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'''Proyek 1:'''{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name = Didelphimorphia
| state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}}
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</noinclude>
'''Proyek 2:'''{{#invoke:Navbox with collapsible groups|navbox|name=Carnivora|title=Spesies [[Carnivora]] yang masih hidup|bodyclass=hlist|state={{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}}|selected={{{1|}}}|above=* Kingdom: [[Animalia]]
* Filum: [[Chordata]]
* Kelas: [[Mammalia]]
* Infrakelas: [[Eutheria]]
* Superordo: [[Laurasiatheria]]|group1=Subordo [[Feliformia]]|abbr1=F.|list1={{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child
| group1 = [[Musang palem afrika|Nandiniidae]]
| list1 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
Baris 300 ⟶ 282:
| list2 =
* [[Hiena bergaris|Hiena bergaris (''H. hyaena'')]]
| group3 = ''[[
| list3 =
* [[
| group4 = ''[[Proteles]]''
| list4 =
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| group5 = [[Felidae]]
| list5 =
| group6 = [[Viverridae]]
| list6 =
| group7 = [[Eupleridae]]
| list7 =
▲|group2 = {{Nobold|Family [[Felidae]]}}
| group1 = [[Felinae]]
| list1 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
Baris 325 ⟶ 303:
| list1 =
* [[Cheetah|Cheetah (''A. jubatus'')]]
| group2 = ''[[
| list2 =
* [[
* [[
| group3 = ''[[Catopuma]]''
| list3 =
* [[
* [[
| group4 = ''[[Felis]]''
| list4 =
* [[
* [[
* [[
* [[
* [[
* [[
* [[
| group5 = ''[[Jaguarundi|Herpailurus]]''
| list5 =
Baris 347 ⟶ 325:
| group6 = ''[[Leopardus]]''
| list6 =
* [[
* [[
* [[Kodkod|Kodkod (''L. guigna'')]]
* [[Leopardus guttulus|
* [[
* [[
* [[Oncilla|Oncilla (''L. tigrinus'')]]
* [[Margay|Margay (''L. wiedii'')]]
Baris 360 ⟶ 338:
| group8 = ''[[Lynx]]''
| list8 =
* [[
* [[
* [[
* [[Bobcat|Bobcat (''L. rufus'')]]
| group9 = ''[[
| list9 =
* [[
| group10 = ''[[Pardofelis]]''
| list10 =
* [[
| group11 = ''[[Prionailurus]]''
| list11 =
* [[
* [[
* [[
* [[
* [[
| group12 = ''[[Puma (genus)|Puma]]''
| list12 =
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| group1 = ''[[Panthera]]''
| list1 =
* [[
* [[Jaguar|Jaguar (''P. onca'')]]
* [[
* [[
* [[
| group3 = ''[[Neofelis]]''
| list3 =
* [[
* [[
}}
}}|group3={{Nobold|[[Linsang|Prionodontidae]]}}|abbr3=P.|list3={{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| groupwidth = 8.5em| groupstyle = height:4em;
| group1 = ''[[
| list1 =
* [[
* [[
}}|group4={{Nobold|Famili [[Viverridae]]}}|abbr4=V.|list4={{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child
| group1 = [[Paradoxurinae]]
| list1 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
Baris 418 ⟶ 389:
| list1 =
* [[Binturong|Binturong (''A. binturong'')]]
| group2 = ''[[
| list2 =
* [[
| group3 = ''[[
| list3 =
* [[
| group4 = ''[[
| list4 =
* [[
| group5 = ''[[Paradoxurus]]''
| list5 =
* [[
* [[
* [[
}}
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| list2 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| groupwidth = 8.5em
| group1 = ''[[
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* [[
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* [[
| group3 = ''[[
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* [[
| group4 = ''[[
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* [[
}}
Baris 454 ⟶ 425:
| list3 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| groupwidth = 8.5em
| group1 = ''[[
| list1 =
* [[
| group2 = ''[[Viverra]]''
| list2 =
Baris 494 ⟶ 465:
* [[West African oyan|West African oyan (''P. leightoni'')]]
}}
▲|group5 = {{Nobold|Family [[Eupleridae]]}}
| group1 = [[Euplerinae]]
| list1 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
Baris 532 ⟶ 499:
* [[Durrell's vontsira|Durrell's vontsira (''S. durrelli'')]]
}}
}}|group6
▲|group6 = Suborder [[Caniformia]] {{nobold|(cont. below)}}
| group1 = [[Bear|Ursidae]]<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(Bears)}}</span></small>
| list1 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
Baris 624 ⟶ 587:
}}
}}|group7
▲|group7 = Suborder [[Caniformia]] {{nobold|(cont. above)}}
| group1 = [[Eared seal|Otariidae]]<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(Eared seals)}}</span></small><br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(includes [[fur seal]]s<br />and [[sea lion]]s)}}</span></small><br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|([[Pinniped]] inclusive)}}</span></small>
| list1 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
Baris 727 ⟶ 686:
| group5 = [[Mustelidae]]
| list5 = Large family listed below
}}|group8
▲|group8 = {{Nobold|Family [[Canidae]] <small>(includes [[dog]]s)</small>}}
| group1 = ''[[Short-eared dog|Atelocynus]]''
| list1 =
Baris 797 ⟶ 752:
* [[Red fox|Red fox (''V. vulpes'')]]
* [[Fennec fox|Fennec fox (''V. zerda'')]]
▲|group9 = {{Nobold|Family [[Mustelidae]]}}
| group1 = [[Ferret-badger|Helictidinae]]<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(Ferret-badgers)}}</span></small>
Baris 957 ⟶ 908:
}}
}}}}<noinclude>{{Documentation
▲{{Documentation |content={{Wikipedia:WikiProject Mammals/Article templates/doc |collapsible=y}}}}
</noinclude>
Proyek 3:
== Sejarah kehidupan ==
[[File:Runzelmarken.jpg|pra=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/File:Runzelmarken.jpg|jmpl|Batuan dengan tekstur mirip keriput gajah ini adalah [[fosil jejak]] [[tikar mikrob]] non-[[stromatolit]]. Gambar ini menunjukkan lokasi tempat dimana tekstur semacam ini pertamakali diidentidikasikan sebagai bukti sisa-sisa tikar mikrob, terletak di [[Lapisan Burgsvik]], Swedia.<ref name="Manten1966">{{Cite journal|author=Manten, A.A.|date=1966|title=Some problematic shallow-marine structures|url=http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/geo/2006-1213-210452/UUindex.html|journal=Marine Geol.|volume=4|issue=3|pages=227–32|bibcode=1966MGeol...4..227M|doi=10.1016/0025-3227(66)90023-5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021003026/http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/geo/2006-1213-210452/UUindex.html|archive-date=October 21, 2008|access-date=June 18, 2007|url-status=dead|hdl=1874/16526|s2cid=129854399|hdl-access=free}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Sejarah kehidupan}}
{{Further|Linimasa sejarah kehidupan}}
Bumi terbentuk sekitar {{ma|4570}} dan, setelah terjadi [[Hipotesis tubrukan besar|tumbukan]] yang membentuk [[Bulan]] sekitar 40 juta tahun setelahnya, Bumi telah cukup mendingin dengan cepat untuk dapat menyokong samudra dan atmosfer sekitar {{ma|4440}}.<ref>{{cite web|date=November 17, 2005|title=Early Earth Likely Had Continents And Was Habitable|url=http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2005/438.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014081528/http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2005/438.html|archive-date=October 14, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=A.J. Cavosie|author2=J.W. Valley|author3=S.A. Wilde|author4=E.I.M.F.|date=July 15, 2005|title=Magmatic δ<sup>18</sup>O in 4400–3900 Ma detrital zircons: A record of the alteration and recycling of crust in the Early Archean|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=235|issue=3–4|pages=663–81|bibcode=2005E&PSL.235..663C|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.028|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Terdapat bukti mengenai [[Pembombardiran Berat Akhir]] oleh asteorid {{ma|4000|3800}} di Bulan. Jika, yang sepertinya mungkin terjadi, pembombardiran semacam itu juga mendampak Bumi di waktu yang sama, atmosfer dan samudra pertama barangkali hilang.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dauphas, N.|author2=Robert, F.|author3=Marty, B.|date=December 2000|title=The Late Asteroidal and Cometary Bombardment of Earth as Recorded in Water Deuterium to Protium Ratio|journal=Icarus|volume=148|issue=2|pages=508–12|bibcode=2000Icar..148..508D|doi=10.1006/icar.2000.6489|name-list-style=amp|s2cid=85555707}}</ref>
Paleontolog telah menelusuri sejarah evolusioner kehidupan sampai lebih dari {{ma|3000|}},<ref name="PiP">{{cite journal|last=Garwood|first=Russell J.|year=2012|title=Patterns In Palaeontology: The first 3 billion years of evolution|url=http://www.palaeontologyonline.com/articles/2012/patterns-in-palaeontology-the-first-3-billion-years-of-evolution/|journal=Palaeontology Online|volume=2|issue=11|pages=1–14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626104131/http://www.palaeontologyonline.com/articles/2012/patterns-in-palaeontology-the-first-3-billion-years-of-evolution/|archive-date=June 26, 2015|access-date=June 25, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> kemungkinan sampai sejauh {{ma|3800}}.Bukti jelas kehidupan di Bumi berasal dari {{ma|3000}}, meski terdapat laporan mengenai fosil bakteri dari {{ma|3400}} dan bukti geokimia mengenai keberadaan kehidupan pada {{ma|3800}}, meski masih diperdebatkan.<ref name="BrasierMcLoughlinEtAl2006FreshLook3">{{Cite journal|author=Brasier, M.|author-link=Martin Brasier|author2=McLoughlin, N.|author3=Green, O.|author4=Wacey, D.|date=June 2006|title=A fresh look at the fossil evidence for early Archaean cellular life|url=http://physwww.mcmaster.ca/~higgsp/3D03/BrasierArchaeanFossils.pdf|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]]|volume=361|issue=1470|pages=887–902|doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1835|pmc=1578727|pmid=16754605|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911075352/http://physwww.mcmaster.ca/~higgsp/3D03/BrasierArchaeanFossils.pdf|archive-date=September 11, 2008|access-date=August 30, 2008|name-list-style=amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schopf, J.|date=2006|title=Fossil evidence of Archaean life|journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci|volume=361|issue=1470|pages=869–85|doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1834|pmc=1578735|pmid=16754604}}</ref> Beberapa ahli mengusulkan ide bahwa [[Panspermia|kehidupan di Bumi "dibenihkan" dari tempat lain]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Arrhenius, S.|date=1903|title=The Propagation of Life in Space|journal=Die Umschau|volume=7|page=32|bibcode=1980qel..book...32A}} Reprinted in {{Cite book|date=September 1982|title=The Quest for Extraterrestrial Life|publisher=University Science Books|isbn=0-19-855704-3|editor=Goldsmith, D.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hoyle, F.|author2=Wickramasinghe, C.|author2-link=Chandra Wickramasinghe|date=1979|title=On the Nature of Interstellar Grains|journal=Astrophysics and Space Science|volume=66|issue=1|pages=77–90|bibcode=1979Ap&SS..66...77H|doi=10.1007/BF00648361|name-list-style=amp|s2cid=115165958}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Crick|first1=F.H.|last2=Orgel|first2=L.E.|date=1973|title=Directed Panspermia|journal=Icarus|volume=19|issue=3|pages=341–48|bibcode=1973Icar...19..341C|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(73)90110-3}}</ref> namun kebanyakan penelitian mengenai hal ini berfokus kepada berbagai penjelasan mengenai bagaimana [[Abiogenesis|kehidupan dapat muncul secara independen di Bumi]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Peretó, J.|date=2005|title=Controversies on the origin of life|url=http://www.im.microbios.org/0801/0801023.pdf|journal=Int. Microbiol.|volume=8|issue=1|pages=23–31|pmid=15906258|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824074726/http://www.im.microbios.org/0801/0801023.pdf|archive-date=August 24, 2015|access-date=October 7, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Selama sekitar 2.000 juta tahun, [[tikar mikrob]], yaitu koloni berlapis-lapis bakteri, merupakan jenis kehidupan paling dominan di Bumi.<ref name="KrumbeinBrehmEtAl2003BiofilmBiodictyonBiomatEtc">{{Cite book|author=Krumbein, W.E.|author2=Brehm, U.|author3=Gerdes, G.|author4=Gorbushina, A.A.|author5=Levit, G.|author6=Palinska, K.A.|date=2003|url=http://134.106.242.33/krumbein/htdocs/Archive/397/Krumbein_397.pdf|title=Fossil and Recent Biofilms: A Natural History of Life on Earth|publisher=Kluwer Academic|isbn=1-4020-1597-6|editor=Krumbein, W.E.|pages=1–28|contribution=Biofilm, Biodictyon, Biomat Microbialites, Oolites, Stromatolites, Geophysiology, Global Mechanism, Parahistology|access-date=July 9, 2008|editor2=Paterson, D.M.|editor3=Zavarzin, G.A.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106201614/http://134.106.242.33/krumbein/htdocs/Archive/397/Krumbein_397.pdf|archive-date=January 6, 2007|url-status=dead|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Perkembangan [[fotosintesis oksigenik]] memungkinkan mereka untuk mengambil peran utama pada [[Peristiwa Oksigenasi Besar|peristiwa oksigenasi atmosfer]]<ref name="Hoehler2">{{Cite journal|author=Hoehler, T.M.|author2=Bebout, B.M.|author3=Des Marais, D.J.|date=July 19, 2001|title=The role of microbial mats in the production of reduced gases on the early Earth|journal=Nature|volume=412|issue=6844|pages=324–27|bibcode=2001Natur.412..324H|doi=10.1038/35085554|pmid=11460161|name-list-style=amp|s2cid=4365775}}</ref> dari sekitar {{ma|2400}}. Perubahan pada atmosfer ini meningkatkan efektivitas mereka sebagai pembibit evolusi.<ref name="NisbetFowler1999ArchaeanMetabolicEvolution">{{Cite journal|author=Nisbet, E.G.|author2=Fowler, C.M.R.|date=December 7, 1999|title=Archaean metabolic evolution of microbial mats|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|volume=266|issue=1436|page=2375|doi=10.1098/rspb.1999.0934|pmc=1690475|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Meski [[eukaryota]], yaitu sel dengan struktur dalam yang kompleks, telah ada lebih dulu, evolusi mereka mempercepat saat mereka mengembangkan kemampuan untuk mengubah oksigen dari [[racun]] (oksigen mematikan untuk kebanyakan mikroorganisme kala itu) menjadi sumber energi [[Metabolisme|metabolik]] yang sangat kuat. Inovasi ini barangkali berasal dari eukaryota primitif yang memerangkap bakteri bertenaga-oksigen sebagai sebuah [[Endosimbiosis|endosimbion]] dan mengubahnya menjadi sebuah [[organel]] yang dikenal sebagai [[mitokondria]].<ref name="PiP" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gray M.W.|author2=Burger G.|author3=Lang B.F.|date=March 1999|title=Mitochondrial evolution|journal=Science|volume=283|issue=5407|pages=1476–81|bibcode=1999Sci...283.1476G|doi=10.1126/science.283.5407.1476|pmc=3428767|pmid=10066161}}</ref> Bukti terawal keberadaan eukaryota kompleks denganorganel (seperti mitokondria) berasal dari {{ma|1850}}.<ref name="HedgesBlairEtAl2004molecularTimescaleOfEukaryoteEvolution2">{{Cite journal|author=Hedges, S.B.|author2=Blair, J.E|author3=Venturi, M.L.|author4=Shoe, J.L.|date=January 2004|title=A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=4|page=2|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-4-2|pmc=341452|pmid=15005799|name-list-style=amp|doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png|pra=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/File:20191108_Opabinia_regalis.png|kiri|jmpl|''[[Opabinia]]'' memicu ketertarikan moderen mengenai [[Letusan Kambrium]].]]
Kehidupan [[Organisme multiseluler|multisel]] hanya terdiri dari sel-sel eukaryotik, dan bukti terawal mengenai wujud kehidupan ini adalah fosil-fosil [[Biota Francevillian]] dari {{ma|2100}},<ref name="albani">{{Cite journal|author1=El Albani, Abderrazak|author2=Bengtson, Stefan|author3=Canfield, Donald E.|author3-link=Donald Canfield|author4=Bekker, Andrey|author5=Macchiarelli, Reberto|last6=Mazurier|first6=Arnaud|last7=Hammarlund|first7=Emma U.|last8=Boulvais|first8=Philippe|last9=Dupuy|first9=Jean-Jacques|display-authors=8|date=July 2010|title=Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago|journal=Nature|volume=466|issue=7302|pages=100–04|bibcode=2010Natur.466..100A|doi=10.1038/nature09166|pmid=20596019|author1-link=Abderrazak El Albani|s2cid=4331375}}</ref> meski spesialisasi sel untuk menjalani fungsi-fungsi yang berbeda baru muncul diantara {{ma|1430}} (kemungkinan jamur) dan {{ma|1200}} (kemungkinan [[alga merah]]). [[Reproduksi seksual]] barangkali merupakan sebuah prasyarat untuk spesialisasi sel, karena organisme multisel aseksual dapat terancam diambil alih oleh sel-sel asing yang mempertahankan kemampuan untuk bereproduksi..<ref name="Butterfield2000Bangiomorpha">{{Cite journal|author=Butterfield, N.J.|date=September 2000|title=''Bangiomorpha pubescens'' n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes|url=http://paleobiol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/26/3/386|journal=Paleobiology|volume=26|issue=3|pages=386–404|bibcode=2000Pbio...26..386B|doi=10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2|issn=0094-8373|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307035241/http://paleobiol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/26/3/386|archive-date=March 7, 2007|access-date=September 2, 2008|s2cid=36648568|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Butterfield2005ProterozoicFungi">{{Cite journal|author=Butterfield, N.J.|year=2005|title=Probable Proterozoic fungi|url=http://paleobiol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/31/1/165|journal=Paleobiology|volume=31|issue=1|pages=165–82|bibcode=2005Pbio...31..165B|doi=10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031<0165:PPF>2.0.CO;2|issn=0094-8373|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129211124/http://paleobiol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/31/1/165|archive-date=January 29, 2009|access-date=September 2, 2008|s2cid=86332371|url-status=live}}</ref>
Hewan terawal yang diketahui barangkali adalah [[spons laut]] dari sekitar {{ma|890}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-26|title=890-million-year-old sponge fossil may be the earliest animal yet found|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/890-million-year-old-sponge-fossil-may-be-the-earliest-animal-known|website=Science|language=en|access-date=2024-05-26}}</ref>
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