Bencana kelaparan: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Bencana kelaparan''', '''paceklik''', atau '''kahat'''<ref>{{kamus|kahat}}</ref> ({{lang-en|famine}}) adalah sebuah bencana besar yang dikarenakan kurangnya bahan pangan di suatu wilayah. Efeknya tersebar luas, dan kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh bencana [[kelaparan]] bisa bertahan selama berbulan-bulan, bahkan bertahun-tahun. Sering kali kelaparan juga disebabkan oleh [[bencana alam]] lain, seperti [[Gempa bumi|gempa]] atau [[tsunami]] yang menghancurkan seluruh wilayah, dan menyebabkan eksodus massal. Kematian karena kelaparan dan [[kekurangan gizi]] sangat menyakitkan, dan sering terjadi pada [[balita]] maupun lansia.
== Definisi ==
Menurut kriteria kemanusiaan [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], bahkan jika ada kekurangan pangan dengan sejumlah besar orang yang kekurangan gizi, kelaparan dinyatakan hanya jika tindakan tertentu mengenai angka kematian, [[malnutrisi]] dan kelaparan terpenuhi. Kriterianya sebagai berikut:
* Sedikitnya 20% rumah tangga di daerah itu menghadapi kekurangan makanan ekstrim dengan kemampuan terbatas untuk mengatasinya
* Prevalensi malnutrisi akut pada anak-anak melebihi 30%
* Angka kematian melebihi dua orang per 10.000 orang per hari
Pernyataan kelaparan tersebut tidak membawa kewajiban yang mengikat pada [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]] atau negara-negara anggota, namun berfungsi untuk memusatkan perhatian global pada masalah tersebut.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39025927|title=South Sudan declares famine in Unity State|date=20 February 2017|accessdate=20 February 2017|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
== Lihat
* [[Kabupaten Yahukimo#Sejarah|Kabupaten Yahukimo, Papua]]
* [[:en:List_of_famines|Daftar bencana kelaparan]]▼
* [[Kelaparan]]
* [[Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian|Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian (FAO)]]
== Sumber dan bacaan tambahan ==
* Asimov, Isaac, ''Asimov's New Guide to Science'', pp. 152–153, Basic Books, Inc.
* Bhatia, B.M. (1985) Famines in India: A study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India with Special Reference to Food Problem, Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
* {{Cite book
Baris 55 ⟶ 58:
* Harrison, G. Ainsworth.,''Famine'', Oxford University Press, 1988.
* LeBlanc, Steven, ''Constant battles: the myth of the peaceful, noble savage'', St. Martin's Press (2003) argues that recurring famines have been the major cause of warfare since [[paleolithic]] times. ISBN 0-312-31089-7
* Lassa, Jonatan., "Famine, drought, malnutrition: Defining and fighting hunger." http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/07/03/famine-drought-malnutrition-defining-and-fighting-hunger.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216132415/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/07/03/famine-drought-malnutrition-defining-and-fighting-hunger.html |date=2009-02-16 }}. 3 July 2006.
* Middlebrook, Peter, [http://www.amazon.com/dp/3838306724 When the Public Works: Generating Employment and Social Protection in Ethiopia], [[Lambert Academic Publishing]]. 2009. ISBN 978-3-8383-0672-8
* Li, Lillian M. ''Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s-1990s'' (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press), 2007 ISBN 978-0-8047-5304-3.
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* Moon, William. "Origins of the Great North Korean Famine." North Korean Review [http://mcfarland.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,8,10;journal,2,9;linkingpublicationresults,1:120199,1] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120712070718/http://mcfarland.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,8,10;journal,2,9;linkingpublicationresults,1:120199,1 |date=2012-07-12 }}
* [[Amartya Sen|Sen, Amartya]], ''Poverty and Famines
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.002033 | last1 = Shipton | first1 = Parker | year = 1990 | title = African Famines and Food Security: Anthropological Perspectives | url = http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.002033 | journal = Annual Review of Anthropology | volume = 19 | issue = | pages = 353–394 }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Srivastava, H.C., The History of Indian Famines from 1858–1918, Sri Ram Mehra and Co., Agra, 1968.
* Sommerville, Keith. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2449527.stm Why famine stalks Africa], BBC, 2001
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* Woo-Cumings, Meredith, {{PDFlink|[http://www.adbi.org/files/2002.01.rp31.ecology.famine.northkorea.pdf ''The Political Ecology of Famine: The North Korean Catastrophe and Its Lessons'']|807 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 827001 bytes -->}}, ADB Institute Research Paper 31, January 2002.
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
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{{EB1911 Poster}}
* [http://hdl.handle.net/10822/552550 1980s Drought and Subsequent Food Crisis] from the [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]
* [http://www.ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-674337 Morning Star Fishermen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019142757/http://www.ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-674337 |date=2017-10-19 }} And The Race Against Hunger
* [http://www.wfp.org/ United Nations World Food Programme] Hunger relief against poverty and famine
* [http://www.ifpri.org/ International Food Policy Research Institute] Sustainable solutions for ending hunger
* [http://technorati.com/business/finance/article/arable-land-shortage-and-the-case/ Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302133333/http://technorati.com/business/finance/article/arable-land-shortage-and-the-case/ |date=2012-03-02 }} from Technorati on the Issue of Shrinking Arable Farmland and its Contribution to Food shortages and high food prices
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/africa/2006/africa_food_crisis/default.stm In Depth: Africa's Food Crisis], [[BBC News]]
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2005/wb-eth-28feb.pdf Fighting Hunger and poverty in Ethiopia (Geopolicity)]|1.48 [[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 1558625 bytes -->}} ([[Peter Middlebrook]])
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/31/world/africa/31soil.html?ex=1301461200&en=a95f9eb19c751f1f&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Overfarming African Land Is Worsening Hunger Crisis - New York Times]
* [http://foodsecurity.developmentgateway.org/Content-item-view.10976+M5ce7bbfcaeb.0.html Food Security: A Review of Literature from Ethiopia to India (Geopolicity)] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20081222003226/http://foodsecurity.developmentgateway.org/Content-item-view.10976+M5ce7bbfcaeb.0.html |date=2008-12-22 }}
* [http://www.asil.org/ajil/marcus.pdf Famine Crimes in International Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817165709/http://www.asil.org/ajil/marcus.pdf |date=2008-08-17 }}. David Marcus, [[The American Journal of International Law]], 2003.
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989405,00.html The Real Causes of Famine - Time Magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912154033/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989405,00.html |date=2012-09-12 }}
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