Krisis Timor Timur 1999: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox military conflict
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* Kekalahan milisi pro-Indonesia
* Stabilisasi Timor Timur
Baris 20:
Kemenangan strategis milisi pro-Indonesia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/timor-leste-dancing-to-indonesias-tune-despite-20-years-of-independence/86000|title=Timor-Leste dancing to Indonesia's tune despite 20 years of independence - UCA News|website=ucanews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-ir.info/2012/04/06/failed-humanitarian-intervention-in-east-timor/|title=Failed Humanitarian Intervention in East Timor|date=6 April 2012}}</ref>
* 80% infrastruktur Timor Timur hancur akibat [[Operasi Bumi Hangus Timor Timur|Operasi Bumi Hangus]]
| combatant1
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{{Collapsible list
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| {{flagcountry|Gambia}}
| {{flagcountry|Ghana}}
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| {{flagcountry|Irlandia}}
| {{flagcountry|Israel}}
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| {{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}}
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| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Milisi pro-Indonesia di Timor Leste|Milisi pro-Indonesia]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robinson|first=Geoffrey|title=People's war: militias in East Timor and Indonesia|url=https://history.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/u184/robinson/gr_-_peoples_war_.pdf|journal=South East Asia Research|year=2001|volume=9|issue=3|pages=271–318|doi=10.5367/000000001101297414|s2cid=29365341}}</ref>▼
* {{flagicon image|Flag of
* {{flagicon image|Flag of
▲{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Milisi pro-Indonesia di Timor Leste|Milisi pro-Indonesia]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robinson|first=Geoffrey|title=People's war: militias in East Timor and Indonesia|url=https://history.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/u184/robinson/gr_-_peoples_war_.pdf|journal=South East Asia Research|year=2001|volume=9|issue=3|pages=271–318|doi=10.5367/000000001101297414|s2cid=29365341}}</ref>
* [[Garda Muda Penegak Integrasi]]
* [[Laksaur]]
* {{flagicon image|Mahidi Symbol.svg}} [[Mahidi]]
'''Didukung oleh:'''
*[[File:Lambang Kopassus.svg|25px]] [[Komando Pasukan Khusus|Kopassus]] (dugaan)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Indonesian State Intelligence Agency.png}} [[Badan Intelijen Negara Republik Indonesia|BIN]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/indonesia-bugged-australia-20041115-gdyzv0.html|title=Indonesia 'bugged' Australia|date=15 November 2004|website=The Age}}</ref>
*Lobi Jakarta<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/security-general/the-collins-allegations/|title=The Collins allegations | Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability|date=19 Desember 2011|website=nautilus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2004/s1088231.htm|title=PM - A look behind the 'Jakarta Lobby'|website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2004/s1086652.htm|title=PM - Intelligence analyst blasts the DIO|website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref>
| commander1
*{{flagicon|Australia}} [[John Howard]]
*{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Peter Cosgrove]]
Baris 110 ⟶ 106:
*{{flagicon|Portugal}} Brigjen. Paulo Pereira Guerreiro {{KIA}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2002/09/44572-east-timor-mourns-death-un-peacekeeping-forces-top-military-observer|title=East Timor mourns death of UN peacekeeping force's top military observer|date=9 September 2002|website=UN News}}</ref>
}}
| commander2
| casualties1 = {{Collapsible list
| casualties1 = *{{flagicon|Timor Leste}} [[Timor Leste]] – 16 tewas (staf PBB lokal)<ref>https://data.humdata.org/dataset/4ce16b45-5526-471d-8918-2ed76082f1c8/resource/4cfc43b6-cc9c-403b-966f-fc37b8dd7d4b/download/odp_noticas.csv</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/stats_by_nationality_mission_2_61_mar2021.pdf|title=United Nations peacekeeping|at=Fatalities by Nationality and Mission up to 3/31/2021 11:59:59 pm|website=peacekeeping.un.org|accessdate=26 Mei 2022}}</ref>▼
|title=Daftar lengkap:
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*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]] – 2 tewas secara tidak sengaja<ref>{{cite book|last=Londey|first=Peter|year=2004|title=Other People's Wars: A History of Australian Peacekeeping|location=Crows Nest, New South Wales| publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=1-86508-651-7|pages=256, 259}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Selandia Baru}} [[Selandia Baru]] – 5 tewas (4 karena kecelakaan)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/indonesia-and-east-timor/news/article.cfm%3Fc_id%3D589%26objectid%3D2197691 |author=Aronson, Cathy |title=Fifth NZ soldier dies in East Timor |date=28 Juli 2002 |work=NZ Herald |access-date=26 Mei 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=Mei 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Baris 132 ⟶ 131:
*{{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Tajikistan]] – 1 tewas<ref name="auto"/>
*Total: 64 tewas
*49 staf PBB dan LSM yang ditangkap kemudian dibebaskan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/122568724/the-untold-story-of-the-daring-nz-sas-mission-to-rescue-un-personnel-in-west-timor|title=The untold story of the daring NZ SAS mission to rescue UN personnel in West Timor|date=5 September 2020|website=Stuff}}</ref>}}
| casualties2 = {{Collapsible list
| casualties2 = 15–19 tewas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/currents/d00275/|title=Japan Self-Defense Forces Participation in UN Peacekeeping: An Idea Whose Time is Past|date=5 Desember 2016|website=nippon.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.etan.org/et2005/november/07/10files.htm|title=Files reveal East Timor clashes|website=www.etan.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/documents-link-nz-forces-with-aussie-torture-probe/6SBFIMWEXPO4MR2J3HNU3OUV7I/|title=Documents link NZ forces with Aussie torture probe|website=NZ Herald}}</ref>▼
|title=Daftar lengkap:
301+ ditangkap<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5n-fTmJTBIC&q=portuguese+soldier+operation+cobra&pg=PA70|title = Peacekeeping in East Timor: The Path to Independence|isbn = 9781588261427|last1 = Alcott|first1 = Louisa May|last2 = Smith|first2 = Michael Geoffrey|last3 = Dee|first3 = Moreen|year = 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/ASIANOW/southeast/9909/28/e.timor.02/|title=ASIANOW - Peacekeepers capture suspected elite forces in East Timor - September 28, 1999|website=www.cnn.com}}</ref>▼
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| casualties3 = 1.400 warga sipil tewas<br>220.000+ pengungsi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2020/9/5f59f0174/remembering-unhcr-colleagues-killed-in-atambua-west-timor-twenty-years.html |title=Remembering UNHCR colleagues killed in Atambua, West Timor, twenty years on |publisher= UNHCR |date=10 September 2020 |access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref><br>3 staf UNHCR tewas<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2000/9/3ae6b81733/unhcr-confirms-three-staff-killed-west-timor-attack.html |title=UNHCR confirms three staff killed in West Timor attack |date=6 September 2000 |publisher=UNHCR |access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref><br>2 jurnalis tewas<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cpj.org/2000/03/attacks-on-the-press-1999-east-timor-formerly-indo/ |title=Attacks on the Press 1999: East Timor |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |date= 22 Maret 2000|access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref><br>1 tentara Indonesia tewas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/nz-peacekeepers-kill-indonesian-soldier/Z2KOVXHV7QRQJKGOKODFE7W5OI/|title=NZ peacekeepers kill Indonesian soldier|website=NZ Herald}}</ref><br>1 polisi indonesia tewas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/interfet-fires-at-indonesian-police-near-frontier-post-1.237208?mode=amp|title=Interfet fires at Indonesian police near frontier post|website=www.irishtimes.com}}</ref>▼
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| strength1 = 11,000 militer dan polisi<ref>{{cite web | url=https://etan.org/et99c/october/24-31/25unsc.htm | title=UNSC Authorizes UN Troops for East Timor }}</ref>▼
▲301+ ditangkap<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5n-fTmJTBIC&q=portuguese+soldier+operation+cobra&pg=PA70|title = Peacekeeping in East Timor: The Path to Independence|isbn = 9781588261427|last1 = Alcott|first1 = Louisa May|last2 = Smith|first2 = Michael Geoffrey|last3 = Dee|first3 = Moreen|year = 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/ASIANOW/southeast/9909/28/e.timor.02/|title=ASIANOW - Peacekeepers capture suspected elite forces in East Timor - September 28, 1999|website=www.cnn.com}}</ref>}}
| strength2 = 13,000 milisi pro-Indonesia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.tempo.co/read/911810/former-east-timor-pro-integration-militias-demand-compensation |title=Former East Timor Pro-Integration Militias Demand Compensation |date=27 September 2017 |publisher= Tempco.co |access-date=12 November 2020 }}</ref>▼
▲| casualties3
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{{Sejarah Timor Leste}}
'''Krisis Timor Timur 1999''' atau '''Operasi Guntur''' adalah tindakan pembalasan oleh
== Latar belakang ==
Baris 182 ⟶ 184:
[[File:Arriving Dili '99-001.jpg|thumb|left|[[HMAS Jervis Bay (AKR 45)|HMAS Jervis Bay]] di Dili pada Oktober 1999.]]
[[INTERFET|Pasukan Internasional untuk Timor Timur]], atau [[Pasukan Internasional Timor Timur|INTERFET]], di bawah komando Mayjen [[Peter Cosgrove]], memasuki Dili pada tanggal 20 September dan pada tanggal 31 Oktober pasukan Indonesia terakhir telah meninggalkan Timor Timur.<ref name="interfet">Nevins, pp. 108–110.</ref> Kedatangan ribuan tentara internasional di Timor Timur menyebabkan milisi melarikan diri melintasi perbatasan ke Indonesia, dimana serangan lintas batas sporadis oleh milisi terhadap pasukan INTERFET dilakukan
[[UNTAET|Administrasi Sementara PBB di Timor Timur]] ([[Administrasi Sementara PBB di Timor Timur|UNTAET]]) didirikan pada akhir Oktober dan mengatur wilayah itu selama dua tahun. Kontrol negara diserahkan kepada Pemerintah Timor Leste dan kemerdekaan dideklarasikan pada 20 Mei 2002.<ref>[https://www.un.org/apps/news/storyAr.asp?NewsID=3714&Cr=timor&Cr1= "New country, East Timor, is born; UN, which aided transition, vows continued help"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710034213/http://www.un.org/apps/news/storyAr.asp?NewsID=3714&Cr=timor&Cr1= |date=10 Juli 2011 }}. ''UN News Centre''. 19 Mei 2002. Diakses pada 26 Mei 2022.</ref> Pada tanggal 27 September di tahun yang sama, Timor Leste bergabung dengan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa sebagai anggota ke-191.<ref>[https://www.un.org/apps/news/storyAr.asp?NewsID=4863&Cr=Timor&Cr1= "UN General Assembly admits Timor-Leste as 191st member"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218112646/http://www.un.org/apps/news/storyAr.asp?NewsID=4863&Cr=Timor&Cr1= |date=18 Desember 2007 }}. ''UN News Centre''. 27 September 2002. Diakses pada 26 Mei 2022.</ref>
Sebagian besar pasukan militer INTERFET berasal dari Australia—lebih dari 5.500 tentara pada puncaknya, termasuk [[infanteri]] [[brigade]], dengan dukungan lapis baja dan penerbangan—sementara 22 negara lain akhirnya berkontribusi membentuk kekuatan yang pada puncaknya berjumlah lebih dari 11.000 tentara.<ref>Horner 2001, p. 9.</ref> Amerika Serikat memberikan dukungan logistik dan diplomatik yang penting selama krisis, [[kapal penjelajah]] [[USS Mobile Bay|USS ''Mobile Bay'']] beroperasi di laut lepas, sementara kapal Australia, Kanada, dan Inggris memasuki Dili. Sebuah [[batalyon]] infanteri Marinir AS yang terdiri dari 1.000 orang—ditambah baju besi dan artileri organik—juga ditempatkan di lepas pantai di atas [[USS Belleau Wood (LHA-3)|USS ''Belleau Wood'']] untuk menyediakan cadangan strategis jika terjadi oposisi bersenjata yang signifikan.<ref>See Smith 2003, p. 47 and 56 and Martin 2002, p. 113.</ref>
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== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
{{Krisis Timor Leste 1999}}
{{Bencana di Indonesia tahun 1990an}}{{Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie}}
[[Kategori:Konflik dalam tahun 1999]]
[[Kategori:Pendudukan Indonesia di Timor Timur]]
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