Manga: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Blue Lock]]{{tentang|komik atau novel grafik yang dibuat di Jepang}}
{{bukan|Mangga}}
{{Infobox comics nationality<!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics-->
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Istilah ''manga'' ([[kanji]]: {{lang|ja|漫画}}; [[hiragana]]: {{lang|ja|まんが}}; [[katakana]]: {{lang|ja|マンガ}}; {{Audio|Ja-Manga.oga|dengarkan}}; {{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|m|æ|ŋ|ɡ|ə}} atau {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɑː|ŋ|ɡ|ə}}) di Jepang adalah kata yang digunakan untuk merujuk kepada komik dan [[kartun]]. Di luar Jepang, kata "manga" digunakan untuk merujuk pada komik yang aslinya diterbitkan di Jepang.<ref name="Merriam-Webster">{{Harvnb|Merriam-Webster|2009}}</ref>
Di Jepang, orang-orang dari segala kelompok usia membaca manga. Manga mencakup karya-karya dalam berbagai genre: diantaranya [[Fiksi laga|laga]], [[Fiksi petualangan|petualangan]], bisnis dan perdagangan, [[komedi]], [[Fiksi detektif|detektif]], [[drama]], [[Fiksi sejarah|sejarah]], [[Fiksi horor|horor]], [[misteri]], [[romantis]], [[fiksi ilmiah]] dan [[fantasi]], erotika, olahraga dan permainan, dan cerita seru.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mit.edu/~rei/manga-list.html|title=Manga/Anime topics|website=MIT|access-date=22 Juni 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Brenner|first=Robin E.|url=http://books.google.com/?id=uY8700WJy_gC&pg=PA78|title=Understanding Manga and Anime|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|date=30 Juni 2007|language=en|isbn=9780313094484}}</ref> Sudah banyak manga yang diterjemahkan ke bahasa lainnya.<ref name="Gravett">{{Harvnb|Gravett|2004|p=8}}</ref> Sejak tahun 1950-an, manga telah menjadi bagian utama dari industri penerbitan Jepang.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kinsella|2000}}, {{Harvnb|Schodt|1996}}</ref> Pada tahun 1995, pasar manga di Jepang bernilai {{JPY|586.4 miliar|link=yes}} ({{US$|6{{ndash}}7 miliar|long=no|link=yes}}),<ref>{{cite book|last=Schodt|first=Frederik|authorlink=Frederik L. Schodt|url=<!--http://books.google.com/books?id=Z0yDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20-->|title=Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga|title-link=Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga|publisher=Stone Bridge Press|location=Berkeley, CA|year=1996|isbn=978-1-880656-23-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/liang.dreamlandjapanwr0000scho_d1o1/page/19 19]-20}}</ref> dengan penjualan tahunan sekitar 1,9{{nbsp}}miliar untuk manga dan [[majalah manga]] di Jepang (setara dengan 15{{nbsp}}edisi per orang).<ref name="Indianapolis">{{cite news|url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107097112/|title=Manga, anime rooted in Japanese history|website=[[The Indianapolis Star]]|language=en|date=2 Agustus 1997}}</ref> Manga juga memiliki khalayak penikmat yang cukup signifikan di seluruh dunia.<ref name="Wong 2006">{{Harvnb|Wong|2006}}, {{Harvnb|Patten|2004}}</ref> Pada tahun 2008, pasar manga bernilai $175 juta di AS dan Kanada. Manga mencapai angka 38% dalam pasar komik Prancis, yang setara dengan sekitar sepuluh kali lipat dari angka untuk Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bouissou|first=Jean-Marie|url=http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00972716/document|title=JAPAN'S GROWING CULTURAL POWER: THE EXAMPLE OF MANGA IN FRANCE|date=2006|access-date=24 Mei 2019}}</ref> Di Prancis, pasar manga dihargai sekitar {{€|460 juta}} (${{To USD|460|FRA|year=2011|round=yes}}{{nbsp}}juta) pada tahun 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasiam.com/english/art/art_vocation_manga.php|title=The Manga Market : Eurasiam – Japanese art & communication School|website=Eurasiam|language=en|access-date=22 Juni 2017}}</ref> Di Eropa dan Timur Tengah, pasar manga bernilai sekitar $250 juta pada tahun 2012.<ref name="Danica Davidson">{{cite web|last=Davidson|first=Danica|url=http://geekout.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/26/manga-in-the-heart-of-europe/|title=Manga grows in the heart of Europe|website=[[CNN]]|publisher=[[Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.]]|date=26 Januari 2012|access-date=29 Januari 2012|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024122838/https://geekout.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/26/manga-in-the-heart-of-europe/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Cerita dalam sebuah manga biasanya dicetak dalam warna [[hitam dan putih]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Katzenstein|Shiraishi|1997}}</ref> meskipun ada beberapa manga yang sepenuhnya berwarna (seperti ''[[Colorful (manga)|Colorful]]''). Di Jepang, manga biasanya dimuat berseri dalam majalah manga populer—sering kali berisi banyak cerita, dan masing-masing manga dimuat dalam satu bab dan bersambung ke edisi berikutnya. Bab-bab yang dibundel biasanya diterbitkan ulang dalam bentuk volume ''[[tankōbon]]'', dan terkadang dalam bentuk [[trade paperback (komik)|buku bersampul tipis]].<ref name="GravettSchodt">{{Harvnb|Gravett|2004|p=8}}, {{Harvnb|Schodt|1986}}</ref> Seorang ilustrator manga (''[[mangaka]]'' dalam bahasa Jepang) biasanya bekerja dibantu beberapa asisten di sebuah studio kecil dan berhubungan dengan editor kreatif dari perusahaan penerbit komersial.<ref name="Kinsella">{{Harvnb|Kinsella|2000}}</ref> Jika sebuah seri manga cukup populer, manga itu bisa dijadikan [[anime]] setelah ceritanya tamat atau selama masih berlanju.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kittelson|1998}}</ref> Terkadang, sebuah manga dibuat berdasarkan dari film [[laga hidup]] (''live–action'') atau film animasi lain.<ref>{{Harvnb|Johnston-O'Neill|2007}}</ref>
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* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Bouquillard| first = Jocelyn | last2 = Marquet | first2 = Christophe | date = 1 June 2007 | title = Hokusai: First Manga Master | location = New York | publisher = Abrams | isbn = 978-0-8109-9341-9}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Brenner | first = Robin E. | year = 2007 | title = Understanding Manga and Anime | url = https://archive.org/details/understandingman0000bren | location = Westport, Connecticut | publisher = Libraries Unlimited/Greenwood | isbn = 978-1-59158-332-5 }}
* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Clements| first = Jonathan | last2 = McCarthy | first2 = Helen | year = 2006 | title = The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917, Revised and Expanded Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/animeencyclopedi00clem_0| location = Berkeley, California | publisher = Stone Bridge Press | isbn = 978-1-933330-10-5}}
* {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Crandol | first = Mike | date = 14 January 2002 | title = The Dirty Pair: Run from the Future | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/the-dirty-pair/run-from-the-future | work = Anime News Network | access-date = 4 March 2008 }}
* {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Cube | date = 18 December 2007 | script-title = ja:2007年のオタク市場規模は1866億円―メディアクリエイトが白書 | url = http://www.inside-games.jp/article/2007/12/18/25855.html | publisher = Inside for All Games | access-date = 18 December 2007 | language = Japanese }}
* {{cite press release | publisher = Dark Horse Comics | date = 6 February 2004 | title = Dark Horse buys Studio Proteus | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2004-02-06/dark-horse-buys-studio-proteus | ref = {{SfnRef|Dark Horse Comics|2004}} }}
* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Drazen| first = Patrick | year = 2003 | title = Anime Explosion! The What? Why? & Wow! of Japanese Animation |url=https://archive.org/details/animeexplosionwh00draz| location = Berkeley, California | publisher = Stone Bridge | isbn = 978-1-880656-72-3}}
* {{cite web | ref = harv | last = Farago | first = Andrew | date = 30 September 2007 | title = Interview: Jason Thompson | url = http://www.tcj.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=697&Itemid=70 | publisher = The Comics Journal | access-date = 4 March 2008 }}
* {{cite journal | ref = harv | last = Fishbein | first = Jennifer | date = 26 December 2007 | title = Europe's Manga Mania | url = http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/dec2007/gb20071226_346610.htm | journal = BusinessWeek | access-date = 29 December 2007 }}
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* {{cite journal |doi=10.1111/1540-5931.00045 |ref=harv| last =Ōgi| first = Fusami | year = 2004 | title = Female subjectivity and ''shōjo'' (girls) manga (Japanese comics): ''shōjo'' in Ladies' Comics and Young Ladies' Comics | journal = The Journal of Popular Culture | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 780–803}}
* {{cite book | ref = harv | last = Onoda | first = Natsu | year = 2009 | title = God of Comics: Osamu Tezuka and the Creation of Post-World War II Manga | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=dvaR1-9HE7YC&pg=PA10 | page = 10 | publisher = University Press of Mississippi | isbn = 9781604734782 }}
* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Patten| first = Fred |authorlink=Fred Patten | year = 2004 | title = Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews |url=https://archive.org/details/watchinganimerea0000patt| location = Berkeley, California | publisher = Stone Bridge Press | isbn = 978-1-880656-92-1}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s12119-002-1000-4 |ref=harv| last =Perper| first = Timothy | last2 = Cornog | first2 = Martha | year = 2002 | title = Eroticism for the masses: Japanese manga comics and their assimilation into the U.S. | journal = Sexuality & Culture | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–126}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv| last =Perper| first = Timothy | last2 = Cornog | first2 = Martha | year = 2003 | contribution = Sex, love, and women in Japanese comics | editor-last =Francoeur| editor-first = Robert T. | editor2-last =Noonan| editor2-first = Raymond J. |editor2-link=| title = The Comprehensive International Encyclopedia of Sexuality |url=https://archive.org/details/continuumcomplet0000unse| location = New York | publisher = Continuum | isbn = 978-0-8264-1488-5}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Petersen |first=Robert S. |title=Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Hr7aZh6oonoC&pg=PA120 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313363306 }}
* {{cite book |ref = harv |last1 = Prohl |first1 = Inken |last2 = Nelson |first2 = John K |year = 2012 |title = Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=uiZi2mgC5a4C&pg=PA596 |page = 596 |publisher = BRILL |isbn = 9789004234352 }}
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