Botani: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{sainsIlmu}}

[[Berkas:General Sherman tree looking up.jpg|thumbjmpl|272px|pohonPohon jenderalJenderal shermanSherman yang merupakan pohon terbesar di [[dunia]]]]

'''Botani''' atau '''ilmu tumbuh-tumbuhan''' adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang [[tumbuhan|tumbuh-tumbuhan]], termasuk juga [[jamur]], dan [[alga]], dengan [[mikologi]] dan [[fikologi]] yang berada di dalam cabang ilmu botani<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parker|first=Sybil, P|date=1984|title=McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Biology|publisher=McGraw-Hill Company|url-status=live}}</ref>. Dengan demikian, dalam botani dipelajari semua [[disiplin ilmu]] [[biologi]], seperti [[genetika]], [[pertumbuhan]], [[reproduksi]], [[metabolisme]], [[perkembangan]], interaksi dengan [[komponen biotik]] dan [[komponen abiotik]], serta [[evolusi]] yang berhubungan dengan [[tumbuhan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mengenal Botani, Ilmu Tumbuhan Yang Komperhensif|url=http://sainstekno.net/2018/11/27/mengenal-botani-ilmu-tumbuhan-yang-komperhensif|website=Sains Dan Teknologi|access-date=2020-11-29|archive-date=2020-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213033721/http://sainstekno.net/2018/11/27/mengenal-botani-ilmu-tumbuhan-yang-komperhensif|dead-url=no}}</ref> Istilah botani berasal dari Bahasa Yunani Kuno, {{lang|grc|βοτάνη}} (''botane''), yang berarti [[rerumputan]] atau padang penggembalaan.<ref>{{cite book | ref = harv | url = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbota%2Fnh | title = Botane (βοτάνη) | last1 = Liddell | first1 = Henry George | last2 = Scott | first2 = Robert | publisher = Clarendon Press via Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University | location = Oxford | year = 1940|access-date = 2014-02-08|archive-date = 2019-06-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190610004608/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbota%2Fnh|dead-url = no}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | ref = harv| last1 = Gordh| first1 = Gordon | last2 = Headrick | first2 = D. H. | url = http://books.google.com/?id=d0XSwMJLDg4C&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=botane+boskein+botany#v=onepage&q=botane%20boskein%20botany&f=false | title = A Dictionary of Entomology | publisher = CABI Publishing | location = Cambridge, MA | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-85199-291-4}}</ref>{{rp|134}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=botany&searchmode=none | title = Botany | publisher = Online Etymology Dictionary | year = 2012 | accessdate = February 24, 2012 | archive-date = 2017-09-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201347/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=botany&searchmode=none | dead-url = no }}</ref> Saat ini botani mempelajari sekitar 400000 spesies organisme hidup di mana 260 ribu di antaranya adalah [[tumbuhan berpembuluh]] dan 248 ribu di antaranya adalah [[angiosperma]].<ref>{{cite book | ref = harv | last = Bold | first = H. C. | title = The Plant Kingdom|url |= https://archive.org/details/plantkingdom0000bold|edition = 4th | year = 1977| isbn = 0-13-680389-X | publisher = Prentice-Hall | location = Englewood Cliffs, NJ}}</ref>{{rp|7}}<ref>{{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Judd| first1 = W. S.| last2 = Campbell| first2 = C. S.| last3 = Kellogg| first3 = E. A.| last4 = Stevens| first4 = P. F.| last5 = Donoghue| first5 = M. J.| year = 2002 | title = Plant Systematics, a Phylogenetic Approach| publisher = Sinauer Associates | location = Sunderland, MA| isbn = 0-87893-403-0}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Orang yang menekuni bidang botani disebut sebagai '''botaniwanbotanis''' atau ahli botani.

== Sejarah ==

Botani berakar dari ilmu [[herbalisme]], ilmu yang mempelajari pemanfaatan tumbuhan untuk khasiatnya secara medis.<ref>{{cite book | ref = harv |last=Sumner|first= Judith|title=The Natural History of Medicinal Plants|url = https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof0000sumn|publisher=Timber Press|location=New York|year=2000|isbn=0-88192-483-0}}</ref>{{rp|16}} Terdapat berbagai catatan kuno yang mengklasifikasikan tumbuhan berdasarkan jenis dan manfaatnya di India (1100 SM), [[bahasa Avestan|Avestan]] kuno, dan China (221 SM).<ref name="Reed">{{cite book | ref = harv |last=Reed |first=Howard S. |year=1942 |title=A Short History of the Plant Sciences|url = https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofpl0000reed|location=New York |publisher=Ronald Press}}</ref>{{rp|7–29}}<ref>{{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Oberlies |first=Thomas |year=1998 |title=Die Religion des Rgveda |publication-place=Wien |publisher=Sammlung De Nobili |isbn=978-3-900271-31-2 |language=German}}</ref>{{rp|155}}<ref>{{cite book | ref = harv | last = Iyer | first = Meena | title = Faith & Philosophy of Zoroastrianism | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-81-7835-724-9 | publisher = Kalpaz Publications | location = Delhi, India}}</ref>{{rp|117}}<ref name="Reed">< /ref>{{rp|7–29}}<ref>{{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Needham |first=Joseph |last2=Lu |first2=Gwei-djen |last3=Huang |first3=Hsing-Tsung |year=1986 |title=Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. 6 Part 1 Botany |publication-place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref>

Botani modern merujuk kepada kebudayaan di Yunani Kuno, terutama [[Theoprastus]] (sekiratsekitar 371–287 SM), seorang murid [[Aristoteles]] yang menemukan prinsip ilmu botani. Ia juga dikenal sebagai "Father of Botany".<ref name="greene">{{cite book | ref = harv | last = Greene | first = Edward Lee | title = Landmarks of botanical history: a study of certain epochs in the development of the science of botany: part 1, Prior to 1562 A.D. | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=c6DPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 | year = 1909 | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | location = Washington, D.C.}}</ref>{{rp|140–142}} Karyanya, ''[[Historia Plantarum|Enquiry into Plants]]'' dan ''On the Causes of Plants'' merupakan dua kontribusi utama bagi ilmu botani hingga [[Abad Pertengahan]], hampir 17 abad setelah buku tersebut ditulis.<ref name="greene">< /ref>{{rp|140–142}}<ref>{{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Bennett | first1 = Charles E. | last2 = Hammond | first2 = William A. | title = The Characters of Theophrastus – Introduction | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=n0JgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR30 | year = 1902 | publisher = Longmans, Green, and Co. | location = London | accessdate = June 27, 2012 }}</ref>{{rp|30}}

Karya lainnya dari Yunani Kuno adalah ''De Materia Medica'' yang memuat ilmu [[herbalisme]], ditulis oleh [[Pedanius Dioscorides]]. Buku ini menjadi referensi selama lebih dari 1500 tahun.<ref>{{cite book | ref = harv | last = Mauseth | first = James D. | title = Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology | edition = 3rd | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-7637-2134-4 | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Sudbury, MA}}</ref>{{rp|532}} Kontribusi lainnya pada [[Jaman Keemasan Islam]] yaitu ''Nabatean Agriculture'' karya [[Ibn Wahshiyya]], ''Book of Plants'' karya [[Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī]], dan ''The Classification of Soils'' karya [[Ibn Bassal]]. Di awal abad ke 13, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati dan [[ibn al-Baitar]] menulis botani secara sistematis dan ilmiah.<ref>{{cite book | ref = harv | last = Dallal | first = Ahmad | title = Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History | year = 2010 | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven, CT | isbn = 978-0-300-15911-0 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=97l0L7zKagkC&lpg=PT197&dq=Ab%C5%AB%20%E1%B8%A4an%C4%ABfa%20D%C4%ABnawar%C4%AB&pg=PT197#v=onepage&q=Ab%C5%AB%20%E1%B8%A4an%C4%ABfa%20D%C4%ABnawar%C4%AB&f=false}}</ref>{{rp|197}}<ref>{{cite book | ref = harv | last = Panaino | first = Antonio | title = Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena: Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project, Held in Chicago, USA, October 27–31, 2000 | publisher = Mimesis Edizioni | location = Bologna | year = 2002 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=hUNFLpQSqbkC&lpg=PA93&dq=%22First%2C%20the%20books%20of%20the%20Nabatean%20corpus%20themselves%20claim%20to%20be%20translations%20from&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn = 978-88-8483-107-1}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{rp|93}}<ref>{{cite book | ref = harv | last = Levey | first = Martin | title = Early Arabic Pharmacology: An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources | year = 1973 | publisher = Brill Archive | location = Leiden | isbn = 978-90-04-03796-0 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=LtYUAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA116&dq=%22Ibn%20al-Baitar%22&pg=PA116#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>{{rp|116}}

Di oertengahanpertengahan abad ke 16, [[kebun raya]] dibangun di sejumlah perguruan tinggi di Italia. [[Orto botanico di Padova]] dipercaya merupakan kebun raya modern paling awal di dunia, yang mempraktekanmempraktikan nilai dari sebuah kebun, biasanya dikaitkan dengan keberadaan [[biara]] di mana tumbuhan dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan medis. Mereka memelihara kebun raya sebagai sebuah subjek akademik. Cara menumbuhkan tumbuhan dan manfaatnya dipraktekkandipraktikkan. Kebun raya lalu tersebar ke utara, diawali oleh [[Kebun Raya Universitas Oxford]] yang dibangun tahun 1621. Hingga periode ini, botani masih menjadi bagian dari ilmu kedokteran.<ref>{{Cite journal |ref=harv |last=Hill | first=Arthur W. | year=1915 | title=The History and Functions of Botanic Gardens | journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume=2 | pages=185–240 | doi=10.2307/2990033 | issue=1/2 | jstor=2990033 }}</ref>

Ilmuwan Jerman [[Leonhart Fuchs]] (1501–1566) bersama dengan [[Otto Brunfels]] (1489–1534) dan [[Hieronymus Bock]] (1498–1554) mempelajari botani secara original tanpa meniru pendahulunya. Bahkan Bock membuat sistem klasifikasi tumbuhan sendiri.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/852/?article_id=131 | title = Early Herbals – The German Fathers of Botany | publisher = National Museum of Wales | date = July 4, 2007 | accessdate = February 19, 2012 | archive-date = 2012-06-29 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120629144256/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/852/?article_id=131 | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Yaniv | first1 = Zohara | last2 = Bachrach | first2 = Uriel | title = Handbook of Medicinal Plants | year = 2005 | isbn = 1-56022-994-2 | publisher = Haworth Press | location = Binghampton, NY}}</ref>{{rp|157}}

[[FileBerkas:Cork Micrographia Hooke.png|thumbjmpl|272px|rightka|Ilustrasi sel [[gabus]] dari buku karangan [[Robert Hooke]], ''[[Micrographia]]'', 1665]]

Ilmuwan [[Valerius Cordus]] (1515–1544) mengarang buku ''Historia Plantarum'' di 1544 mengenai tumbuhan yang penting secara botani dan farmakologi, juga buku ''Dispensatorium'' di 1546.<ref>{{cite journal | ref = harv| title = The Herbal of Valerius Cordus | year=1939 | last= Sprague | first = T. A. | journal = The Journal of the Linnean Society of London | publisher = Linnean Society of London| volume = LII | issue = 341 |doi= 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1939.tb01598.x | first2 = M. S. | pages = 1}}</ref> DiPada tahun 1665, dengan menggunakan mikroskop pertama, [[Robert Hooke]] menemukan [[sel (biologi)|sel]], sebuah istilah yang merujuk kepada struktur [[gabus]] yang ia lihat di bawah mikroskop. Tak lama setelah itu, ia melihat jaringan tumbuhan yang hidup.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html | last = Waggoner | first = Ben | year = 2001 | title = University of California Museum of Paleontology | publisher = University of California-Berkeley | accessdate = February 27, 2012 | archive-date = 2009-02-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090204111047/http://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html | dead-url = no }}</ref>

Seperti bentuk-bentuk kehidupan lain dalam [[biologi]], tumbuhan hidup dapat dipelajari dari perspektif yang berbeda, dari tingkat [[molekul]], [[genetika]] dan [[biokimia]] melalui [[organel]], [[sel]], [[jaringan]], [[organ]], [[individu]], [[populasi tumbuhan]], dan [[komunitas tumbuhan]]. Pada setiap tingkat ini seorang [[ahli]] botani mungkin bergerak di bidang yang terkait dengan [[klasifikasi]] ([[taksonomi]]), struktur ([[anatomi]] dan [[morfologi]]), atau fungsi ([[fisiologi]]) dari kehidupan tumbuh-tumbuhan.<ref name="Ben">{{cite book | ref = harv | last = Ben-Menahem | first = Ari | title = Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences | year = 2009 | isbn = 3-540-68831-5 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin|volume=1}}</ref>

Botani juga tidak hanya mempelajari kelompok dari Kerajaan Tumbuhan saja tetapi juga mempelajari jamur ([[mikologi]]), bakteri ([[bakteriologi]]), [[lumut kerak]] ([[likenologi]]), alga ([[fikologi]]).<ref>{{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Braselton|2013}} | last = Braselton | first = J. P. | url = http://www.ohio.edu/people/braselto/readings/plantbiol.html | title = What is Plant Biology? | year = 2013 | publisher = Ohio University | accessdate = June 3, 2013 | archive-date = 2015-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071530/http://www.ohio.edu/people/braselto/readings/plantbiol.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref>

Penelitian tumbuhan sangat penting karena tumbuhan adalah bagian mendasar dari kehidupan di [[Bumi]], yang menghasilkan [[oksigen]], [[nutrien|makanan]], serat, bahan bakar, dan [[obat]]-obatan yang memungkinkan manusia dan bentuk kehidupan lainnya ada. Melalui [[fotosintesis]], tumbuhan menyerap [[karbon dioksida]],<ref name="Campbell et al 2008">{{cite book| ref = harv |last1=Campbell|first1=Neil A.|last2=Reece|first2=Jane B.|last3=Urry|first3=Lisa Andrea|last4=Cain|first4=Michael L.|last5=Wasserman |first5 =Steven Alexander | last6 = Minorsky | first6 =Peter V. | last7 = Jackson | first7 =Robert Bradley

|title=Biology|edition=8|year=2008|publisher=Pearson - Benjamin Cummings|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-321-54325-7}}</ref>{{rp|186–187}} sebuah gas rumah kaca yang dalam jumlah besar dapat mempengaruhi [[iklim]] global. Selain itu, tumbuhan dapat mencegah [[erosi]] tanah dan berpengaruh dalam [[siklus air]].<ref>{{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Gust|1996}} | url = http://bioenergy.asu.edu/photosyn/study.html | last = Gust | first = Devens | year = 1996 | title = Why Study Photosynthesis? | publisher = Arizona State University | accessdate = February 26, 2012 | archive-date = 2012-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120209225717/http://bioenergy.asu.edu/photosyn/study.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Sebuah pemahaman yang baik tentang tumbuhan sangat penting bagi masa depan masyarakat manusia karena memungkinkan kita untuk:

* Memahami perubahan lingkungan dengan lebih jelas

=== Nutrisi manusia ===

Hampir semua makanan yang dimakan berasal dari tanaman, baik secara langsung dari makanan pokok dan buah lainnya dan sayuran, atau tidak langsung melalui ternak atau hewan lain, yang mengandalkan tanaman untuk gizi mereka.<ref name="Ben">< /ref> Tanaman adalah basis fundamental hampir semua rantai makanan karena mereka menggunakan energi dari matahari dan nutrisi dari tanah dan atmosfer dan mengubahnya menjadi bentuk yang dapat dikonsumsi dan dimanfaatkan oleh hewan. Ini adalah ilmu ekologi disebut tingkat trofik pertama.<ref>{{cite book | ref = harv | last = Butz | first = Stephen D. | title = Science of Earth Systems | year = 2007 | isbn = 1-4180-4122-X | publisher = Delmar Cengage Learning | edition = 2 | location = Clifton Park, NY }}</ref>{{rp|534-553}} [[Daftar tumbuhan hasil domestikasi|Semua tumbuhan yang dibudidayakan]] merupakan [[pemuliaan tanaman|hasil pemuliaan]] yang berlangsung sejak [[Jaman Neolitikum]].<ref>{{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Zohary | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Hopf | first2 = Maria | title = Domestication of Plants in the Old World | year = 2000 |edition=3rd| isbn = 978-0-19-850356-9 | publisher =Oxford University Press | location = Oxford}}</ref>{{rp|20-22}}

Ahli botani, khususnya [[agronomi]]. juga mempelajari bagaimana tanaman menghasilkan makanan untuk populasi manusia dan bagaimana untuk meningkatkan hasil. Pekerjaan mereka adalah penting dalam kemampuan manusia untuk memberi makan dunia dan memberikan [[ketahanan pangan]] untuk generasi mendatang, misalnya melalui pemuliaan tanaman.<ref>{{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Floros|Newsome|Fisher|2010}} | url = http://www.ift.org/knowledge-center/read-ift-publications/science-reports/~/media/Knowledge%20Center/Science%20Reports/IFTScientificReview_feedingtheworld.pdf | format = PDF | last1 = Floros | first1 = John D. | last2 = Newsome | first2 = Rosetta | last3 = Fisher | first3 = William | year = 2010 | title = Feeding the World Today and Tomorrow: The Importance of Food Science and Technology | publisher = Institute of Food Technologists | accessdate = 1 Maret 2012 | archive-date = 2012-02-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120216152705/http://www.ift.org/knowledge-center/read-ift-publications/science-reports/~/media/Knowledge%20Center/Science%20Reports/IFTScientificReview_feedingtheworld.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref>

Ahli botani juga mempelajari gulma, tanaman yang dianggap sebagai gangguan di lokasi tertentu. Gulma merupakan masalah yang cukup besar di bidang pertanian, dan botani memberikan beberapa ilmu dasar yang digunakan untuk memahami bagaimana untuk meminimalkan 'gulma' dampak di bidang pertanian dan ekosistem asli.<ref>{{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Schoening|2005}} | last = Schoening | first = Steve | url = http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/weedhome/pdfs/noxious_weed_plan.pdf | format = PDF | year = 2005 | title = California Noxious and Invasive Weed Action Plan | publisher = California Department of Food and Agriculture | accessdate = 1 Maret 2012 | archive-date = 2015-07-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150718113726/http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/weedhome/pdfs/noxious_weed_plan.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref>

[[Etnobotani]] adalah cabang studi botani yang mempelajari tentang hubungan antara tanaman dan manusia.<ref>{{cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Acharya | first1 = Deepak | last2 = Anshu | first2 = Shrivastava | title = Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices | year = 2008 | isbn = 81-7910-252-1 | publisher = Aavishkar Publishers | location = Jaipur, India}}</ref>{{rp|440}}

=== Biokimia tumbuhan ===

Biokimia tumbuhan adalah sebuah studi mengenai proses kimia yang yang digunakan pada tumbuhan. Beberapa proses ini terjadi melalui [[metabolisme primer]] seperti [[siklus Calvin]] dan [[crassulacean acid metabolism]].<ref>{{cite journal| ref = harv | last = Lüttge| first = Ulrich | title = Photosynthetic Flexibility and Ecophysiological Plasticity: Questions and Lessons from Clusia, the Only CAM Tree, in the Neotropics | journal = New Phytologist|volume=171|issue=1 | year = 2006| location = Hoboken, NJ| jstor = 3694480| doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01755.x| pmid = 16771979| pages = 7–25}}</ref>{{rp|7-25}} Lainnya membuat material khusus seperti [[selulosa]] dan [[lignin]] yang membangun struktur. [[Metabolisme sekunder]] menghasilkan produk seperti [[resin]] dan [[minyak atsiri]].

Tumbuhan dan kelompok lainnya yang juga merupakan eukaryot fotosintetik (yaitu alga) memiliki organel yang unik yang disebut dengan [[kloroplas]]. Organel ini diperkirakan berasal dari [[cyanobacteria]] yang membentuk hubungan [[endosimbiotik]] dengan leluhur tumbuhan dan alga. Kloropas dan cyanobacteria sama-sama mengandung pigmen biru-hijau [[klorofil a]].<ref name="Campbell et al 2008">< /ref>{{rp|190-193}} Klorofil jenis lain ([[klorofil b]]) juga terdapat pada alga hijau dan alga biru-hijau<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-68696-5_1 |chapter=Diversity and Evolution of Plastids and Their Genomes |title=The Chloroplast |series=Plant Cell Monographs |year=2009 |last1=Kim |first1=E. |last2=Archibald |first2=J. M. |isbn=978-3-540-68692-7 |volume=13 |editor1-first=Anna Stina |editor1-last=Sandelius |editor2-first=Henrik |editor2-last=Aronsson}}</ref>{{rp|1-39}}<ref>{{cite journal|ref=harv |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0050 |title=The Origin of Plastids |year=2008 |last1=Howe |first1=C. J. |last2=Barbrook |first2=A. C. |last3=Nisbet |first3=R. E. R |last4=Lockhart |first4=P. J. |last5=Larkum |first5=A. W. D. |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1504 |pmid=18468982 |pmc=2606771|pages=2675–85}}</ref>{{rp|2675-2685}}<ref>{{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Takaichi|first=Shinichi|title=Carotenoids in Algae: Distributions, Biosyntheses and Functions|journal=Marine Drugs|date=June 2011|volume=9|issue=12|doi=10.3390/md9061101|pmc=3131562|pages=1101–1118}}</ref>{{rp|1101-1118}} yang juga menyerap cahaya pada spektrum tertentu (biasanya spektrum biru-ungu dan jingga-merah) dan memantulkan cahaya hijau yang menjadi warna daun di mata manusia. Energi cahaya yang diserap digunakan untuk membuat senyawa karbon dari karbon dioksida dan air. [[Gliseraldehida 3-fosfat]] merupakan senyawa yang dihasilkan oleh fotosintesis yang kemudian disintesis menjadi [[glukosa]] dan senyawa organik lainnya. Sebagian glukosa diubah menjadi [[pati]] yang disimpan di kloroplas.<ref>{{cite journal| ref = harv |last1=Lewis|first1=Louise A.|last2=McCourt|first2=Richard M.|year=2004|title=Green Algae and the Origin of Land Plants|journal= American Journal of Botany|location=St. Louis, MO|volume=91| doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535| issue = 10| pmid = 21652308| pages = 1535–56}}</ref>{{rp|1535–1556}} Pati adalah bentuk yang umum dijadikan sebagai cadangan makanan pada sebagian besar tumbuhan dan alga. Tumbuhan dari famili [[Asteraceae]] menggunakan bentuk [[fruktosa]] [[inulin]], sebagian mengubahnya menjadi [[sukrosa]].

Sebagian besar asam lemak yang terkandung di dalam tubuh hewan juga berasal dari tumbuhan. Metabolisme tumbuhan juga mampu memproduksi [[asam lemak]] dan sebagian besar [[asam amino]].<ref>{{cite journal|ref=harv |title=All Hands on Deck—The Role of Chloroplasts, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and the Nucleus in Driving Plant Innate Immunity |year=2010 |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=Meenu S. |last2=Dinesh-Kumar |first2=S. P. |journal=Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions |publisher= The American Phytopathological Society|location=St. Paul, MN|volume=23 |issue=11 |doi=10.1094/MPMI-05-10-0113 |pmid=20923348|pages=1368–80}}</ref>{{rp|1368–1380}}<ref>{{cite journal|ref=harv |title=Fatty Acid Export from the Chloroplast. Molecular Characterization of a Major Plastidial Acyl-Coenzyme a Synthetase from Arabidopsis |year=2002 |last1=Schnurr |first1=J. A. |last2=Shockey |first2=J. M. |last3=De Boer |first3=G. J. |last4=Browse |first4=J. A.|journal=Plant Physiology |volume=129 |issue=4 |pages=1700–9 |pmid=12177483 |pmc=166758|doi=10.1104/pp.003251 }}</ref>{{rp|1700–1709}}<ref>{{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Ferro|first1=Myriam|last2=Salvi|first2=Daniel|last3=Rivière-Rolland|first3=Hélène |last4=Vermat|first4=Thierry |last5=Seigneurin-Berny|first5=Daphné|last6=Grunwald|first6=Didier |last7=Garin|first7=Jérôme|last8=Joyard|first8=Jacques|last9=Rolland|first9=Norbert|display-authors=4|title=Integral Membrane Proteins of the Chloroplast Envelope: Identification and Subcellular Localization of New Transporters|journal=Procedings of the National Academy of Sciences (of the USA)|date=20 August 2002|volume=99|issue=17|doi=10.1073/pnas.172390399|bibcode = 2002PNAS...9911487F|pages=11487 }}</ref>{{rp|11487–11492}} Asam lemak bagi tumbuhan digunakan untuk membangun [[membran sel]] dan [[kutin]] yang menjadi penyusun utama [[kutikel tumbuhan]] yang melindungi tumbuhan dari kekeringan.<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Kolattukudy|first=Pappachan E.|editor-last=Kerstiens|editor-first=G.|year= 1996|series=Environmental Plant Biology Series|chapter=3|title=Plant Cuticles|url=https://archive.org/details/plantcuticlesint0000unse|publisher=BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd|location=Oxford|isbn=1-85996-130-4}}</ref>{{rp|83–108}}

Tumbuhan mensintesis sejumlah besar polimer yang unik seperti [[selulosa]], [[pektin]], dan [[xiloglukan]] untuk membentuk [[dinding sel]].<ref>{{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Fry|first=S. C.|year=1989|title=The Structure and Functions of Xyloglucan|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|publisher=The Company of Biologists|location=Cambridge|volume=40}}</ref>{{rp|1–11}}<ref>{{cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Thompson|first1=James E.|last2=Fry|first2=Stephen C.|year=2001|title=Restructuring of Wall-bound Xyloglucan by Transglycosylation in Living Plant Cells|journal=The Plant Journal |publisher=John Wiley & Sons| location = West Sussex, England|volume=26 |issue=1|doi=10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01005.x|pmid=11359607|pages=23–34}}</ref>{{rp|23–34}} Tumbuhan berpembuluh membuat [[lignin]], sebuah polimer yang digunakan untuk memperkuat [[trakeid]] xylem sehingga tidak runtuh ketika dilalui oleh air dan mineral yang dihisapnya. Lignin juga membentuk dinding terluar dari tumbuhan berkayu. [[Sporopolenin]] adalah senyawa polimer yang melindungi [[spora]] dan [[polen]] tumbuhan.<ref>{{cite journal|ref=harv |last1=Kenrick|first1= Paul|last2=Crane|first2= Peter R.|title= The Origin and Early Evolution of Plants on Land|journal=Nature|volume=389 |date=September 1997|doi=10.1038/37918|bibcode = 1997Natur.389...33K|issue=6646|pages=33 }}</ref>{{rp|33-39}} Dengan konsentrasi karbon dioksida di atmosfer yang saat ini lebih rendah dibandingkan awal keberadaan tanaman darat di jamanzaman [[Ordovician]] dan [[Silurian]], banyak tumbuhan berevolusi secara independen dengan mengembangkan jalur fotosintesis khusus [[fiksasi karbon C4]] dan [[crassulacean acid metabolism]] untuk mengurangi loss akibat [[fotorespirasi]] yang umum terdapat pada tumbuhan dengan tipe fotosintesis [[fiksasi karbon C3]].

==== Obat dan bahan ====

[[FileBerkas:Tapping a rubber tree in Thailand.JPG|thumbjmpl|240px|Penyadapan [[karet]]]]

[[Fitokimia]] merupakan cabang yang penting dalam ilmu botani yang mempelajari senyawa [[biokimia]] pada tumbuhan dan pemanfaatannya.<ref>{{cite journal| ref = harv | last1 = Benderoth| first1 = Markus | last2 = Textor| first2 = Susanne| last3 = Windsor| first3 = Aaron J.| last4 = Mitchell-Olds| first4 = Thomas| last5 = Gershenzon | first5 = Jonathan | last6 = Kroymann| first6 = Juergen | title = Positive Selection Driving Diversification in Plant Secondary Metabolism |date=June 2006|volume=103|issue=24 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | location = Washington, D.C.| jstor= 30051907| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0601738103| pmid = 16754868| pmc = 1482576|bibcode = 2006PNAS..103.9118B| pages = 9118–23 }}</ref> Beberapa dari senyawa ini memiliki manfaat bagi manusia, dan beberapa bersifat racun bagi hewan dan manusia. Banyak obat-obatan medis dan rekreasi, seperti [[tetrahydrocannabinol]], [[kafeinkafeina]], dan [[nikotin]] datang langsung dari kerajaan tumbuhan. Lainnya adalah senyawa kimia turunan sederhana dari produk alami botani, seperti [[aspirin]] yang berasal dari senyawa [[analgesik|penghilang rasa sakit]] [[asam salisilat]] yang awalnya berasal dari kulit pohon [[dedalu]].<ref>{{cite book | ref = harv |last = Jeffreys |first=Diarmuid | year = 2005 | publisher = Bloomsbury | location = New York| title = Aspirin : The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug| url = http://books.google.com/?id=x-sL4iNQOgcC&pg=PA38 | isbn = 978-1-58234-600-7}}</ref>{{rp|38-40}} Mungkin ada banyak obat baru untuk penyakit yang disediakan oleh tumbuhan, menunggu untuk ditemukan. Stimulan populer seperti [[kopi]], [[cokelat]], [[tembakau]], dan [[teh]] juga berasal dari tumbuhan. [[Minuman beralkohol]] sebagian besar berasal dari fermentasi hasil tumbuhan seperti [[barley]] ([[bir]]), [[beras]] ([[sake]]), dan [[anggur]].<ref>{{cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|University of Maryland Medical Center|2011}} | url = http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/herbal-medicine-000351.htm | title = Herbal Medicine | publisher = University of Maryland Medical Center | accessdate = March 2, 2012 | archive-date = 2012-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120302205401/http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/herbal-medicine-000351.htm | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Dari ilmu fitokimia dapat diketahui berbagai macam hal seperti senyawa kimia [[antosianin]] yang berperan sebagai pigmen pada [[anggur merah]] dan senyawa [[capsaicin]] yang berperan dalam memberikan rasa pedas pada [[cabai]].

=== Perubahan lingkungan ===

Tumbuhan juga dapat membantu manusia memahami perubahan pada lingkungan. Tumbuhan merespon perubahan [[iklim]] dan lingkungan dan mampu mempengaruhi fungsi dan produktivitas [[ekosistem]]. Ilmu [[dendrokronologi]] mempelajari [[cincin pertumbuhan]] pada penampang melintang [[kayu]] dan digunakan untuk memantau kondisi iklim sepanjang pertumbuhan pohon tersebut. Fosil tumbuhan yang terperangkap di lapisan sedimen dapat digunakan untuk memantau kondisi iklim hingga jutaan tahun yang lalu.<ref>{{cite book | ref = harv|last1=Bennett|first1=K. D.|last2=Willis|first2= K. J.|chapter=Pollen|year=2001|title=Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments|volume= 3: Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators |editor-last=Smol|editor-first=John P.|editor2-last=Birks|editor2-first=H. John B.|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|place=Dordrecht, Germany}}</ref> Kerapatan [[stomata]] yang ditemukan pada fosil [[daun]] tumbuhan darat purba dapat digunakan untuk memperkirakan konsentrasi [[karbon dioksida]].<ref>{{cite journal | ref = harv |last1=Beerling|first1= D. J.|last2= Osborne|first2= C. P.|last3= Chaloner|first3= W. G. |year=2001|title=Evolution of Leaf-form in Land Plants Linked to Atmospheric CO2 Decline in the Late Palaeozoic Era|journal=Nature|volume=410 |issue=6826|doi=10.1038/35066546|pmid= 11268207 | pages = 352–4}}</ref> Perubahan iklim lainnya seperti [[penipisan ozon]] mampu menyebabkan paparan sinar [[ultra violet]] yang dapat mengurangi laju pertumbuhan.<ref>{{cite journal| ref = harv | last1 = Björn| first1 = L. O. | last2 = Callaghan| first2 = T. V.| last3 = Gehrke| first3 = C.| last4 = Johanson| first4 = U.| last5 = Sonesson| first5 = M. | title = Ozone Depletion, Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life| journal = Chemosphere - Global Change Science | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1465997299000380 | volume = 1| issue = 4| date = November 1999| publisher = Elsevier Ltd. | location = Philadelphia| accessdate = June 16, 2013| doi = 10.1016/S1465-9972(99)00038-0| pages = 449| archive-date = 2015-09-24| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924190250/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1465997299000380| dead-url = no}}</ref> Studi tumbuhan secara ekologi dan komunitas dapat digunakan untuk menentukan [[perubahan vegetasi]], [[kerusakan habitat]], hingga ancaman [[kepunahan]].<ref>{{cite book | ref name= harv | last = "Ben-Menahem | first = Ari | title = Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences | year = 2009 | isbn = 3-540-68831-5 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin|volume=1}}<"/ref>

== Subdisiplin botani ==

* {{cite book| last = Attenborough | first = David | authorlink = David Attenborough | title = [[The Private Life of Plants]] | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-563-37023-8 | publisher = British Broadcasting Corporation (TV), Edbury Publishing – BBC Books (print) | location = London}}

* {{cite book| last = Bellamy | first = David | authorlink = David Bellamy | title = Bellamy on Botany | year = 1972 | isbn = 0-563-10666-2 | publisher = Edbury Publishing – BBC Books | location = London}}

* {{cite book| last1 = Bowsher | first1 = Caroline G. | last2 = Steer | first2 = M. W. | last3 = Tobin | first3 = A. K. | title = Plant Biochemistry | edition = 2nd | year = 2008 | isbn = 0-8153-4121-0 | publisher = Garland Science, Taylor & Francis | location = New York}}

* {{cite book| last1 = Buchanan | first1 = Bob B. | last2 = Gruissem | first2 = Wilhelm | last3 = Jones | first3 = Russell L. | title = Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-943088-39-9 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | location = West Sussex, England}}

* {{cite book| last = Cohen | first = Joel E. | authorlink = Joel E. Cohen | title = How Many People Can the Earth Support? | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-393-31495-2 | publisher = W. W. Norton | location = London}}

* {{cite book| last = Crawford | first = R. M. M. | title = Studies in Plant Survival: An Ecophysical Examination of Plant Distribution (Studies in Ecology)|url |= https://archive.org/details/studiesinplantsu0000craw|year = 1988 | isbn = 0-632-01475-X | publisher = Blackwell Science | location = Oxford}}

* {{cite book| last = Crawford | first = R. M. M. | title = Plants at the Margin. Ecological Limits and Climate Change |url = https://archive.org/details/plantsatmarginec0000craw|year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-62309-4 | publisher = Cambridge University Press| location = Cambridge}}

* {{cite book| last = Crawley | first = Michael J. | authorlink = Michael Crawley | title = Plant Ecology|url = https://archive.org/details/plantecology0000unse_s3s6| edition = 2nd | year = 1997 | isbn = 0-632-03639-7 | publisher = Blackwell Scientific Ltd | location = Oxford}}

* {{cite book| last1 = Ennos | first1 = Roland | last2 = Sheffield | first2 = Elizabeth | title = Plant Life|url |= https://archive.org/details/plantlife00enno|year = 2000 | isbn = 0-86542-737-2 | publisher = Blackwell Scientific Ltd | location = Oxford}}

* {{cite book|last1=Everitt |first1=J.H. |last2=Lonard |first2=R.L. |last3=Little |first3=C.R. | title = Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico | url=https://archive.org/details/weedsinsouthtexa0000ever|year = 2007 | isbn = 0-89672-614-2 | publisher = Texas Tech University Press | location = Lubbock, TX}}

* {{cite book| last1 = Fitter | first1 = Alastair H. |author1-link=Alastair Fitter | last2 = Hay | first2 = Robert K. M. | title = Environmental Physiology of Plants | edition = 3rd | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-12-257766-3 | publisher = Harcourt Publishers, Academic Press | location = New York}}

* {{cite book| last1 = Grene | first1 = Marjorie Glicksman | last2 = Depew | first2 = David J. | year = 2004 | title = The Philosophy of Biology: An Episodic History|url = https://archive.org/details/philosophyofbiol0000gren| publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-64371-6}}

* {{cite book| last = Halle | first = Francis | title = In Praise of Plants | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-88192-550-0 | publisher = Timber Publishing | location = Portland, OR}}

* {{cite book| last = King | first = John | title = Reaching for the Sun: How Plants Work|url |= https://archive.org/details/reachingforsunho0000king|year = 1997 | isbn = 0-521-58738-7 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge}}

* {{cite book | last1 = Lambers | first1 = Hans | last2 = Chapin III | first2 = Francis Stuart | last3 = Pons | first3 = Thijs Leendert | title = Plant Physiological Ecology|url = https://archive.org/details/plantphysiologic0000lamb| year = 2008 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 978-0-387-78340-6 | doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-78341-3 | publisher = Springer Science | location = New York}}

* {{cite book| last = Lawlor | first = David W. | edition = 3rd | title = Photosynthesis | year = 2000 | isbn = 1-85996-157-6 | publisher = Garland Science | location = New York}}

* {{cite book| last = Matthews | first = R. E. F. | title = Fundamentals of Plant Virology|url |= https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofpl0000matt|year = 1992 | isbn = 0-12-480558-2 | publisher = Academic Press | location = Waltham, MA}}

* {{cite book| last = Pakenham | first = Thomas | authorlink = Thomas Pakenham (historian) | title = Meetings with Remarkable Trees | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-375-75268-4 | publisher = Random House | location = London}}

* {{cite book| last = Pollan | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Pollan | title = [[The Botany of Desire|The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-eye View of the World]] | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-375-50129-0 | publisher = Public Broadcasting System (TV), Random House | location = New York}}

* {{cite book| last = Richards | first = P. W. | title = The Tropical Rainforest |url = https://archive.org/details/tropicalrainfore0000rich|edition = 2nd | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-521-42194-2 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge}}

* {{cite book| last = Ridge | first = Irene | title = Plants|url |= https://archive.org/details/plants0000unse_c2n9|year = 2002 | isbn = 0-19-925548-2 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford}}

* {{cite book| last1 = Salisbury | first1 = |author1-link=Frank B. Salisbury | last2 = Ross | first2 = Cleon W. | edition = 4th | title = Plant Physiology | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-534-15162-0 | publisher = Wadsworth Publishing | location = Belmont, CA}}

* {{cite book| last = Strange | first = Richard N. | title = Introduction to Plant Pathology|url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontopl0000stra| year = 2003 | isbn = 0-470-84973-8 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | location = West Sussex, England}}

* {{cite book | last = Thomas | first = Barry A. | title = The Evolution of Plants and Flowers|url |= https://archive.org/details/evolutionofplant0000thom|year = 1981 | isbn = 0-312-27271-5 | publisher = St. Martin's Press | location = New York}}

* {{cite book |last = Walker | first = David | title = Energy, Plants and Man |url = https://archive.org/details/energyplantsman0000davi|year = 1992 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 1-870232-05-4 | publisher = Oxygraphics Ltd | location = Sheffield, England}}

* {{cite book| last = Walter | first = Heinrich | title = Vegetation of the Earth|url |= https://archive.org/details/vegetationofeart0000walt_d8f0|year = 1985 | edition = 3rd revised | isbn = 0-387-13748-3 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = New York}}

* {{cite book | last1 = Willis | first1 = Kathy | last2 = McElwain | first2 = Jenny | title = The Evolution of Plants | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-19-850065-3 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford}}

* {{cite web | url = http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/aca/ | title = A Visual and Graphical Primer to Understanding Divisional Plantae | date = August 31, 2012 | publisher = Louisiana State University Herbarium Keys | accessdate = August 31, 2012 | archive-date = 2020-04-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200413093738/http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/aca/ | dead-url = yes }} (requires [[Microsoft Silverlight]])

* [http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Databases.shtml Botany databases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103035558/http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Databases.shtml |date=2011-01-03 }} at the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation

* [http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/bioweb/?page=guide&lang=en/ High quality pictures of plants and information about them] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131150733/http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/bioweb/?page=guide&lang=en%2F |date=2012-01-31 }} from Catholic University of Leuven