Sejarah Bumi: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Perubahan biologis dan geologis terus terjadi di planet ini sejak terbentuk. Organisme terus [[evolusi|berevolusi]], berubah menjadi bentuk baru atau [[peristiwa kepunahan|punah]] seiring perubahan Bumi. Proses [[tektonik lempeng]] memainkan peran penting dalam pembentukan lautan dan benua di Bumi, termasuk kehidupan di dalamnya. [[Biosfer]] memiliki dampak besar terhadap atmosfer dan kondisi abiotik lainnya di planet ini, seperti pembentukan [[lapisan ozon]], proliferasi oksigen, dan penciptaan [[tanah]].
== Skala waktu geologi ==
Baris 17 ⟶ 16:
{{See also|Diferensiasi planet}}
[[Berkas:Protoplanetary-disk.jpg|jmpl|360px|Ilustrasi konsepsi tentang sebuah [[cakram protoplanet]].]]
Model standar tentang pembentukan [[Tata Surya]] adalah [[hipotesis nebula|hipotesis nebula surya]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Encrenaz|first=T.|title=The solar system|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9783540002413|year=2004|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-540-00241-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9783540002413/page/89 89]|edition=3rd}}</ref> Dalam model ini, Tata Surya terbentuk dari [[awan antarbintang]]—himpunan debu dan [[gas]] yang berputar—yang disebut [[nebula surya]], terdiri dari [[hidrogen]] dan [[helium]] yang tercipta sesaat setelah [[Ledakan Dahsyat|peristiwa dentuman besar]], 13,8 miliar tahun yang lalu serta [[unsur kimia|elemen]] yang lebih berat yang terlontar dari [[supernova]]. Sekitar {{nowrap|4,5 miliar}} tahun, nebula tersebut mulai berkontraksi yang mungkin telah dipicu oleh [[gelombang kejut]] dari [[supernova]] yang berdekatan.{{r|Matson}} Gelombang kejut juga telah membuat nebula tersebut berputar. Seiring makin cepatnya perputaran awan, maka [[momentum sudut]], [[gravitasi]], dan [[kelembaman]] meratakan awan tersebut menjadi bentuk [[cakram protoplanet]] yang tegak lurus terhadap sumbu rotasi. Adanya kekacauan yang disebabkan tumbukan serta pengaruh dari momentum sudut dari puing-puing besar menciptakan sarana yang memungkinkan [[protoplanet]] berukuran beberapa kilometer mulai terbentuk, yang mengorbit pusat nebula.<ref name=Goldreich1973>{{cite journal | author=P. Goldreich, W. R. Ward | title=The Formation of Planetesimals | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1973 | volume=183 | pages=1051–1062 | bibcode=1973ApJ...183.1051G | doi=10.1086/152291 | ref=harv }}</ref>
Pusat nebula, yang tidak banyak memiliki momentum sudut akhirnya cepat runtuh; tekanan dari runtuhan tersebut memanaskannya hingga memungkinkan terjadinya proses [[fusi nuklir]] antara [[hidrogen]] dan [[helium]]. Ketika kontraksi menjadi lebih besar, terbentuklah [[bintang T Tauri]] dan berkembang menjadi [[Matahari]]. Sementara itu, bagian luar dari gravitasi nebula menyebabkan [[materi]] mendingin di sekitar daerah yang padat gangguan serta partikel debu, dan sisa dari cakram protoplanet mulai memisah menjadi cincin. Melalui proses yang dikenal dengan [[akresi (astrofisika)|akresi cepat]], kepingan-kepingan debu dan puing-puing terus menerus mengumpul sehingga terbentuklah [[planet]].<ref name=Goldreich1973/> Bumi terbentuk dengan cara ini sekitar 4,54 miliar tahun yang lalu (dengan ketidakpastian 1%){{r|age_earth1c|age_of_earth_faq|USGS1997|age_earth4}} dan proses ini selesai dalam 10–20 juta tahun.{{r|Yin}} [[Angin matahari]] dari bintang T Tauri yang baru terbentuk membersihkan sebagian besar materi di dalam cakram yang tidak tergabung dalam objek yang besar. Proses yang sama terjadi pada hampir semua bintang yang baru terbentuk di alam semesta yang menghasilkan [[piringan akresi|cakram akresi]], beberapa di antaranya menghasilkan [[Planet luar surya|planet ekstrasolar]].{{r|Kokubo2002}}
Baris 168 ⟶ 167:
== Eon Fanerozoikum ==
{{Main|Fanerozoikum}}
[[Berkas:Cooksonia pertoni revised.png|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi salah satu [[tumbuhan berpembuluh]] pertama di Bumi, dari genus ''[[
Fanerozoikum adalah [[eon]] yang sedang berjalan saat ini di Bumi. Eon ini dimulai sekitar {{nowrap|542 juta}} tahun yang lalu. Eon ini dibagi menjadi tiga era—[[Paleozoikum]], [[Mesozoikum]] dan [[Kenozoikum]],{{r|shortTimeScale}}—dan merupakan masa ketika kehidupan multiseluler terdiversifikasi sangat luas ke hampir semua organisme yang dikenal saat ini.<ref>{{cite book|title= The Dyanmic Earth System|last= Patwardhan|first= A.M.|authorlink=|coauthors=|year= 2010|publisher= PHI Learning Private Limited|location= New Delhi|isbn=978-81-203-4052-7|page= 146|pages=|url= http://books.google.com/?id=EOgZJZaA-Q0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=dynamic+earth+system#v=onepage&q=dynamic%20earth%20system&f=false|accessdate=}}</ref>
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