Khitan dan hukum: Perbedaan antara revisi
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informasi tambahan untuk definisi sunat dan layanan sunat |
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Terdapat agama-agama yang mensyaratkan melakukan [[Sunat|khitan]]. [[Alkitab Ibrani|Alkitab ibrani]] memerintahkan [[Yahudi|orang-orang Yahudi]] untuk mengkhitan anak laki-laki mereka pada hari kedelapan dari kehidupan, dan untuk mengkhitan pula [[Perbudakan|budak]] laki-laki mereka ({{Ayat Alkitab|2=Genesis|3=17:11–12|4=HE}}).
Undang-undang yang melarang khitan juga sudah ada sejak masa kuno. [[Yunani Kuno|Yunani kuno]] menghargai kulup dan tidak menyetujui kebiasaan Yahudi melakukan khitan.<ref name="Hodges2001">{{Cite journal|last=Hodges|first=Frederick M.|year=2001|title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=75|issue=3|pages=375–405|doi=10.1353/bhm.2001.0119|pmid=11568485|access-date=22 January 2008}}</ref> [[Kitab 1 Makabe|1 Makabe]], 1:60-61 menyatakan bahwa [[Antiokhos IV Epiphanes|Raja Antiokhos IV Epiphanes]] dari [[Suriah]], kekuatan yang menduduki [[Yudea]] pada 170 SM, melarang khitan dengan [[hukuman mati]].<ref>[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/1_Maccabees 1 Maccabees], 1:60–61</ref> Hukum tersebut merupakan salah satu penyebab yang mengarah pada terjadinya [[pemberontakan Makabe]].<ref name="Miller">{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Geoffrey P.|date=Spring 2002|title=Circumcision: Cultural-Legal Analysis|format=PDF (free download)|journal=Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law|volume=9|pages=497–585|doi=10.2139/ssrn.201057|ssrn=201057|quote=Ritual circumcision of boys is a durable tradition. Jews of ancient times refused to abandon the practice despite enormous pressure to do so. In 167 BCE the Seleucid emperor Antiochus IV, as part of a campaign to Hellenise the Jews, condemned to death every Hebrew who allowed a son to be circumcised. The Jews responded with the Maccabean revolt, a campaign of guerrilla warfare that resulted in major victories for the rebels and, eventually, a peace treaty that restored Jewish ritual prerogatives.}}
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Berdasarkan ''[[Historia Augusta]]'', [[Kekaisaran Romawi|Kaisar Romawi]] [[Hadrianus]] mengeluarkan dekrit yang melarang khitan di dalam kekaisaran,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/|title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome}}</ref> dan beberapa peneliti berpendapat bahwa hal ini adalah penyebab utama dari pemberontakan [[Perang Bar Kokhba|Bar Kokhba]] oleh Yahudi pada 132 CE.<ref>See, e.g., Alfredo M. Rabello, The Ban on Circumcision as a Cause of Bar Kokhba's Rebellion, 29 ISRAEL L. REV. 176 (1995) (Arguing that the Bar Kokhba rebellion against Roman rule was primarily motivated by the superimposition of foreign religious standards, rather than by some important notion of independence or sovereignty).</ref> Sejarawan Romawi [[Cassius Dio]], tetapi demikian, tidak menyebutkan hukum seperti itu, dan justru menyalahkan pemberontakan Yahudi, bukan pada keputusan Hadrian untuk membangun kembali [[Yerusalem]] sebagai [[Aelia Capitolina]], sebuah kota yang didedikasikan untuk [[Yupiter (mitologi)|Jupiter]].
[[Antoninus Pius]] mengizinkan orang Yahudi untuk mengkhitan anak-anak mereka sendiri. Namun, ia melarang khitan orang yang bukan Yahudi, baik budak yang merupakan orang asing atau anggota rumah tangga lain yang bukan Yahudi, bertentangan dengan {{Ayat Alkitab|2=Genesis|3=17:12|4=HE}}. Ia juga membuat ilegal bagi seorang pria untuk berpindah ke [[agama Yahudi]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kraus|first=Matthew|date=29 March 2004|title=Review of: Jews and Gentiles in the Holy Land in the Days of the Second Temple, the Mishna and the Talmud|url=http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2004/2004-03-29.html}}</ref> Namun demikian, Antoninus Pius mengecualikan imamat Mesir dari larangan universal khitan tersebut.
== Lihat juga ==
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== Pranala luar ==
* William E. Brigman. [http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/brigman/ Circumcision as Child Abuse: The Legal and Constitutional Issues]. 23 J Fam Law 337 (1985).
* Rich Winkel. [http://www.math.missouri.edu/~rich/MGM/primer.html Male Circumcision in the USA: A Human Rights Primer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207082147/http://www.math.missouri.edu/~rich/MGM/primer.html |date=2009-02-07 }}
* Ross Povenmire. [http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/povenmire/ A Do Parents Have the Legal Authority to Consent to the Surgical Amputation of Normal, Healthy Tissue From Their Infant Children?: The Practice of Circumcision in the United States.] 7 Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law 87 (1998–1999).
* Gregory J Boyle, J. Steven Svoboda, Christopher P Price, J Neville Turner. [http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/boyle1/ Circumcision of Healthy Boys: Criminal Assault?] 7 Journal of Law and Medicine 301 (2000). The authors are leading anti-circumcision campaigners.
* Peter W. Adler. Is Circumcision Legal? 16(3) Richmond J. L. & Pub. Int. 439 (2013).
* AAmicus curiae briefs filed in [[Oregon]] circumcision case:
** [http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/pdf/2007-04BoldtReview.pdf Amicus Brief without attachments (Doctors Opposing Circumcision)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227114043/http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/pdf/2007-04BoldtReview.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }}
** [http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/pdf/2007-07BoldtMerits.pdf Amicus Brief on the Merits (Doctors Opposing Circumcision)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227114042/http://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/pdf/2007-07BoldtMerits.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }}
** [http://www.ouradio.org/images/uploads/Oregon_Circumcision.pdf Amicus Brief on the Merits (American Jewish Congress, American Jewish Committee, Anti-Defamation League, and Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227114042/http://www.ouradio.org/images/uploads/Oregon_Circumcision.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }}
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