catheter]]. The treatment itself and especially the extraction of the bile is very painful, causes damage to the intestines of the bear, and often even kills the bears. However, due to international attention on the issues surrounding its harvesting, bile is now rarely used by practitioners outside of China, gallbladders from butchered cattle are recommended as a substitute for this ingredient<ref name=Bensky_Clavey_Stoger>{{cite book|title=Chinese Herbal Medicine Material Medica (3rd Edition)|last=Bensky, Clavey and Stoger|publisher=Eastland Press|year=2004}}</ref> Bensky, Clavey and Stoger's comprehensive Chinese herbal text deals with substances derived from endangered species in an appendix, with an emphasis on recommending alternatives.
==TCM and the Internet ==
With the popularity of the [[Internet]], an increasing number of TCM doctors are seeking new approaches to diagnose and treat diseases using remote, non-contact methods, such as creating online symptom questionnaires and uploading photos. Some TCM advocates have even established web sites [http://37tcm.net/ link] to provide free herb prescriptions to patients. These sites are putting in question the traditional importance placed on direct visual examination and palpation of the patient.
==Attempts to phase out TCM ==
Starting from late 19th century, some Chinese scholars with western medicine background and politicians, have being trying to phase out TCM totally in [[China]]. Some prominent persons and their major arguments are:
* TCM doctors are intentional or unintentional cheaters, by [[Lu Xun]]
* TCM does not know anatomy and has no scientific foundation, by [[Wang Jingwei]]
* TCM is a kind of superstition, by [[Li Ao]].
* TCM is [[pseudo-science]] and is unsafe because of lack of [[Double blind]] tests, by [[Fang Shimin]] nowadays.
The attempts always stir large scale debates but have never succeeded once in China. On the other hand, TCM is being urged to evolve using modern and scientific approaches to survive.
The attempt to phase out TCM in [[Japan]] partially succeeded after [[Meiji Restoration]]. In the 1920's however there was a movement to restore traditional medical practice, especially acupuncture. This movement, known as the Meridian Therapy movement in acupuncture (Keiraku Chiryo in Japanese) has persisted to this day. Furthermore, despite the movement to eliminate Chinese herbal medicine in Japan, the Kampo movement, based on the Shang Han Lun tradition of Chinese herbal medicine, continues to be practiced by Japanese physicians.
==See also==
* [[Pharmacognosy]]
* ''[[Compendium of Materia Medica]]''
* [[Huang Di]]
* [[Hua Tuo]]
* [[Public health in the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Chinese herbology]]
* [[Kampo|Traditional Japanese medicine]] (Kampo)
* [[Traditional Korean medicine]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Qigong]]
*[[Li Shizhen]]
==Quotes and Proverbs==
* A single untried popular remedy often throws the scientific doctor into hysterics. -''Chinese proverb''
* A young doctor makes a full graveyard. -''Chinese proverb''
* An ignorant doctor is no better than a murderer. -''Chinese proverb''
* The superior doctor prevents sickness; The mediocre doctor attends to impending sickness; The inferior doctor treats actual sickness. -''Chinese proverb''
==Referensi==
* Chang, Stephen T. <cite>The Great Tao</cite>; Tao Longevity; ISBN 0-942196-01-5 [[Stephen T. Chang]]
* Kaptchuck, Ted J., <cite>The Web That Has No Weaver</cite>; Congdon & Weed; ISBN 0-8092-2933-1Z
* Jin, Guanyuan, Xiang, Jia-Jia and Jin, Lei: <cite>Clinical Reflexology of Acupuncture and Moxibustion</cite>; Beijing Science and Technology Press, Beijing, 2004. ISBN 7-5304-2862-4
* Maciocia, Giovanni, <cite>The Foundations of Chinese Medicine: A Comprehensive Text for Acupuncturists and Herbalists</cite>; Churchill Livingstone; ISBN 0-443-03980-1
* Ni, Mao-Shing, <cite>The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Medicine : A New Translation of the Neijing Suwen with Commentary</cite>; Shambhala, 1995; ISBN 1-57062-080-6
* Holland, Alex <cite>Voices of Qi: An Introductory Guide to Traditional Chinese Medicine</cite>; North Atlantic Books, 2000; ISBN 1-55643-326-3
* Unschuld, Paul U., <cite>Medicine in China: A History of Ideas</cite>; University of California Press, 1985; ISBN 0-520-05023-1
* Scheid, Volker, <cite>Chinese Medicine in Contemporary China: Plurality and Synthesis</cite>; Duke University Press, 2002; ISBN 0-8223-2972-0{{Please check ISBN|Calculated check digit (7) doesn't match given.}}
* Qu, Jiecheng, <cite>[http://www.cp1897.com.hk/html/profess/chime/essays/profess0403s02.htm When Chinese Medicine Meets Western Medicine - History and Ideas] (in Chinese)</cite>; Joint Publishing (H.K.), 2004; ISBN 962-04-2336-4
* Chan, T.Y. (2002). Incidence of herb-induced aconitine poisoning in Hong Kong: impact of publicity measures to promote awareness among the herbalists and the public. ''Drug Saf.'' 25:823–828.
* Benowitz, Neal L. (2000) Review of adverse reaction reports involving ephedrine-containing herbal products. ''Submitted to U.S. Food and Drug Administration.'' Jan. 17.
* Porkert, Manfred ''The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine'' MIT Press, 1974 ISBN 0-262-16058-7
* Hongyi, L., Hua, T., Jiming, H., Lianxin, C., Nai, L., Weiya, X., Wentao, M. (2003) Perivascular Space: Possible anatomical substrate for the meridian. Journal of Complimentary and Alternative Medicine. 9:6 (2003) pp851-859pp851–859
* {{id}} [http://www.tionghoa.info/7-macam-obat-cina-legendaris-dan-khasiatnya-yang-masih-banyak-dipakai-part-1/ 7 Macam Obat Cina Legendaris dan Khasiatnya Yang Masih Banyak Dipakai (PART 1)]
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