Keanekaragaman hayati: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|jmpl|[[Hutan hujan]] memiliki keanekaragaman hayati yang tinggi. Ini adalah [[Sungai Gambia]] di [[Taman Nasional Niokolo-Koba]], [[Senegal]].]]
'''Keanekaragaman hayati''' atau '''biodiversitas''' adalah variasi dan [[Variabilitas genetik|variabilitas]] [[Kehidupan|kehidupan di Bumi]]. Keanekaragaman hayati biasanya merupakan ukuran variasi pada tingkat [[Genetika|genetik]], [[spesies]], dan [[ekosistem]].<ref name="UN">{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.pl/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/BIODIVERSITY_FACTSHEET.pdf |title=What is biodiversity? |publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]], World Conservation Monitoring Centre |access-date=2020-05-23 |archive-date=2021-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829162131/https://www.unesco.pl/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/BIODIVERSITY_FACTSHEET.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> Biodiversitas daratan (terestrial) biasanya lebih besar di sekitar khatulistiwa,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gaston |first=Kevin J. |title=Global patterns in biodiversity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2000-05-11_405_6783/page/220 |journal=Nature|date=11 May 2000 |volume=405 |issue=6783 |pages=220–227 |doi=10.1038/35012228 |pmid=10821282}}</ref> akibat [[iklim]] yang hangat dan [[Produksi primer|produktivitas primer]] ([[aliran energi]]) yang tinggi.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Field | first=Richard | author2=Hawkins, Bradford A. |author3=Cornell, Howard V. |author4=Currie, David J. |author5=Diniz-Filho, J. |others=Alexandre F.; Guégan, Jean-François; Kaufman, Dawn M.; Kerr, Jeremy T.; Mittelbach, Gary G.; Oberdorff, Thierry; O’Brien, Eileen M.; Turner, John R. G.|title=Spatial species-richness gradients across scales: a meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Biogeography|date=1 January 2009|volume=36|issue=1|pages=132–147|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01963.x| url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fc7ef261a9e652f23b9638f14cc1ecbcb8cba086 }}</ref> Keanekaragaman hayati tidak terdistribusi secara merata di Bumi, dan paling bervariasi di daerah [[Tropika|tropis]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gaston|first=Kevin J.|url=https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0Bjp2o5CVnQC&oi=fnd&pg=PT6&dq=biodiversity&ots=Y02cZSibGx&sig=05jb5PGTllW1YN721tNuh9lYuN4#v=onepage&q=biodiversity&f=false|title=Biodiversity: An Introduction|last2=Spicer|first2=John I.|date=2013-04-22|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-68491-7|language=en}}</ref> Meskipun ekosistem [[hutan tropis]] hanya mencakup 10 persen dari permukaan Bumi,
Perubahan lingkungan yang cepat biasanya menyebabkan [[kepunahan massal]].<ref name="CockellKoeberl2006">{{cite book |title=Biological Processes Associated with Impact Events |author1=Charles Cockell |author2=Christian Koeberl |author3=Iain Gilmour |last-author-amp=yes |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=lWUPfhXPm4MC}} |date=18 May 2006 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-25736-3|pages=197–219|edition=1|bibcode=2006bpai.book.....C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Algeo|first=T. J.|author2=Scheckler, S. E.|title=Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=29 January 1998|volume=353|issue=1365|pages=113–130|doi=10.1098/rstb.1998.0195|pmc=1692181}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bond|first=David P.G.|author2=Wignall, Paul B.|title=The role of sea-level change and marine anoxia in the Frasnian–Famennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|date=1 June 2008|volume=263|issue=3–4|pages=107–118|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.02.015|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/3460/1/bondb2.pdf|access-date=2020-05-23|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829162111/https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/3460/1/bondb2.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> Lebih dari 99,9 persen dari semua spesies yang pernah hidup di Bumi, yang berjumlah lebih dari lima miliar spesies,<ref name="Book-Biology">{{cite book |editor1=Kunin, W.E. |editor2=Gaston, Kevin |title=The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |date=31 December 1996 |isbn=978-0-412-63380-5 |accessdate=26 May 2015 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203051637/https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |dead-url=no }}</ref> diperkirakan telah [[Kepunahan|punah]].<ref name="StearnsStearns2000">{{cite book |last=Stearns |first=Beverly Peterson |last2=Stearns |first2=S. C. |last3=Stearns |first3=Stephen C. |title=Watching, from the Edge of Extinction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&q=99%20percent#v=onepage&q=99%20percent&f=false |year=2000 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-08469-6 |page=preface x |accessdate=30 May 2017 |archive-date=2021-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118225151/https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&q=99#v=onepage&q=99%20percent&f=false |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141108-MJN">{{cite news |last=Novacek |first=Michael J. |title=Prehistory's Brilliant Future |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html |date=8 November 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=25 December 2014 |archive-date=2014-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229225657/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Perkiraan jumlah spesies Bumi saat ini berkisar antara 10 juta hingga 14 juta;<ref name="MillerSpoolman2012">{{cite book |author1=G. Miller |author2=Scott Spoolman |title=Environmental Science – Biodiversity Is a Crucial Part of the Earth's Natural Capital |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYEJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 |date=2012 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |isbn=978-1-133-70787-5 |page=62 |accessdate=27 December 2014 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413194802/https://books.google.com/books?id=NYEJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 |dead-url=no }}</ref> sekitar 1,2 juta spesies telah dicatat, tetapi lebih dari 86 persen di antaranya belum dideskripsikan.<ref name="PLoS-20110823">{{cite journal |last1=Mora |first1=C. |last2=Tittensor |first2=D.P. |last3=Adl |first3=S. |last4=Simpson |first4=A.G. |last5=Worm |first5=B. |title=How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean? |date=23 August 2011 |journal=[[PLOS Biology]] |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 |pmid=21886479 |pmc=3160336 |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=e1001127}}</ref> Pada Mei 2016, para ilmuwan melaporkan bahwa diperkirakan ada 1 triliun spesies yang berada di Bumi saat ini, dan hanya seperseribu dari satu persen yang telah dideskripsikan.<ref name="NSF-2016002">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species |url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446 |date=2 May 2016 |work=[[National Science Foundation]] |accessdate=6 May 2016 |archive-date=2016-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504111108/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Jumlah total [[pasangan basa]] [[Asam deoksiribonukleat|DNA]] di Bumi diperkirakan 5,0 x 10<sup>37</sup> dengan berat 50 miliar ton.<ref name="NYT-20150718-rn">{{cite news |last=Nuwer |first=Rachel |date=18 July 2015 |title=Counting All the DNA on Earth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/21/science/counting-all-the-dna-on-earth.html |work=The New York Times |location=New York |publisher=The New York Times Company |issn=0362-4331 |accessdate=18 July 2015 |archive-date=2015-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718153742/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/21/science/counting-all-the-dna-on-earth.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Sebagai perbandingan, total [[Biomassa (ekologi)|massa]] [[biosfer]] diperkirakan sebanyak 4 TtC (triliun ton [[karbon]]).<ref name="AGCI-2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.agci.org/classroom/biosphere/index.php |title=The Biosphere: Diversity of Life |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=Aspen Global Change Institute |location=Basalt, CO |accessdate=19 July 2015 |archive-date=2010-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902111048/http://www.agci.org/classroom/biosphere/index.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pada Juli 2016, para ilmuwan mengidentifikasi satu set yang terdiri atas 355 [[gen]] dari [[leluhur universal terakhir]] (LUCA) dari semua [[Makhluk hidup|organisme]] yang hidup di Bumi.<ref name="NYT-20160725">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |authorlink=Nicholas Wade |title=Meet Luca, the Ancestor of All Living Things |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/science/last-universal-ancestor.html |date=25 July 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=25 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728053822/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/science/last-universal-ancestor.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
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* 1,5–3 juta [[fungi]], perkiraan berdasarkan data dari daerah tropis, situs nontropis jangka panjang dan studi molekuler mengungkapkan spesiasi samar.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hawksworth|first=D. L.|title=Global species numbers of fungi: are tropical studies and molecular approaches contributing to a more robust estimate?|journal=Biodiversity and Conservation|date=24 July 2012|volume=21|issue=9|pages=2425–2433|doi=10.1007/s10531-012-0335-x}}</ref> Sekitar 0,075 juta spesies fungi didokumentasikan pada tahun 2001.<ref name="Hawksworth">{{cite journal | doi =10.1017/S0953756201004725 | title =The magnitude of fungal diversity: The 1.5 million species estimate revisited | year =2001 | last1 =Hawksworth | first1 =D | journal =[[Mycological Research]] | volume =105 | issue =12 | pages =1422–1432 | url =https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6d66eb6e28282263804e18e58a07ad1fae90bafd }}</ref>
* 1 juta [[tungau]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/ACARI/index.html |title=Acari at University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Web Page |publisher=Insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu |date=10 November 2003 |accessdate=21 June 2009 |archive-date=2009-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917082825/http://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/ACARI/index.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
* Jumlah spesies mikroorganisme tidak diketahui secara pasti, tetapi [[Ekspedisi Pengambilan Sampel Lautan Global]] secara dramatis meningkatkan perkiraan keanekaragaman genetik dengan mengidentifikasi sejumlah besar gen baru dari sampel plankton yang hidup di dekat permukaan di berbagai lokasi laut, yang diawali pada periode 2004–2006..<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jcvi.org/cms/fileadmin/site/research/projects/gos/Expedition_Overview.pdf |publisher=[[J. Craig Venter Institute]] |title=Fact Sheet – Expedition Overview |accessdate=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629133109/http://www.jcvi.org/cms/fileadmin/site/research/projects/gos/Expedition_Overview.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Temuan ini pada akhirnya dapat menyebabkan perubahan signifikan dalam cara sains mendefinisikan spesies dan kategori taksonomi lainnya.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mirsky |first=Steve |work=Scientific American |title=Naturally Speaking: Finding Nature's Treasure Trove with the Global Ocean Sampling Expedition |date=21 March 2007 |accessdate=4 May 2011 |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=74F46951-E7F2-99DF-37873C5B678DC19D |archive-date=2013-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231063947/http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=74F46951-E7F2-99DF-37873C5B678DC19D |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ploscollections.org/article/browseIssue.action?issue=info:doi/10.1371/issue.pcol.v06.i02 |title=Article collections published by the Public Library of Science |publisher=PLoS Collections |accessdate=24 September 2011 |doi=10.1371/issue.pcol.v06.i02 |doi-broken-date=2020-05-25 |archive-date=2012-09-12 |archive-url=https://archive.
Karena tingkat kepunahan meningkat, banyak spesies yang masih ada dapat punah sebelum dideskripsikan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/sep/25/taxonomy.conservationandendangeredspecies |title=Discovery of new species and extermination at high rate |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |first=Robin |last=McKie |date=25 September 2005 |access-date=2020-05-31 |archive-date=2022-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020122115/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/sep/25/taxonomy.conservationandendangeredspecies |dead-url=no }}</ref> Tidak mengherankan, pada filum hewan, kelompok yang paling banyak dipelajari adalah burung dan mamalia, sedangkan ikan dan artropoda adalah kelompok hewan yang paling sedikit dipelajari.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bautista |first1=L.M. |last2=Pantoja |first2=J.C. |title=What species should we study next? |journal=Bull. Br. Ecol. Soc. |date=2005 |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=27–28 |url=http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/43928/1/Bautista%20BullBES36%20p27%202005.pdf |access-date=2020-05-31 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220085351/http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/43928/1/Bautista%20BullBES36%20p27%202005.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
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