Gempa bumi Asia Selatan 2005: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| name = Gempa bumi Kashmir 2005
| timestamp = 2005-10-08 03:50:40
| anss-url = usp000e12e
| isc-event = 7703077
| image = {{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| border = infobox
| total_width = 250
| perrow = 1/2
| image1 = Muzaffarabad - 2005 Kashmir earthquake.jpg
| image2 = Kashmir2005 aid.jpg
| image3 = US Navy 051013-N-8796S-119 The city of Muzafarabad, Pakistan lays in ruins after an earthquake that hit the region.jpg
| image4 = US Navy 051118-N-1261P-025 Pakistani engineers and a U.S. Navy Seabee assigned to Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Seven Four (NMCB-74) monitor the progress of an excavator.jpg
}}
| alt =
| caption = [[Muzaffarabad]] kota yang paling terpengaruh
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 = {{Location map+ | Pakistan
| places =
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=34.53|long=69.1|label_size=100|label=Kabul|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=33.74|long=73.07|label_size=100|label=Islamabad|position=bottom|mark=Red pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=31.55|long=74.34|label_size=100|label=Lahore|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=28.61|long=77.20|label_size=100|label=Delhi|position=right|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=34.45|long=73.65|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=40}}
| width = 250
| float = center
| caption =
| relief = yes }}
| local-date = 8 Oktober 2005
| local-time = 08:50
| duration =
| magnitude = 7.6 [[Moment magnitude scale|M<sub>w</sub>]]
| depth = {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}}
| location = {{Coord|34.45|73.65|type:event_region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| type =
| affected = [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Tajikistan]]
| damages =
| depth = {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}}
| intensity = {{MMI|XI}}<ref name="Ali et. al">{{cite journal |author1=Zahid Ali |author2=Muhammad Qaisar |author3=Tariq Mahmood |author4=Muhammad Ali Shah |author5=Talat Iqbal |author6=Leonello Serva |author7=Alessandro M. Michetti |author8=Paul W. Burton |title=The Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, earthquake of 8 October 2005: surface faulting, environmental effects and macroseismic intensity |journal=Special Publications |date=2009 |volume=316 |issue=1 |pages=155–172 |doi=10.1144/SP316.9 |url=https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/316/1/155?ck=nck |publisher=The Geological Society of London|bibcode=2009GSLSP.316..155A |s2cid=128469925 }}</ref>
| pga = <!-- NN''[[Peak ground acceleration|g]]'' -->
| tsunami =
| landslide = Ya
| foreshocks =
| aftershocks =
| casualties = 86,000–87,351 tewas<br /> 69,000–75,266 terluka<br /> 2.8 juta mengungsi
}}
'''Gempa bumi Asia Selatan 2005''' terjadi di [[Kashmir]], [[Pakistan]] utara, pada 8 Oktober 2005, berkekuatan 7,6 {{M|w|link=y}} dengan [[Skala intensitas Mercalli yang dimodifikasi|Skala intensitas]] mencapai XI (''Ekstrem''). Episentrum gempa berada dekat dengan kota [[Muzaffarabad]], kerusakan besar terjadi di [[Pakistan]] di wilayah [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], India di wilayah [[Jammu dan Kashmir]] hingga [[Afganistan]] dan utara [[India]], gempa menewaskan sedikitnya 74.000 hingga 87,000 orang dan menyebabkan 2,5 juta penduduk kehilangan tempat tinggal, menjadikan gempa bumi paling mematikan di wilayah [[Asia Selatan]].<ref name="Dawn_Quetta_2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/25/fea.htm|title=The great Quetta tragedy|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN Newspaper]]|date=25 October 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027020142/http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/25/fea.htm|archive-date=27 October 2005|access-date=24 January 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[United States Geological Survey]] memberikan besar gempa dengan [[moment magnitude scale|magnitudo]] 7,6, dengan [[episenter]] di dekat kota [[Muzaffarabad]], sekitar 105 km (65 mil) timur laut [[Islamabad]] dengan kedalaman 26 km (16,2 mil) dari permukaan. [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] memberikan magnitudo sebesar 7,8. Gempa ini diklasifikasikan besar oleh USGS.
Banyak korban yang meninggal dunia saat bangunan yang mereka diami runtuh. 50% gedung-gedung di Muzaffarabad dinyatakan telah rata dengan tanah. Di [[Islamabad]], dua bangunan tinggi yang merupakan [[apartemen]], runtuh, sehingga korban dalam gedung mencapai sekitar ratusan. Pada empat tahun kemudian, gempa bumi berkekuatan sama terjadi di [[Gempa bumi Sumatra Barat 2009|Padang]].
== Gempa bumi ==
[[File:2005 Kashmir earthquake shakemap.jpg|thumb|200px|[[USGS]] Intensitas gempa bumi]]
Gempa tersebut memiliki intensitas Modified Mercalli maksimum XI (Ekstrim) yang dievaluasi di wilayah sekitar pusat gempa, antara kota Muzaffarabad dan Balakot. Dengan skala (MMI XI). Survei lapangan terhadap kerusakan parah pada bangunan dan bangunan lain di Balakot menetapkan bahwa intensitas Modified Mercalli melebihi (MMI X). Di Muzaffarabad, intensitas mencapai puncaknya pada (MMI VIII–IX. Intensitas (MMI VII–VIII) ditentukan di wilayah selatan [[Muzaffarabad]].<ref name="EERI1stReport">{{Cite web|title=First Report on the Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005|url=https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/kashmir_eeri_1st_report.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629222020/https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/kashmir_eeri_1st_report.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2006|website=eeri.org}}</ref>
Intensitas maksimum di Bharat adalah VIII (Destruktif) pada skala Medvedev – Sponheuer – Karnik (MSK), dan dirasakan di Uri. MSK VII terasa di Kupwara dan Baramulla. Di Srinagar, gempa dirasakan dengan intensitas MSK sebesar V. Di daerah yang intensitas seismiknya lebih rendah, tercatat terjadi keruntuhan. Gempa bumi dirasakan di seluruh Asia Tengah, hingga [[Dushanbe]], [[Tajikistan]]. Guncangan ringan terasa di [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]].
== Korban ==
[[File:Destroyed building in Muzaffarabad after the earthquake (2005).jpg|thumb|250px|Sebuah bangunan hancur di [[Muzaffarabad]]]]
Jumlah korban tewas resmi pemerintah Pakistan pada November 2005 mencapai 87.350 meskipun diperkirakan jumlah korban tewas bisa mencapai lebih dari 100.000. Sekitar 138.000 orang terluka dan lebih dari 3,5 juta orang kehilangan tempat tinggal. Menurut data pemerintah, 19.000 anak meninggal akibat gempa bumi, sebagian besar disebabkan oleh runtuhnya gedung sekolah. Gempa bumi berdampak pada lebih dari 500.000 keluarga. Selain itu, sekitar 250.000 hewan ternak mati akibat runtuhnya lumbung batu, dan lebih dari 500.000 hewan memerlukan perlindungan segera dari musim dingin. Sekitar 200 tentara juga tewas di wilayah episentrum gempa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abbasi |first=Kashif |date=2019-12-21 |title=Only three multi-storey buildings operating with completion certificates |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1523416 |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>
== Tanggapan internasional ==
[[File:US Navy 051012-N-8796S-260 Members of the Pakistan military and civilians from multinational relief agencies carry an injured woman to a U.S. Army UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter for a medical evacuation in the remote Pakistani vill.jpg|thumb|250px|Bantuan dari [[Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat]]]]
* {{flag|Australia}} - Sekretaris Parlemen untuk Urusan Luar Negeri [[Bruce Billson]] turut berdukacita dan mengatakan bahwa Australia akan menyumbangkan [[Dolar Australia|A$]]500.000 untuk bantuan medis dan "relief" untuk membantu menyediakan pertolongan medis dan perlindungan bagi komunitas yang terpengaruh. [http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Australia-donates-500000-for-quake/2005/10/09/1128796395377.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210221401/http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Australia-donates-500000-for-quake/2005/10/09/1128796395377.html |date=2005-12-10 }}
* {{flag|Kanada}} - Kanada telah menawarkan [[Dolar Kanada|K$]]100.000 kepada [[Gerakan Palang Merah dan Sabit Merah Internasional]] untuk bantuan awal. Dan tambahan K$200.000 telah disediakan kepada Kedutaan Besar Kanada di Pakistan untuk tanggapan terhadap kebutuhan darurat. [http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/news.asp?id=605] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210085945/http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/news.asp?id=605 |date=2005-12-10 }}
* {{flag|India}} - Perdana Menteri [[Manmohan Singh]] menawarkan bantuan gempa kepada Pakistan. India dan Pakistan High Commisioners saling berhubungan untuk bekerja sama dalam membantu korban.
* {{flag|Indonesia}} - Indonesia mengirimkan pesawat [[C-130 Hercules]] dengan tim medis, obat-obatan dan berbagai bahan-bahan pertologan ke Pakistan. [[Palang Merah Indonesia]] (PMI) juga siap mengirimkan dana bantuan kemanusiaan dan tim khusus. [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-10/10/content_3600941.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208223123/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-10/10/content_3600941.htm |date=2013-12-08 }}, [http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=6742] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210200055/http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=6742 |date=2005-12-10 }}
* {{flag|Jepang}} - Jepang menyediakan para ahli dan peralatan utuk operasi penyelamatan. [http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/10/08/quake.pakistan.assistance/index.html/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519223133/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/10/08/quake.pakistan.assistance/index.html |date=2008-05-19 }}
* {{flag|Turki}} - Turki mengirimkan 30 pesawat terbang membawa tim medis ke Pakistan. [http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/10/08/quake.pakistan.assistance/index.html/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519223133/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/10/08/quake.pakistan.assistance/index.html |date=2008-05-19 }}
* {{flag|Britania Raya}} - Sekretaris Luar Negeri [[Jack Straw (politisi)|Jack Straw]] mengatakan bahwa Britania mengirimkan 60 pekerja tanggapan bencana termasuk 50 staf medis. Sekretaris Pembangunan Internasional [[Hilary Benn]] mengumumkan bantuan awal 10 juta [[Rupee Pakistan|rupee]], atau sekitar [[Dolar Amerika|AS$]]168.000
* {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} - ''[[United States Agency for International Development]]'' menyediakan AS$100.000 dalam dana pertolongan darurat. Militer AS juga menyediakan persediaan dan bantuan untuk pertolongan bencana. [http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/10/08/quake.pakistan.assistance/index.html/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519223133/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/10/08/quake.pakistan.assistance/index.html |date=2008-05-19 }}
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=== Organisasi multinasional ===
*[[United Nations]] — An eight-member U.N. relief team arrived in Pakistan to aid in search-and-rescue operations, coordinate relief efforts and assess the impact of the quake. Agencies involved include the [[United Nations Children's Fund]] [[United Nations Population Fund]] and [[International Nongovernmental Organizations Forum]]. Supplies such as blankets, clothes, tents, food for infants and medicine were being sent to the disaster regions. The [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] has released US$100,000 of emergency fund for immediate relief aid. [http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/10/08/quake.pakistan.assistance/index.html/]
*[[European Union]] — The European Commission said up to three million euros could be approved within a day if requested by agencies working on the ground. [http://www.ndtv.com/environment/earthquake.asp?id=79748&callid=1]
*[[Organization of the Islamic Conference]] (OIC) — Secretary general [[Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu]] expressed immense shock and sadness at the tragedy and conveyed his "profound and sincere condolences to the government and the brotherly people of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan". He strongly appealed to all OIC member states and the international community to expeditiously extend all possible humanitarian assistance and support to the Government and people of Pakistan to overcome the impact of this tragedy. [http://www.onlinenews.com.pk/details.php?id=88050]
Baris 36 ⟶ 90:
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Gempa bumi Gujarat 2001]]
* [[Gempa bumi Pakistan 2013]]
* [[Gempa bumi Asia Selatan 2022]]
* [[Gempa bumi Herat 2023]]
* [[Daftar gempa bumi paling mematikan]]
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons|2005 Kashmir earthquake}}
* {{en}} [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/recenteqsww/Quakes/usdyae.htm USGS earthquake report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030184348/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/recenteqsww/Quakes/usdyae.htm |date=2005-10-30 }}
* {{id}} [http://kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0510/09/utama/2113029.htm "Lebih dari 1.000 Orang Tewas "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051214023755/http://kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0510/09/utama/2113029.htm |date=2005-12-14 }}, ''[[KOMPAS]]'', [[9 Oktober]] [[2005]]
* {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4321490.stm "Hundreds die in South Asia quake"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010195619/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4321490.stm |date=2022-10-10 }}, ''BBC''
* {{en}} [http://www.ndtv.com/topstories/showtopstory.asp?slug=Strong+tremors+felt+across+North+India&id=17919&category=National "Quake rocks South Asia, many killed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051214181404/http://www.ndtv.com/topstories/showtopstory.asp?slug=Strong%2Btremors%2Bfelt%2Bacross%2Bnorth%2BIndia&id=17919&category=National |date=2005-12-14 }}, ''NDTV''
[[Kategori:Sejarah Pakistan]]
[[Kategori:Gempa bumi tahun 2005|Asia Selatan 2005, Gempa bumi]]
[[Kategori:Pakistan dalam tahun 2005]]
[[Kategori:Gempa bumi di Pakistan]]
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