Botani: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Botani''' atau '''ilmu tumbuh-tumbuhan''' adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang [[tumbuhan|tumbuh-tumbuhan]], [[jamur]], dan [[alga]], dengan [[mikologi]] dan [[fikologi]] yang berada di dalam cabang ilmu botani<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parker|first=Sybil, P|date=1984|title=McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Biology|publisher=McGraw-Hill Company|url-status=live}}</ref>. Dengan demikian, dalam botani dipelajari semua [[disiplin ilmu]] [[biologi]], seperti [[genetika]], [[pertumbuhan]], [[reproduksi]], [[metabolisme]], [[perkembangan]], interaksi dengan [[komponen biotik]] dan [[komponen abiotik]], serta [[evolusi]] yang berhubungan dengan [[tumbuhan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mengenal Botani, Ilmu Tumbuhan Yang Komperhensif|url=http://sainstekno.net/2018/11/27/mengenal-botani-ilmu-tumbuhan-yang-komperhensif|website=Sains Dan Teknologi|access-date=2020-11-29|archive-date=2020-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213033721/http://sainstekno.net/2018/11/27/mengenal-botani-ilmu-tumbuhan-yang-komperhensif|dead-url=no}}</ref> Istilah botani berasal dari Bahasa Yunani Kuno, {{lang|grc|βοτάνη}} (''botane''), yang berarti [[rerumputan]] atau padang penggembalaan.<ref>{{cite book|ref = harv|url = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbota%2Fnh|title = Botane (βοτάνη)|last1 = Liddell|first1 = Henry George|last2 = Scott|first2 = Robert|publisher = Clarendon Press via Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University|location = Oxford|year = 1940|access-date = 2014-02-08|archive-date = 2019-06-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190610004608/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbota%2Fnh|dead-url = no}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|ref = harv|last1 = Gordh|first1 = Gordon|last2 = Headrick|first2 = D. H.|url = http://books.google.com/?id=d0XSwMJLDg4C&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=botane+boskein+botany#v=onepage&q=botane%20boskein%20botany&f=false|title = A Dictionary of Entomology|publisher = CABI Publishing|location = Cambridge, MA|year = 2001|isbn = 978-0-85199-291-4}}</ref>{{rp|134}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=botany&searchmode=none | title = Botany | publisher = Online Etymology Dictionary | year = 2012 | accessdate = February 24, 2012 | archive-date = 2017-09-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201347/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=botany&searchmode=none | dead-url = no }}</ref> Saat ini botani mempelajari sekitar 400000 spesies organisme hidup di mana 260 ribu di antaranya adalah [[tumbuhan berpembuluh]] dan 248 ribu di antaranya adalah [[angiosperma]].<ref>{{cite book|ref = harv|last = Bold|first = H. C.|title = The Plant Kingdom|url = https://archive.org/details/plantkingdom0000bold|edition = 4th|year = 1977|isbn = 0-13-680389-X|publisher = Prentice-Hall|location = Englewood Cliffs, NJ}}</ref>{{rp|7}}<ref>{{cite book|ref = harv|last1 = Judd|first1 = W. S.|last2 = Campbell|first2 = C. S.|last3 = Kellogg|first3 = E. A.|last4 = Stevens|first4 = P. F.|last5 = Donoghue|first5 = M. J.|year = 2002|title = Plant Systematics, a Phylogenetic Approach|publisher = Sinauer Associates|location = Sunderland, MA|isbn = 0-87893-403-0}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Orang yang menekuni bidang botani disebut sebagai '''botanis''' atau ahli botani.

Botani modern merujuk kepada kebudayaan di Yunani Kuno, terutama [[Theoprastus]] (sekiratsekitar 371–287 SM), seorang murid [[Aristoteles]] yang menemukan prinsip ilmu botani. Ia juga dikenal sebagai "Father of Botany".<ref name="greene">{{cite book|ref = harv|last = Greene|first = Edward Lee|title = Landmarks of botanical history: a study of certain epochs in the development of the science of botany: part 1, Prior to 1562 A.D.|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=c6DPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA140|year = 1909|publisher = Smithsonian Institution|location = Washington, D.C.}}</ref>{{rp|140–142}} Karyanya, ''[[Historia Plantarum|Enquiry into Plants]]'' dan ''On the Causes of Plants'' merupakan dua kontribusi utama bagi ilmu botani hingga [[Abad Pertengahan]], hampir 17 abad setelah buku tersebut ditulis.<ref name="greene" />{{rp|140–142}}<ref>{{cite book|ref = harv|last1 = Bennett|first1 = Charles E.|last2 = Hammond|first2 = William A.|title = The Characters of Theophrastus – Introduction|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=n0JgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR30|year = 1902|publisher = Longmans, Green, and Co.|location = London|accessdate = June 27, 2012 }}</ref>{{rp|30}}

Karya lainnya dari Yunani Kuno adalah ''De Materia Medica'' yang memuat ilmu [[herbalisme]], ditulis oleh [[Pedanius Dioscorides]]. Buku ini menjadi referensi selama lebih dari 1500 tahun.<ref>{{cite book|ref = harv|last = Mauseth|first = James D.|title = Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology|edition = 3rd|year = 2003|isbn = 0-7637-2134-4|publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning|location = Sudbury, MA}}</ref>{{rp|532}} Kontribusi lainnya pada [[Jaman Keemasan Islam]] yaitu ''Nabatean Agriculture'' karya [[Ibn Wahshiyya]], ''Book of Plants'' karya [[Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī]], dan ''The Classification of Soils'' karya [[Ibn Bassal]]. Di awal abad ke 13, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati dan [[ibn al-Baitar]] menulis botani secara sistematis dan ilmiah.<ref>{{cite book|ref = harv|last = Dallal|first = Ahmad|title = Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History|year = 2010|publisher = Yale University Press|location = New Haven, CT|isbn = 978-0-300-15911-0|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=97l0L7zKagkC&lpg=PT197&dq=Ab%C5%AB%20%E1%B8%A4an%C4%ABfa%20D%C4%ABnawar%C4%AB&pg=PT197#v=onepage&q=Ab%C5%AB%20%E1%B8%A4an%C4%ABfa%20D%C4%ABnawar%C4%AB&f=false}}</ref>{{rp|197}}<ref>{{cite book|ref = harv|last = Panaino|first = Antonio|title = Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena: Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project, Held in Chicago, USA, October 27–31, 2000|publisher = Mimesis Edizioni|location = Bologna|year = 2002|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=hUNFLpQSqbkC&lpg=PA93&dq=%22First%2C%20the%20books%20of%20the%20Nabatean%20corpus%20themselves%20claim%20to%20be%20translations%20from&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn = 978-88-8483-107-1}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{rp|93}}<ref>{{cite book|ref = harv|last = Levey|first = Martin|title = Early Arabic Pharmacology: An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources|year = 1973|publisher = Brill Archive|location = Leiden|isbn = 978-90-04-03796-0|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=LtYUAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA116&dq=%22Ibn%20al-Baitar%22&pg=PA116#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>{{rp|116}}

Ilmuwan [[Valerius Cordus]] (1515–1544) mengarang buku ''Historia Plantarum'' di 1544 mengenai tumbuhan yang penting secara botani dan farmakologi, juga buku ''Dispensatorium'' di 1546.<ref>{{cite journal | ref = harv| title = The Herbal of Valerius Cordus | year=1939 | last= Sprague | first = T. A. | journal = The Journal of the Linnean Society of London | publisher = Linnean Society of London| volume = LII | issue = 341 |doi= 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1939.tb01598.x | first2 = M. S. | pages = 1}}</ref> Pada tahun 1665, dengan menggunakan mikroskop pertama, [[Robert Hooke]] menemukan [[sel (biologi)|sel]], sebuah istilah yang merujuk kepada struktur [[gabus]] yang ia lihat di bawah mikroskop. Tak lama setelah itu, ia melihat jaringan tumbuhan yang hidup.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html | last = Waggoner | first = Ben | year = 2001 | title = University of California Museum of Paleontology | publisher = University of California-Berkeley | accessdate = February 27, 2012 | archive-date = 2009-02-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090204111047/http://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>

Ahli botani juga mempelajari gulma, tanaman yang dianggap sebagai gangguan di lokasi tertentu. Gulma merupakan masalah yang cukup besar di bidang pertanian, dan botani memberikan beberapa ilmu dasar yang digunakan untuk memahami bagaimana untuk meminimalkan 'gulma' dampak di bidang pertanian dan ekosistem asli.<ref>{{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Schoening|2005}} | last = Schoening | first = Steve | url = http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/weedhome/pdfs/noxious_weed_plan.pdf | format = PDF | year = 2005 | title = California Noxious and Invasive Weed Action Plan | publisher = California Department of Food and Agriculture | accessdate = 1 Maret 2012 | archive-date = 2015-07-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150718113726/http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/weedhome/pdfs/noxious_weed_plan.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref>

[[Fitokimia]] merupakan cabang yang penting dalam ilmu botani yang mempelajari senyawa [[biokimia]] pada tumbuhan dan pemanfaatannya.<ref>{{cite journal| ref = harv | last1 = Benderoth| first1 = Markus | last2 = Textor| first2 = Susanne| last3 = Windsor| first3 = Aaron J.| last4 = Mitchell-Olds| first4 = Thomas| last5 = Gershenzon | first5 = Jonathan | last6 = Kroymann| first6 = Juergen | title = Positive Selection Driving Diversification in Plant Secondary Metabolism |date=June 2006|volume=103|issue=24 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | location = Washington, D.C.| jstor= 30051907| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0601738103| pmid = 16754868| pmc = 1482576|bibcode = 2006PNAS..103.9118B| pages = 9118–23 }}</ref> Beberapa dari senyawa ini memiliki manfaat bagi manusia, dan beberapa bersifat racun bagi hewan dan manusia. Banyak obat-obatan medis dan rekreasi, seperti [[tetrahydrocannabinol]], [[kafeina]], dan [[nikotin]] datang langsung dari kerajaan tumbuhan. Lainnya adalah senyawa kimia turunan sederhana dari produk alami botani, seperti [[aspirin]] yang berasal dari senyawa [[analgesik|penghilang rasa sakit]] [[asam salisilat]] yang awalnya berasal dari kulit pohon [[dedalu]].<ref>{{cite book|ref = harv|last = Jeffreys|first=Diarmuid|year = 2005|publisher = Bloomsbury|location = New York|title = Aspirin : The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug|url = http://books.google.com/?id=x-sL4iNQOgcC&pg=PA38|isbn = 978-1-58234-600-7}}</ref>{{rp|38-40}} Mungkin ada banyak obat baru untuk penyakit yang disediakan oleh tumbuhan, menunggu untuk ditemukan. Stimulan populer seperti [[kopi]], [[cokelat]], [[tembakau]], dan [[teh]] juga berasal dari tumbuhan. [[Minuman beralkohol]] sebagian besar berasal dari fermentasi hasil tumbuhan seperti [[barley]] ([[bir]]), [[beras]] ([[sake]]), dan [[anggur]].<ref>{{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|University of Maryland Medical Center|2011}} | url = http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/herbal-medicine-000351.htm | title = Herbal Medicine | publisher = University of Maryland Medical Center | accessdate = March 2, 2012 | archive-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120302205401/http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/herbal-medicine-000351.htm | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Dari ilmu fitokimia dapat diketahui berbagai macam hal seperti senyawa kimia [[antosianin]] yang berperan sebagai pigmen pada [[anggur merah]] dan senyawa [[capsaicin]] yang berperan dalam memberikan rasa pedas pada [[cabai]].

Tumbuhan juga dapat membantu manusia memahami perubahan pada lingkungan. Tumbuhan merespon perubahan [[iklim]] dan lingkungan dan mampu mempengaruhi fungsi dan produktivitas [[ekosistem]]. Ilmu [[dendrokronologi]] mempelajari [[cincin pertumbuhan]] pada penampang melintang [[kayu]] dan digunakan untuk memantau kondisi iklim sepanjang pertumbuhan pohon tersebut. Fosil tumbuhan yang terperangkap di lapisan sedimen dapat digunakan untuk memantau kondisi iklim hingga jutaan tahun yang lalu.<ref>{{cite book|ref = harv|last1=Bennett|first1=K. D.|last2=Willis|first2= K. J.|chapter=Pollen|year=2001|title=Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments|volume= 3: Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators|editor-last=Smol|editor-first=John P.|editor2-last=Birks|editor2-first=H. John B.|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|place=Dordrecht, Germany}}</ref> Kerapatan [[stomata]] yang ditemukan pada fosil [[daun]] tumbuhan darat purba dapat digunakan untuk memperkirakan konsentrasi [[karbon dioksida]].<ref>{{cite journal | ref = harv |last1=Beerling|first1= D. J.|last2= Osborne|first2= C. P.|last3= Chaloner|first3= W. G. |year=2001|title=Evolution of Leaf-form in Land Plants Linked to Atmospheric CO2 Decline in the Late Palaeozoic Era|journal=Nature|volume=410 |issue=6826|doi=10.1038/35066546|pmid= 11268207 | pages = 352–4}}</ref> Perubahan iklim lainnya seperti [[penipisan ozon]] mampu menyebabkan paparan sinar [[ultra violet]] yang dapat mengurangi laju pertumbuhan.<ref>{{cite journal| ref = harv | last1 = Björn| first1 = L. O. | last2 = Callaghan| first2 = T. V.| last3 = Gehrke| first3 = C.| last4 = Johanson| first4 = U.| last5 = Sonesson| first5 = M. | title = Ozone Depletion, Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life| journal = Chemosphere - Global Change Science | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1465997299000380 | volume = 1| issue = 4| date = November 1999| publisher = Elsevier Ltd. | location = Philadelphia| accessdate = June 16, 2013| doi = 10.1016/S1465-9972(99)00038-0| pages = 449| archive-date = 2015-09-24| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924190250/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1465997299000380| dead-url = no}}</ref> Studi tumbuhan secara ekologi dan komunitas dapat digunakan untuk menentukan [[perubahan vegetasi]], [[kerusakan habitat]], hingga ancaman [[kepunahan]].<ref name="Ben"/>

* {{cite book|last = Crawford|first = R. M. M.|title = Studies in Plant Survival: An Ecophysical Examination of Plant Distribution (Studies in Ecology)|url = https://archive.org/details/studiesinplantsu0000craw|year = 1988|isbn = 0-632-01475-X|publisher = Blackwell Science|location = Oxford}}

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* {{cite web | url = http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/aca/ | title = A Visual and Graphical Primer to Understanding Divisional Plantae | date = August 31, 2012 | publisher = Louisiana State University Herbarium Keys | accessdate = August 31, 2012 | archive-date = 2020-04-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200413093738/http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/aca/ | dead-url = yes }} (requires [[Microsoft Silverlight]])

* [http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/bioweb/?page=guide&lang=en/ High quality pictures of plants and information about them] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131150733/http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/bioweb/?page=guide&lang=en%2F |date=2012-01-31 }} from Catholic University of Leuven