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Baris 1: {{Infobox ethnic group \| group = Jerman Amerika~~<br />''Deutschamerikaner''~~ \| native_name = {{Native name\|de\|Deutschamerikaner}} ~~\|image = Americans with German Ancestry by state.svg~~ \| pop = '''44.978.546 (13,6%) murni atau campuran'''<br /> ~~\|caption = Orang Amerika keturunan Jerman menurut survei dari Sensus AS pada 2019~~ '''15.447.670 (4,7%) Jerman murni'''<br />sensus tahun 2020<ref>{{cite web\|url= https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-race-overview.html\|title= Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups\|date= September 21, 2023\|accessdate= October 21, 2023\|archive-date= October 12, 2023\|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231012221711/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-race-overview.html\|url-status= live}}</ref> \|poptime = '''50,764,352'''<ref name="Census 2008 ACS Ancestry estimates">{{Cite web \|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP2&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format= \|title=Census 2009 ACS Ancestry estimates \|access-date=2015-12-31 \|archive-date=2020-02-11 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200211183717/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP2&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format= \|dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.legis.state.pa.us/CFDOCS/Legis/PN/Public/btCheck.cfm?txtType=HTM&sessYr=2009&sessInd=0&billBody=S&billTyp=R&billNbr=0141&pn=1216\|title=Regular Session 2009-2010 Senate Resolution 141 P.N. 1216 \|publisher=\|accessdate=17 March 2015}}</ref> \| popplace = Di seluruh negeri, terutama di [[Midwest]], lebih sedikit di [[New England]], California, New Mexico dan [[Deep South]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web \|url = http://www.businessinsider.com/maps-of-ancestry-groups-in-america-2013-9 \|title = 6 Maps That Show How Ethnic Groups Are Divided Across America \|website = [[Business Insider]] \|date = September 8, 2013 \|access-date = March 10, 2016 \|archive-date = March 11, 2016 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160311070720/http://www.businessinsider.com/maps-of-ancestry-groups-in-america-2013-9 \|url-status = live }}</ref><br /> [[Missouri Rhineland]], Plurality in Pennsylvania,<ref>{{cite web \|url = https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/germchro.html \|title = The Germans in America \|website = [[Library of Congress]] \|date = April 24, 2014 \|access-date = June 12, 2015 \|archive-date = May 28, 2023 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230528125650/https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/germchro.html \|url-status = live }}</ref> [[Upstate New York]],<ref>{{cite web \|url = https://www.turkey-visit.com/new-york-population-ethnicity-map \|title = New York Population Ethnicity Map \|website = [[turkey-visit]] \|date = August 1, 2007 \|access-date = March 20, 2024}}</ref> Colorado dan [[Amerika Serikat Barat Daya\|Southwest]].<ref name="census">{{cite web \|url = https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf \|title = Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3 \|access-date = November 11, 2012 \|archive-date = February 24, 2012 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120224233043/http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf \|url-status = live }}</ref> ~~'''17.1%''' dari populasi AS (2009)~~ \| languages = Inggris, Jerman \|popplace = {{flagicon\|USA}} Di seluruh wilayah Amerika Serikat, kecuali untuk [[New England]]<br />Pluralitas di [[Pennsylvania]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/germchro.html \|title=The Germans in America \|date=2014-04-24 \|accessdate=2015-06-12}}</ref> dan [[Tengah Barat Amerika Serikat\|Negara-negara bagian tengah barat]]<ref name="census">{{cite web\|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf \|title=Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 - Table 3 \|format=PDF \|date= \|accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref> \| religions = {{flatlist\| ~~\|langs = [[Bahasa Inggris\|Inggris]] <small>([[Bahasa Inggris Amerika\|Dialek Inggris Amerika]])</small> dan [[Bahasa Jerman di Amerika Serikat\|Jerman]]~~ * Kristen ~~\|rels = {{flatlist\|~~ ** 51% [[Protestan]], terutama [[Lutheranisme\|Lutheran]], [[Calvinisme\|Reformed]] dan [[Anabaptisme\|Anabaptist]] juga banyak denominasi lain * [[Kekristenan\|Kristen]] ** 5126% [[~~Protestan~~Gereja Katolik\|Katolik Roma]] * <1% Yahudi *** cabang signifikan: [[Lutheran]] * 16% lainnya termasuk [[Ateisme\|ateis]]<ref>''One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society'', p. 120.</ref> * [[Reformed]] * [[Anabaptis]] * others 26% [[Katolik Roma]] * 1% [[Yudaisme\|Yahudi]] (1%) * 16% lain-lain<ref>''One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society'', p. 120.</ref> }} \| image = Americans with German Ancestry by state.svg ~~\|related = {{flatlist\|~~ \| image_caption = Orang Amerika Serikat dengan Garis Keturunan Jerman berdasarkan negara bagian menurut Survei Masyarakat Amerika oleh Biro Sensus AS pada tahun 2020 * [[Bangsa jERMAN]] \| related = {{flatlist\| * [[Alsace\|Alsatia]] * [[Diaspora Jerman\|Jerman]] lainnya * [[Amerika Austria]] * [[~~Amerika~~Austria ~~Swiss~~Amerika]] * [[Belgia Amerika]] * [[Belanda Amerika]] * [[~~Belanda~~Frisia ~~Pennsylvania~~Amerika]] * [[Yahudi Amerika]] * [[Etnis Jerman\|Diaspora Jerman]] * [[~~Jerman~~Liechtenstein ~~Kanada~~Amerika]] * [[Luksemburg Amerika]] ~~}}}}~~ * [[Mennonite#Organization: North America\|Mennonite Amerika]] * [[Hutterite]] * [[Jerman Pennsylvania]] * [[Sorbia Amerika]] * [[Swiss Amerika]] * [[Silesia Texas]] }} }} '''Jerman Amerika''' ({{lang-en\|German American}}; {{lang-de\|link=no\|Deutschamerikaner}}, {{IPA-de\|ˈdɔʏtʃʔameʁɪˌkaːnɐ\|pron}}) adalah [[orang Amerika Serikat]] yang memiliki garis keturunan Jerman secara penuh atau parsial. Hasil sensus tahun 2020 menunjukkan lebih dari 44.978.546 orang Amerika Serikat mengidentifikasi diri sebagai keturunan Jerman murni atau campuran dengan keturunan lainnya. Angka ini mencakup 15.447.670 orang yang teridentifikasi sebagai Jerman murni.<ref>{{cite web\|url= https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-race-overview.html\|title= Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups\|date= September 21, 2023\|accessdate= October 21, 2023\|archive-date= October 12, 2023\|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231012221711/https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-race-overview.html\|url-status= live}}</ref> Kelompok etnis '''Jerman Amerika''' ({{lang-de\|Deutschamerikaner}}) terdiri dari orang-orang yang memiliki darah [[Jerman]] secara menyeluruh atau sebagian. Kelompok etnis tersebut merupakan [[Kelompok etnis di Amerika Serikat\|kelompok etnis terbesar di Amerika Serikat]], yang terdiri dari sekitar 50 juta orang.<ref name="Census 2008 ACS Ancestry estimates"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&pg=PA57&dq=Sharing+the+dream:+white+males+in+multicultural+America++english+ancestry&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America] By Dominic J. Pulera.</ref><ref>Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', ''Demography'', Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', ''Social Science Research'', Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44-6.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82-86.</ref><ref>Mary C. Waters, ''Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.</ref><ref>From [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201:535;ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201PR:535;ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201T:535;ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201TPR:535&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=true&-charIterations=047&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-format=&-_lang=en Census Bureau, "S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States" 2006-2008 data] {{Webarchive\|url=https://archive.today/20200213091254/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201:535;ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201PR:535;ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201T:535;ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201TPR:535&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=true&-charIterations=047&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-format=&-_lang=en \|date=2020-02-13 }}</ref> Kelompok tersebut terdiri dari sekitar {{frac\|1\|3}} dari [[diaspora]] Jerman di dunia.<ref>[http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504094914/http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html \|date=2009-05-04 }}. 156 is the estimate which counts all people claiming ethnic German ancestry in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina, and elsewhere.</ref><ref>"Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia" by Jeffrey Cole (2011), page 171.</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://histclo.com/country/ger/reg/pop/gr-pop.html \|title=Report on German population \|publisher=Histclo.com \|date=4 February 2010 \|accessdate=2013-01-07}}</ref> Menurut Academy for Cultural Diplomacy pada tahun 2012, "Jerman-Amerika merupakan kelompok keturunan terbesar di Amerika Serikat yang dilaporkan setiap individu, meliputi kira-kira 49 juta jiwa dan mencakup sekitar 17% dari total populasi Amerika Serikat"<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Famous German-Americans \|url=https://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?en_tar_famous-german-americans \|access-date=2023-04-21 \|website=www.culturaldiplomacy.org \|language=en \|archive-date=May 12, 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512182713/https://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?en_tar_famous-german-americans \|url-status=live }}</ref> Ini menunjukkan kenaikan dibanding tahun 2010 di mana terdapat 45,7 juta orang Jerman Amerika di Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Thomas \|first=G. Scott \|date=July 30, 2012 \|title=German-Americans are nation's dominant ethnic group \|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/on-numbers/scott-thomas/2012/07/german-americans-are-nations-dominant.html \|access-date=2023-04-21 \|website=[[The Business Journals]] \|archive-date=July 16, 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716031542/https://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/on-numbers/scott-thomas/2012/07/german-americans-are-nations-dominant.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> Jerman Amerika meliputi sekitar satu pertiga dari total populasi [[keturunan Jerman]] di seluruh dunia.<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html \|title = Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background \|publisher = The Federal Ministry of the Interior of the Federal Republic of Germany \|date = 2006 \|url-status = dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504094914/http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html \|archive-date = May 4, 2009 \|postscript = : 156 is the estimate which counts all people claiming ethnic German ancestry in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina, and elsewhere. }}</ref><ref>"Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia" by Jeffrey Cole (2011), page 171.</ref> Tidak ada negara-negara Jerman yang memiliki koloni Amerika. Pada 1670an, kelompok-kelompok imigran Jerman signifikan pertama datang ke [[kolonisasi Britania di Amerika\|koloni-koloni Britania]], utamanya bermukim di [[New York]] dan [[Pennsylvania]]. [[Imigrasi ke Amerika Serikat\|Imigrasi]] berlanjut dalam jumlah yang sangat besar pada abad ke-19, dengan delapan juga orang datang dari Jepang. Pada pertengahan abad kesembilan belas (antara 1820 sampai 1870) lebih dari tujuh setengah juta imigran datang ke Amerika Serikat — lebih dari dua kali lipatnya populasi di negara asalnya. Pada 2010, populasi mereka bertumbuh menjadi 49.8 juta warga negara, menandakan penambahan 6 juta orang sejak 2000. Kelompok imigran Jerman signifikan yang pertama tiba di [[Amerika Britania Raya\|koloni-koloni Britania Raya]] pada tahun 1670-an, dan mereka terutama bermukim di negara bagian [[Provinsi Pennsylvania\|Pennsylvania]], [[Provinsi New York\|New York]], dan [[Koloni Virginia\|Virginia]]. Jerman Amerika mendirikan [[taman kanak-kanak]] pertama di Amerika Serikat,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=1676&search_term=schurz\|title=404 Error: File Not Found\|publisher=\|accessdate=17 Maret 2015\|archive-date=2011-06-11\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611083242/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=1676&search_term=schurz\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> memperkenalkan tradisi [[pohon Natal]],<ref>{{Citation \|title=The History of Christmas \|work=Gareth Marples \|url=http://www.thehistoryof.net/the-history-of-christmas.html \|accessdate=2 Desember 2006 \|archive-date=2006-06-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628034631/http://www.thehistoryof.net/the-history-of-christmas.html \|dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1996/12.12/ProfessorBrough.html\|title=Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England\|author=Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs\|publisher=\|accessdate=17 Maret 2015\|archive-date=1999-08-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990823204728/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1996/12.12/ProfessorBrough.html\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan mempelopori makanan-makanan Amerika populer seperti [[hot dog]] dan [[hamburger]].<ref>Lihat [http://www.homeofthehamburger.org/history.html catatan surat kabar] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805083255/http://www.homeofthehamburger.org/history.html \|date=2009-08-05 }}</ref> Perusahaan Mississippi Prancis kemudian memindahkan ribuan orang Jerman dari Eropa ke wilayah yang dulu bernama [[German Coast, Orleans Territory]] di Louisiana saat ini dari tahun 1718 hingga 1750.<ref>{{Cite book \|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aTP8fxliBI4C&q=%22mississippi+company%22+%22john+law%22+ships+prostitutes&pg=PA11 \|title = Cat Island: The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island \|isbn = 9780786485789 \|last1 = Cuevas \|first1 = John \|date = January 10, 2014 \|access-date = June 25, 2021 \|archive-date = November 30, 2023 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231130224721/https://books.google.com/books?id=aTP8fxliBI4C&q=%22mississippi+company%22+%22john+law%22+ships+prostitutes&pg=PA11#v=snippet&q=%22mississippi%20company%22%20%22john%20law%22%20ships%20prostitutes&f=false \|url-status = live }}</ref> [[Imigrasi ke Amerika Serikat]] meningkat tajam pada abad ke-19. ~~== Referensi ==~~ ~~{{reflist\|colwidth=30em}}~~ Terdapat sabuk populasi Jerman yang terdiri dari area-area mayoritas populasi Jerman Amerika yang tersebar di seluruh Amerika Serikat dari Pennsylvania timur, di mana banyak generasi Jerman Amerika pertama yang bermukim, hingga daerah pesisir Oregon. ~~== Daftar pustaka ==~~ ~~{{Refbegin}}~~ * "German-Americans: The silent minority," [http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21642222-americas-largest-ethnic-group-has-assimilated-so-well-people-barely-notice-it?fsrc=email_to_a_friend ''The Economist'' Feb. 7, 2015], With a statistical map by counties * Adams, Willi Paul. 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(1966). * Kamphoefner, Walter D. and Wolfgang Helbich, eds. ''German-American Immigration and Ethnicity in Comparative Perspective''. Madison, Wisconsin: [[Max Kade Institute]], [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] (2004). * Kamphoefner, Walter D., "Uprooted or Transplanted? Reflections on Patterns of German Immigration to Missouri," ''Missouri Historical Review,'' 103 (Jan. 2009), 71-89. * Kamphoefner, Walter D. "Immigrant Epistolary and Epistemology: On the Motivators and Mentality of Nineteenth-Century German Immigrants." ''Journal of American Ethnic History'' (2009): 34-54. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/40543427 in JSTOR], on deep-reading their letters * Kazal, Russell A. ''Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity''. (2004). * Keller, Christian B. "Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers," ''[[Journal of Military History]]'', 73 (January 2009), 117–145. * Knarr, Mary L. "Faith, frauen, and the formation of an ethnic identity: German Lutheran women in south and central Texas, 1831–1890". Ph.D. dissertation, [[Texas Christian University]], 2009. * Lohne, Raymond. "Team of Friends: A New Lincoln Theory and Legacy", ''Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society'' Fall/Winter 2008, vol. 101 no. 3/4, pp. 285–314. German American politics and Abraham Lincoln * Luebke, Frederick C. ''Bonds of Loyalty: German Americans During World War I''. (1974). * Luebke, Frederick C., ed. ''Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln''. (1971). * Luebke, Frederick C. ''Germans in the New World''. University of Illinois Press (1990). * Luebke, Frederick. ''Immigrants and Politics: The Germans of Nebraska, 1880–1900''. (1969). * O'Connor, Richard. ''German-Americans: an Informal History''. (1968). * Pickle, Linda. ''Contented among Strangers: Rural German-Speaking Women and Their Families in the Nineteenth-Century Midwest'' (1996). * Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schultz; ''German Culture in America, 1600–1900: Philosophical and Literary Influences''. (1957). * Ritter, Luke, "Sunday Regulation and the Formation of German American Identity in St. Louis, 1840–1860," ''Missouri Historical Review,'' (2012), vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 23–40. * Roeber, A. G. ''Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America''. (1998). * Salamon, Sonya. ''Prairie Patrimony: Family, Farming, and Community in the Midwest'' ([[U of North Carolina Press]], 1992), focus on German Americans. * Schiffman, Harold. [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/gachurch/biggac.html "Language loyalty in the German-American Church: The Case of an Over-confident Minority]" (1987). * Schirp, Francis. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06475c.htm "Germans in the United States]". ''[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]''. Vol. 6. New York: Appleton, 1909. * Schlossman, Steven L. "Is there an American tradition of bilingual education? German in the public elementary schools, 1840-1919." ''American Journal of Education'' (1983): 139-186. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1085040 in JSTOR] * Tatlock, Lynne and Matt Erlin, eds. ''German Culture in Nineteenth-Century America: Reception, Adaptation, Transformation''. (2005). * Tischauser, Leslie V. ''The Burden of Ethnicity: The German Question in Chicago, 1914–1941''. (1990). * Tolzmann, Don H., ed. ''German Americans in the World Wars'', 2 vols. Munich, Germany: K.G. Saur, (1995). * Tolzmann, Don H. ''German-American Literature'' (Scarecrow Press, 1977). * Trommler, Frank & Joseph McVeigh, eds. ''America and the Germans: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred-Year History''. (2 vol 1985); vol 1: ''Immigration, Language, Ethnicity''; vol 2: ''The Relationship in the Twentieth Century''. Essays by scholars covering broad themes. * Turk, Eleanor L. "[http://kshs.org/publicat/history/2005spring_turk.pdf Germans in Kansas: Review Essay]". ''[[Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains]]'' 28 (Spring 2005): 44–71. * van Ravenswaay, Charles. ''The Arts and Architecture of German Settlements in Missouri: A Survey of a Vanishing Culture'' (1977; reprint University of Missouri Press, 2006). * Walker, Mack. ''Germany and the Emigration, 1816–1885'' (1964). * Wittke, Carl Frederick. ''The German-Language Press in America''. (1957). * Wittke, Carl Frederick. ''Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America''. (1952). * Wittke, Carl Frederick. ''We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant''. (1939), ch. 6, 9. * Wood, Ralph, ed. ''The Pennsylvania Germans''. (1942). * Zeitlin, Richard. ''Germans in Wisconsin''. Madison: [[State Historical Society of Wisconsin]] (2000). ~~{{Refend}}~~ ~~{{Refbegin}}~~ Pennsylvania, dengan 3,5 juta orang keturunan Jerman, adalah negara bagian dengan populasi Jerman-Amerika terbanyak di Amerika Serikat dan menjadi tempat salah satu permukiman asli kelompok ini, bagian [[Germantown, Philadelphia\|Germantown]] di [[Philadelphia]] saat ini, yang didirikan tahun 1683. Germantown juga merupakan tempat kelahiran [[Petisi Germantown Quaker Melawan Perbudakan 1688\|gerakan antiperbudakan di Amerika Serikat]], yang terbentuk di sana pada tahun 1688. ~~=== Historiografi ===~~ * Hustad, Bradley Jake. "Problems in Historiography: The Americanization of German Ethnics." (MA thesis, Mankato State University, 2013). [http://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140&context=etds online] * Kazal, Russell A. "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/2169006 Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept]". ''[[American Historical Review]]'' 100 (1995): 437–71. * Ortlepp, Anke. "Deutsch-Athen Revisited: Writing the History of Germans in Milwaukee" in Margo Anderson and Victor Greene (eds.), ''Perspectives on Milwaukee's Past''. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2009. * Miller, Zane L. "Cincinnati Germans and the Invention of an Ethnic Group", ''Queen City Heritage: The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society'' 42 (Fall 1984): 13–22. * {{cite book\|author=Parish, Peter J., ed.\|title=Reader's Guide to American History\|year=2013\|publisher=Taylor & Francis\|pages=294–95}} Germantown juga menjadi lokasi dari [[Pertempuran Germantown]], sebuah pertempuran [[Perang Revolusi Amerika]] antara [[Angkatan Darat Britania Raya pada Perang Revolusi Amerika\|Angkatan Darat Britania Raya]], pimpinan [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe\|William Howe]], dan [[Tentara Kontinental]], pimpinan [[George Washington]], pada tanggal 4 Oktober 1777. ~~=== Sumber primer ===~~ * Kamphoefner, Walter D., and Wolfgang Helbich (Eds.). ''Germans in the Civil War; The Letters They Wrote Home''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006. * Kamphoefner, Walter D., Wolfgang Johannes Helbich and Ulrike Sommer (Eds.). ''News from the Land of Freedom: German Immigrants Write Home''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991. * {{cite web \|url= http://flps.newberry.org/#filters/group/german?page=1\|title=German \|work=Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey \|year=1942 \|publisher=Chicago Public Library Omnibus Project of the [[Works Progress Administration]] of Illinois \|via=[[Newberry Library]] }} (English translations of selected German-language newspaper articles, 1855-1938). Orang Jerman Amerika tertarik untuk tinggal di kolonial [[Amerika Britania Raya]] karena lahan yang melimpah dan kebebasan beragama, dan terusir dari Jerman karena kekurangan lahan dan penindasan bermotif agama dan [[penindasan politik\|politik]].<ref>{{cite book \|author = Robert C. Nesbit \|title = Wisconsin: A History \|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yVCoRShIIKMC&pg=PA155 \|year = 2004 \|publisher = [[University of Wisconsin Press]] \|pages = 155–57 \|isbn = 9780299108045 \|access-date = October 16, 2015 \|archive-date = November 30, 2023 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231130224721/https://books.google.com/books?id=yVCoRShIIKMC&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false \|url-status = live }}</ref> Banyak yang datang mengejar kebebasan beragama atau [[kebebasan politik\|politik]], sementara yang lain datang karena peluang ekonomi lebih besar daripada di Eropa, dan yang lainnya mengambil kesempatan memulai hidup baru di Dunia Baru. Kedatangan sebelum tahun 1850 sebagian besar adalah petani yang mencari lahan produktif, di mana metode [[pertanian intensif]]nya akan membuahkan hasil. Setelah tahun 1840, banyak yang datang ke kota-kota, di mana terbentuklah daerah-daerah berbahasa Jerman.<ref>Zane L. Miller, "Cincinnati Germans and the Invention of an Ethnic Group", ''Queen City Heritage: The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society'' 42 (Fall 1984): 13–22</ref><ref>Bayrd Still, ''Milwaukee, the History of a City'' (1948) pp. 260–63, 299</ref><ref>On Illinois see, Raymond Lohne, "Team of Friends: A New Lincoln Theory and Legacy", ''Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society'' Fall/Winter2008, Vol. 101 Issue 3/4, pp 285–314</ref> ~~=== Dalam bahasa Jerman ===~~ * Emmerich, Alexander. ''Geschichte der Deutschen in Amerika von 1680 bis in die Gegenwart''. (2013). * Rehs, Michael. ''Wurzeln in fremder Erde: Zur Geschichte der südwestdeutschen Auswanderung nach Amerika'' DRW-Verlag, 1984. ISBN 3-87181-231-5 * {{Citation \|title = American Newspaper Directory \|publication-date =1880 \|publication-place = New York \|publisher = [[George P. Rowell\|Geo. P. Rowell & Co.]] \|chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/geoprowellcosame1880newy#page/517/mode/1up \|chapter= List of Newspapers and Periodicals Printed Wholly or in Part in Languages Other Than English: German }} Orang Jerman Amerika mendirikan [[taman kanak-kanak]] pertama di Amerika Serikat,<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=1676&search_term=schurz \|title = Schurz, Margarethe [Meyer] (Mrs. Carl Schurz) 1833 – 1876 \|date = June 11, 2011 \|url-status = bot: unknown \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110611083242/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=1676&search_term=schurz \|archive-date = June 11, 2011 }}</ref> memperkenalkan tradisi [[pohon Natal]],<ref>{{Citation \|title = The History of Christmas \|work = Gareth Marples \|url = http://www.thehistoryof.net/the-history-of-christmas.html \|access-date = December 2, 2006 \|archive-date = June 28, 2006 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060628034631/http://www.thehistoryof.net/the-history-of-christmas.html \|url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1996/12.12/ProfessorBrough.html \|title = Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England \|author = Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs \|website = News.harvard.edu \|access-date = March 17, 2015 \|archive-date = August 23, 1999 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19990823204728/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1996/12.12/ProfessorBrough.html \|url-status = dead }}</ref> dan memperkenalkan makanan-makanan populer seperti [[hot dog]] dan [[hamburger]] ke Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite web \|url = http://www.homeofthehamburger.org/history.html \|title = The Home of the Hamburger: History \|access-date = March 18, 2010 \|url-status = dead \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090805083255/http://www.homeofthehamburger.org/history.html \|archive-date = August 5, 2009 }}</ref> ~~{{Refend}}~~ Mayoritas besar orang dengan keturunan Jerman telah [[Amerikanisasi (imigrasi)\|ter-Amerikanisasi]]; kurang dari lima persen yang berbahasa Jerman. Masyarakat Jerman-Amerika sangatlah besar, banyak juga acara yang diselenggarakan di seluruh negeri untuk merayakan warisan keturunan Jerman salah satunya [[German-American Steuben Parade]] di Kota New York adalah salah satu yang paling terkenal dan diadakan setiap Sabtu ketiga di bulan September. [[Perayaan Oktoberfest#Amerika Seeikat\|Perayaan-perayaan Oktoberfest]] dan [[Hari Jerman-Amerika]] adalah festival-festival populer. Terdapat acara tahunan besar di kota-kota dengan warisan Jerman yaitu di Chicago, [[Cincinnati]], [[Milwaukee]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[San Antonio]], dan [[St. Louis]]. ~~== Pranala luar ==~~ ~~{{Commons category\|German Americans}}~~ Sekitar 180.000 penduduk permanen dari Jerman tinggal di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2020.<ref>{{Cite web \|date = January 13, 2015 \|title = Auswandern in die USA – das Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten \|url = https://www.wohin-auswandern.de/auswandern-usa \|access-date = January 5, 2022 \|website = Wohin-Auswandern.de \|language = de-DE \|archive-date = December 28, 2021 \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211228014816/https://www.wohin-auswandern.de/auswandern-usa \|url-status = live }}</ref> ~~=== Sejarah dan budaya Jerman-Amerika ===~~ * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/germchro.html Chronology: Germans in America] * [http://www-lib.iupui.edu/kade/merrill/home.html German Immigrant Culture in America: Syllabus (1998)] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627123944/http://www-lib.iupui.edu/kade/merrill/home.html \|date=2010-06-27 }} * [http://www.auswandererbriefe.de Emigrant Letters to Germany (in German)] * [http://www.businessinsider.com/german-american-history-2013-10 Why There Are So Many German Americans in the US] * [http://german.about.com/library/blfam_geramABC.htm Famous Americans of German, Austrian, or German-Swiss Ancestry] * [http://www.gamhof.org/famous_ga.html German-American Hall of Fame] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529145701/http://www.gamhof.org/famous_ga.html \|date=2009-05-29 }} * [http://mki.wisc.edu/HGIA/Settling.htm How German Is American?] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724014508/http://mki.wisc.edu/hgia/Settling.htm \|date=2008-07-24 }} * [http://www.germanhollywood.com/ The German-Hollywood Connection] ==Pranala luar== ~~=== Organisasi Jerman-Amerika ===~~ {{Commons category\|German diaspora in the United States}} * [http://www.gahc.org/ German American Heritage Center] * [~~http~~https://~~www.grhs~~germanrootsusa.org/ ~~Germans~~Discover ~~from~~America´s ~~Russia~~German Roots], German-American Heritage ~~Society]~~Foundation of the USA * [http://mki.wisc.edu/ The Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies] * [http://www.germantownhistory.org/ The Germantown Historical Society (Philadelphia)] * [http://www.germansociety.org The German Society of Pennsylvania (oldest German Society in the U.S.)] * [http://www.pgs.org/default.asp The Pennsylvania German Society] * [http://www.kutztown.edu/community/pgchc/index1.htm Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408042426/http://www.kutztown.edu/community/pgchc/index1.htm \|date=2009-04-08 }} * [http://www.ighs.org Indiana German Heritage Society] * [http://maxkade.iupui.edu Max Kade German-American Research and Resource Center] ~~=== Sejarah dan budaya Jerman-Amerika lokal ===~~ * [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/512.html Germans in Chicago] * [http://www.germantracesnyc.org German Traces NYC from the Goethe-Institut] * [http://www.washjeff.edu/german/pittsburgh/ Interactive German-History Map of Pittsburgh] * [http://www.oktoberfestzinzinnati.com/okt.aspx?menu_id=256&id=8478 Zinzinnati History (Cincinnati, Ohio)] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120150023/http://www.oktoberfestzinzinnati.com/okt.aspx?menu_id=256&id=8478 \|date=2015-11-20 }} * [http://www.stimmungstunde.com Milwaukee German-American Radio Program] * [http://pghmannerchor.com Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh] * [http://mki.wisc.edu/Resources/Online_Papers/seifert.html Some German Contributions to Wisconsin Life] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107153029/http://mki.wisc.edu/Resources/Online_Papers/seifert.html \|date=2012-11-07 }} * [http://www.deutschtown.org/about/history.html Deutschtown (East Allegheny), Pittsburgh, PA] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126051416/http://deutschtown.org/about/history.html \|date=2011-11-26 }} ~~{{Navboxes~~ ~~\|title=Artikel dan topik terkait Jerman Amerika~~ ~~\|state=collapsed~~ ~~\|list1=~~ ~~{{Eropa Amerika}}~~ ~~{{Demografi Amerika Serikat}}~~ ~~{{diaspora Jerman}}~~ }} {{Authority control}} [[~~Kategori~~Category:~~Jerman~~Kelompok etnik di Amerika\| Serikat]] [[~~Kategori~~Category:Tokoh Amerika Serikat keturunan Jerman\| ]] [[~~Kategori~~Category:Diaspora Jerman ~~menurut~~di ~~negara\|~~Amerika Serikat\| ]] [[~~Kategori~~Category:~~Masyarakat~~Diaspora ~~Eropa-~~Jerman menurut negara\|Amerika Serikat]] [[~~Kategori~~Category:~~Tokoh~~Diaspora Eropa di Amerika Serikat]]