Basitrasin: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan pranala ke halaman disambiguasi |
−Kategori:Antibiotik; −Kategori:Polipeptida; ±Kategori:Obat→Kategori:Peptida siklik menggunakan HotCat |
||
(11 revisi perantara oleh satu pengguna lainnya tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{Short description|Polypeptide antibiotic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Drugbox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 457285800
| image = Bacitracin A.svg
| image2 = Bacitracin ball-and-stick.png
<!-- Clinical data -->
| tradename = Baciguent, Baciim, dll
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|bacitracin}}
| pregnancy_AU = D
| routes_of_administration = [[Topikal]], [[Penyuntikan intraotot|intramuskular]], diteteskan melalui mata
| ATC_prefix = D06
| ATC_suffix = AX05
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|J01|XX10}}, {{ATC|R02|AB04}}, {{ATC|S01|AA32}}, {{ATCvet|A07|AA93}}
| legal_AU = S4
| legal_US = OTC
| legal_US_comment = / Rx-only
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| bioavailability =
| protein_bound =
| metabolism =
| elimination_half-life =
<!--Identifiers-->
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 1405-87-4
| PubChem = 439542
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00626
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 10481985
| ChEBI = 28669
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 58H6RWO52I
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00128
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 1200558
<!--Chemical data-->
| IUPAC_name = (4''R'')-4-[(2''S'')-2-({2-[(1''S'')-1-amino-2-metilbutil]- 4,5-dihidro-1,3-tiazol-5-yl}formamido)-4-metilpentanamido]-4-<nowiki/>{[(1''S'')- 1-<nowiki/>{[(3''S'',6''R'',9''S'',12''R'',15''S'',18''R'',21''S'')- 18-(3-aminopropil)-12-benzil-15-(butan-2-il)-3-(karbamoilmetil)- 6-(karboksimetil)-9-(1''H''-imidazol-5-ilmetil)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20- heptaokso-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaazasiklopentakosan-21-il]karbamoil}- 2-metilbutil]karbamoil}asam butanoat
| C=66 | H=103
| N=17 | O=16
| S=1
| smiles = CCC(C)C(N)NC4=NC(C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)CC)C(=O)N[C@H]3CCCCNC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1cnc[nH]1)NC(=O)[C@@H](Cc2ccccc2)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)CC)NC(=O)[C@@H](CCCN)NC3=O)CS4
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C66H103N17O16S/c1-9-35(6)52(69)66-81-48(32-100-66)63(97)76-43(26-34(4)5)59(93)74-42(22-23-50(85)86)58(92)83-53(36(7)10-2)64(98)75-40-20-15-16-25-71-55(89)46(29-49(68)84)78-62(96)47(30-51(87)88)79-61(95)45(28-39-31-70-33-72-39)77-60(94)44(27-38-18-13-12-14-19-38)80-65(99)54(37(8)11-3)82-57(91)41(21-17-24-67)73-56(40)90/h12-14,18-19,31,33-37,40-48,52-54H,9-11,15-17,20-30,32,67,69H2,1-8H3,(H2,68,84)(H,70,72)(H,71,89)(H,73,90)(H,74,93)(H,75,98)(H,76,97)(H,77,94)(H,78,96)(H,79,95)(H,80,99)(H,82,91)(H,83,92)(H,85,86)(H,87,88)/t35?,36?,37?,40-,41+,42+,43-,44+,45-,46-,47+,48?,52?,53-,54-/m0/s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = CLKOFPXJLQSYAH-NVOBBBONSA-N
}}
'''Basitrasin''' adalah salah satu [[antibiotik]] polipeptida. Obat ini merupakan campuran peptida siklik terkait yang diproduksi oleh bakteri ''Bacillus licheniformis'', yang pertama kali diisolasi dari varietas "Tracy I" (ATCC 10716) pada tahun 1945.<ref>Originally grouped under ''B. subtilis'', but nomenclature has since changed. See {{cite web | vauthors = Podstawka A |title=Bacillus licheniformis Tracy I {{!}} DSM 603, ATCC 10716, CCM 2181, IFO 12199, NBRC 12199, NCIB 8874, FDA BT1 {{!}} BacDiveID:686 |url=https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/686 |website=bacdive.dsmz.de |language=en |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207144504/https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/686 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Peptida]] ini mengganggu [[bakteri]] [[gram-positif]] dengan mengganggu [[dinding sel]] dan sintesis [[peptidoglikan]].
Obat ini terutama digunakan sebagai sediaan topikal, karena dapat menyebabkan kerusakan ginjal jika digunakan secara internal.<ref name="Zintel">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zintel HA, Ma RA | title = The absorption, distribution, excretion and toxicity of bacitracin in man | journal = The American Journal of the Medical Sciences | volume = 218 | issue = 4 | pages = 439–445 | date = October 1949 | pmid = 18140540 | doi = 10.1097/00000441-194910000-00012 | s2cid = 2371497 }}</ref> Umumnya aman bila digunakan secara topikal, namun dalam kasus yang jarang terjadi dapat menyebabkan reaksi [[hipersensitivitas]], [[alergi]], atau [[anafilaksis]], terutama pada orang yang alergi terhadap [[neomisin]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Spann CT, Taylor SC, Weinberg JM | title = Topical antimicrobial agents in dermatology | journal = Disease-a-Month | volume = 50 | issue = 7 | pages = 407–421 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15280871 | doi = 10.1016/j.disamonth.2004.05.011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Trookman NS, Rizer RL, Weber T | title = Treatment of minor wounds from dermatologic procedures: a comparison of three topical wound care ointments using a laser wound model | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | volume = 64 | issue = 3 Suppl | pages = S8-15 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21247665 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.11.011 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
== Sejarah ==
Basitrasin diisolasi oleh Balbina Johnson, seorang ahli bakteriologi di ''Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons''.<ref name="pmid17770204"/> Namanya diambil dari fakta bahwa senyawa yang dihasilkan oleh mikroba pada cedera kaki muda Margaret Tracy (1936–1994)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://files.nyu.edu/jmm257/public/other/bacitracin.html |title=Margaret Tracy & Balbina Johnson: The Women Behind Bacitracin |access-date=30 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140428190211/https://files.nyu.edu/jmm257/public/other/bacitracin.html |archive-date=28 April 2014 }}</ref> menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://healthmatters.nyp.org/bacitracin-discovery/|title=NewYork-Presbyterian | the Discovery of Bacitracin|date=7 February 2017|access-date=9 April 2020|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227164020/https://healthmatters.nyp.org/bacitracin-discovery/|url-status=live}}</ref>
<blockquote>Salah satu strain yang diisolasi dari jaringan yang didebridasi dari fraktur gabungan tibia sangat aktif. Kami menamakan strain antagonis pertumbuhan untuk pasien ini, "Tracy I." Ketika filtrat bebas sel dari kultur [[kaldu]] basil ini terbukti memiliki aktivitas antibiotik yang kuat dan tidak beracun, penelitian lebih lanjut tampaknya diperlukan. Kami menyebut prinsip aktif ini "Basitrasin."<ref name="pmid17770204">{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnson BA, Anker H, Meleney FL | title = Bacitracin: a new antibiotic produced by a member of the B. subtilis group | journal = Science | volume = 102 | issue = 2650 | pages = 376–7 | date = October 1945 | pmid = 17770204 | doi = 10.1126/science.102.2650.376 | bibcode = 1945Sci...102..376J | s2cid = 51066 }}</ref></blockquote>
Basitrasin disetujui oleh FDA pada tahun 1948.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=060733|access-date=17 September 2021|website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727171910/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=060733|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Kegunaan dalam Medis ==
[[Image:Bacitracin ointment.jpg|thumb|left|sebuah tube salep mata basitrasin]]
Basitrasin digunakan dalam pengobatan manusia sebagai antibiotik polipeptida dan "disetujui oleh [[Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Amerika Serikat|FDA]] untuk digunakan pada ayam dan [[kalkun]]", meski penggunaan pada hewan berkontribusi terhadap [[Resistansi antimikroba|resistensi antibiotik]].<ref name="disc">{{cite web | vauthors = Pearl MC | date = 12 September 2007 | url = http://discovermagazine.com/2007/sep/better-planet | title = Antibiotic use on the farm hurts people—and doesn't help the bottom line. | work = [[Discover Magazine]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070925063617/http://discovermagazine.com/2007/sep/better-planet | archive-date = 25 September 2007 }}</ref>
Sebagai garam seng basitrasin, dalam kombinasi dengan antibiotik topikal lainnya (biasanya [[polimiksin B]] dan neomisin) sebagai salep ("salep tiga antibiotik," dengan nama merek "Neosporin"), digunakan untuk pengobatan topikal berbagai infeksi kulit dan mata yang terlokalisasi, serta digunakan untuk pencegahan infeksi luka. Larutan mata non-salep juga tersedia untuk infeksi mata.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.healthgrades.com/drug-ratings/drug/information/1246/Triple%20Antibiotic|title=Healthgrades > Find a Doctor > Doctor Reviews > Hospital Ratings|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523141000/http://www.healthgrades.com/drug-ratings/drug/information/1246/Triple%20Antibiotic|archive-date=23 May 2011}}</ref>
[[image:3D Aminated Chem Struct Bacitracin A.gif|thumb|200px|Animasi 3D struktur kimia basitrasin]]
===Spektrum data aktivitas dan kerentanan===
Basitrasin adalah antibiotik spektrum sempit. Antibiotik ini menargetkan bakteri [[gram-positif]], terutama yang menyebabkan infeksi kulit. Berikut ini adalah data kerentanan beberapa mikroorganisme yang signifikan secara medis.<ref>{{cite web | title = Bacitracin Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Data | url = http://www.toku-e.com/Assets/MIC/Bacitracin.pdf | work = TOKU-E | access-date = 12 August 2013 | archive-date = 22 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181222141944/http://www.toku-e.com/Assets/MIC/Bacitracin.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
*''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' – ≤0,03 [[Mikrogram|μg]]/mL – 700 μg/mL
*''[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]'' – 0,25 μg/mL – >16 μg/mL
*''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'' – 0,5 μg/mL – >16 μg/mL
== Mekanisme Kerja ==
Basitrasin mengganggu defosforilasi C55-isoprenil pirofosfat, dan molekul terkait yang dikenal sebagai baktoprenol pirofosfat; kedua [[lipid]] tersebut berfungsi sebagai molekul pembawa membran yang mengangkut bahan penyusun [[dinding sel]] bakteri [[peptidoglikan]] ke luar membran bagian dalam.<ref name="pmid4332017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stone KJ, Strominger JL | title = Mechanism of action of bacitracin: complexation with metal ion and C 55 -isoprenyl pyrophosphate | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 68 | issue = 12 | pages = 3223–7 | date = December 1971 | pmid = 4332017 | pmc = 389626 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.68.12.3223 | bibcode = 1971PNAS...68.3223S | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref>
== Sintesis ==
Basitrasin disintesis melalui sintetase [[peptida nonribosomal]] (NRPS), yang berarti [[ribosom]] tidak terlibat langsung dalam sintesisnya. [[Operon]] tiga [[enzim]] disebut BacABC, jangan bingung dengan BacABCDE sintesis bacilycin.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Konz D, Klens A, Schörgendorfer K, Marahiel MA | title = The bacitracin biosynthesis operon of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716: molecular characterization of three multi-modular peptide synthetases | journal = Chemistry & Biology | volume = 4 | issue = 12 | pages = 927–937 | date = December 1997 | pmid = 9427658 | doi = 10.1016/s1074-5521(97)90301-x | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref>
== Komposisi ==
Basitrasin terdiri dari campuran senyawa terkait dengan berbagai tingkat aktivitas antibakteri. Fraksi penting termasuk basitrasin A, A1, B, B1, B2, C, D, E, F, G, dan X.<ref>"Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products Bacitracin." Ema.europa.eu. The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, June 1998. Web. 18 January 2013</ref> Basitrasin A diketahui memiliki aktivitas antibakteri paling banyak. Basitrasin B1 dan B2 memiliki potensi serupa dan sekitar 90% aktif seperti basitrasin A.<ref name="pmid1601975">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bell RG | title = Preparative high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and isolation of bacitracin components and their relationship to microbiological activity | journal = Journal of Chromatography | volume = 590 | issue = 1 | pages = 163–8 | date = January 1992 | pmid = 1601975 | doi = 10.1016/0021-9673(92)87018-4 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
== Dalam Budaya Masyarakat ==
Terdapat sebuah kontroversi yakni
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Kategori:
[[Kategori:
|