Hama: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Hama''' adalah [[organisme]] yang dianggap merugikan dan tak diinginkan dalam kegiatan sehari-hari manusia. Walaupun istilah "hama" dapat digunakan untuk semua organisme, dalam praktiktetapi istilah ini paling sering dipakai hanya kepada [[hewan]]. Organisme yang bersifat [[Spesies invasif|invasif]] juga merupakan hama.

Dalam [[pertanian]], hama adalah organisme pengganggu tanaman yang menimbulkan kerusakan secara fisik, dan ke dalamnya praktis adalah semua hewan yang menyebabkan kerugian dalam pertanian.

Istilah "suci hama" juga digunakan sebagai padanan kata "steril" dalam pengertian bebas dari penyebab [[kontaminasi]].

== Hama invertebrata ==

[[FileBerkas:Helicoverpa armigera larva.jpg|thumbjmpl|Ulat yang merupakan larva serangga, mampu menyebabkan kerusakan pada tanaman pertanian]]

[[FileBerkas:Workertermite1.jpg|thumbjmpl|Rayap penyebab kerusakan struktural pada [[kayu]]]]

* [[Semut]], [[kecoa]], [[diptera|lalat]], dan [[tawon]] adalah hama dalam kehidupan rumah tangga

* [[Kutu daun|Aphids]], [[belalang]], [[jangkrik]], dan berbagai [[larva]] serangga menyebabkan kerusakan pada tanaman pertanian

* [[Nyamuk]], [[lalat]] dan [[Triatominae]] dapat menjadi vektor penyakit

* [[Rayap]], ''[[Lepisma saccharina]]'', [[cacing kayu]] dan [[semut kayu]] penyebab kerusakan struktural

* [[Kutu buku]], ''[[Attagenus]]'', ''[[Anthrenus]]'', and [[Tineidae]] penyebab kerusakan non-struktural

* ''[[Lymantria dispar]]'' menyerang kayu pada usaha [[kehutanan]]

* ''[[Meloidogyne]]'' menyerang akar berbagai tanaman pertanian

* ''[[Heterodera glycines]]'' menyerang tanaman [[kedelai]]

* ''[[Globodera]]'' menyerang tanaman [[kentang]]

Beberapa [[slugsiput]] merupakan hama bagi usaha pertanian dan [[pekarangan]].<ref name="Speiser 2002">Speiser B. (2002). ''Chapter 219. Molluscicides''. 506-508. {{doi|10.1201/NOE0824706326.ch219}} [http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/pdf/10.1201/NOE0824706326.ch219 PDF]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} In: Pimentel D. (ed.) (2002). ''Encyclopedia of Pest Management''. ISBN 978-0-8247-0632-6.</ref> ''[[Deroceras reticulatum]]'' merupakan [[slugsiput]] yang tersebar di seluruh dunia dan berperan sebagai hama.<ref name="Speiser 2002"/> Selain itu, ''[[Milax]] ''spp.,<ref name="Speiser 2002"/> ''[[Tandonia]]'' sp.,<ref name="Speiser 2002"/> ''[[Limax]]'' spp.,<ref name="Speiser 2002"/> ''[[Arion (gastropod)|Arion]]'' spp.<ref name="Speiser 2002"/> dan beberapa spesies dari [[Veronicellidae]]:<ref name="Speiser 2002"/> ''[[Veronicella sloanei]]''<ref name="Stange">[[FileBerkas:PD-icon.svg|15px15x15px]] Stange L. A. (created September 2004, updated March 2006). [http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/snail_slugs-pa.html "Snails and Slugs of Regulatory Significance to Florida"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202071218/http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/snail_slugs-pa.html|date=2010-12-02}}. Division of Plant Industry, [[Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services]]. accessed 27 August 2010.</ref> juga merupakan hama.

* ''[[Succinea costaricana]]'' merusak tanaman hias di Costa Rica.<ref name="Villalobos 1995">Villalobos M. C., Monge-Nájera J., Barrientos Z. & Franco J. (1995). "Life cycle and field abundance of the snail ''Succinea costaricana'' (Stylommatophora: Succineidae), a tropical pest". ''[[Revista de Biología Tropical]]'' '''43''': 181-188. [http://www.tropinature.com/molluscs/PDFs/life_succinea.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717104522/http://www.tropinature.com/molluscs/PDFs/life_succinea.pdf|date=2011-07-17}}.</ref>

* ''[[Ovachlamys fulgens]]'' merusak tanaman hias dan anggrek di Costa Rica.<ref name="Barrientos 1998">Barrientos Z. (1998). "Life history of the terrestrial snail ''Ovachlamys fulgens'' (Stylommatophora: Helicarionidae) under laboratory conditions". ''[[Revista de Biología Tropical]]'' '''46'''(2): 369-384. [http://orton.catie.ac.cr/repdoc/AGUACATE/A0061S/A0061S.PDF PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202212813/http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77441998000200020|date=2017-12-02}}. [httphttps://archive.istoday/20121121054845/www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?pid=S0034-77441998000200020&script=sci_arttext HTM in the Google chache].</ref>

[[FileBerkas:Birdsniper.jpg|thumbjmpl|Burung camar mencuri makanan manusia]]

* [[Tikus]], [[tikus tanah]], dan [[rodentia]] lainnya menyerang tanaman pertanian dan hasil pertanian yang disimpan di lumbung.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Leirs H |title=The Year of the Rat ends: time to fight hunger! |journal=Pest Manag Sci |volume=65 |issue=4 |year=2009 |doi=10.1002/ps.1718 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121686000/abstract |pmid=19206089 |pages=351–2 |access-date=2013-12-08 |archive-date=2012-12-17 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121217192631/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121686000/abstract |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Beberapa jenis tikus juga menjadi hama di perkotaan dan rumah tangga.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Kijlstra A|title=Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health|journal=Crit Rev Microbiol|volume=35 |issue=3|year=2009|doi=10.1080/10408410902989837|url=http://www.informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10408410902989837 |pmid=19548807 |pages=221–70|access-date=2013-12-08|archive-date=2023-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529212920/https://www.informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10408410902989837|dead-url=no}}</ref>

* [[Rubah]], [[opossum]], [[rakun]], dan [[beruang]] dapat mencuri hasil buruan manusia.

* [[Kucing]]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Talan DA, Citron DM, Abrahamian FM, Moran GJ, Goldstein EJ |title=Bacteriologic analysis of infected dog and cat bites. Emergency Medicine Animal Bite Infection Study Group |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=340 |issue=2 |pages=85–92 |year=1999 |pmid=9887159 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199901143400202}}</ref><ref name=Kravetz>{{Cite journal|author=Kravetz JD, Federman DG |title=Cat-associated zoonoses |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=162 |issue=17 |pages=1945–52 |year=2002 |pmid=12230416 |doi=10.1001/archinte.162.17.1945}}</ref><ref name=Torda>{{Cite journal|author=Torda A |title=Toxoplasmosis. Are cats really the source? |journal=Aust Fam Physician |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=743–7 |year=2001 |pmid=11681144}}</ref> dan [[anjing]]<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.hsus.org/pets/pet_care/dog_care/stay_dog_bite_free/questions_and_answers_about_dog_bites/ |title=Questions and Answers about Dog Bites]{{dead link|access-date=December2013-12-08 |archive-date=2009-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304025320/http://www.hsus.org/pets/pet_care/dog_care/stay_dog_bite_free/questions_and_answers_about_dog_bites/ |dead-url=yes 2012}}</ref><ref name= autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.dogbitelaw.com/PAGES/statistics.html |title=Statistics about dog bites in the USA and elsewhere |publisher=Dogbitelaw.com |date= |accessdate=2012-12-18 |archive-date=2012-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006141603/http://www.dogbitelaw.com/dog-bite-statistics/dog-bite-statistics.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1= Tierney |first1= DM |last2= Strauss |first2= LP |last3= Sanchez |first3= JL |title=Capnocytophaga canimorsus Mycotic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Why the Mailman Is Afraid of Dogs |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=649–51 |year=2006 |pmid=16455937 |pmc=1392675 |doi=10.1128/JCM.44.2.649-651.2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/4142200.stm |title= Mail campaign over dog attacks |date= 11 August 2005 | publisher= BBC News|access-date= 2013-12-08|archive-date= 2009-04-02|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090402033243/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/4142200.stm|dead-url= no}}</ref> yang berkeliaran di kawasan perkotaan maupun yang dipelihara oleh manusia, dapat menyebabkan luka dan menjadi vektor penyakit.

* [[Coyote]]<ref>{{Cite journal| publication-date =May 6, 2005|title =Sheep and Goats Death Loss|publisher=[[National Agricultural Statistics Service]]|url =http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1628|accessdate =December 27, 2007}}</ref> memangsa [[hewan ternak]]

* [[Kelelawar vampir]] seringkalisering kali menghisap darah hewan ternak di malam hari.<ref>Greenhall, Arthur M. 1961. Bats in Agriculture. A Ministry of Agriculture Publication. Trinidad and Tobago</ref>

* [[Babi hutan]] menyerang kawasan perkebunan [[kelapa sawit]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://ditjenbun.deptan.go.id/perlindungan/berita-192-kendalikan-babi-hutan.html |title = Kendalikan Babi Hutan |accessdate = 9 Desember 2013 |website = Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia |archive-date = 2013-12-12 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212020504/http://ditjenbun.deptan.go.id/perlindungan/berita-192-kendalikan-babi-hutan.html |dead-url = yes }}</ref>

* [[Merpati]] dan [[camar]]

* Burung [[gagak]] dan burung lainnya memakan hasil pertanian

* [[Burung pelatuk]] mampu melubangi struktur bangunan yang terbuat dari kayu

== Bahan bacaan terkait ==

== Pranala luar ==

* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/pestalert/ UF/IFAS Pest Alert Web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428070732/http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/pestalert/ |date=2011-04-28 }} - [[arthropod]]s, [[nematode]]s and [[Plant pathology|plant diseases]] affecting humans, livestock/pets, agricultural and ornamental plants.