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{{infobox national military
|country = East{{flag|Jerman GermanyTimur}}
|name = NationalTentara People'sRakyat ArmyNasional
|native_name = Nationale Volksarmee (NVA)
|motto = ''Für den Schutz der Arbeiter-und-Bauern-Macht''<br/>(For''Untuk thePerlindungan securityKekuatan ofPara theBuruh workers'dan and farmersPetani'' power)
|image = [[FileBerkas:Coat of arms of NVA (East Germany).svg|180px]]
|caption = InsigniaLambang of the National People's ArmyNVA
|image2 = [[FileBerkas:Flag of NVA (East Germany).svg|bordertepi|200px]]
|caption2 = FlagBendera ofTentara theRakyat NationalNasional People's ArmyJerman
|founded = 1 MarchMaret 1956
|disbanded = 2 OctoberOktober 1990
|branches =
* [[File:Emblem of the Ground Forces of NVA (East Germany).svg|18px]] [[Angkatan Darat Rakyat Nasional|''Landstreitkräfte'']]
* [[Land Forces of the National People's Army|Land Forces]]
* [[File:Emblem of aircraft of NVA (East Germany).svg|18px]] [[Angkatan Udara Rakyat Nasional|''Luftstreitkräfte'']]
* [[Volksmarine|People's Navy]]
* [[File:Flag of warships of VM (East Germany).svg|18px]] [[Angkatan Laut Rakyat Nasional|''Volksmarine'']]
* [[Air Forces of the National People's Army|Air Forces]]
* [[File:Emblem of the Border Troops of East Germany.svg|18px]] [[Pasukan Perbatasan Republik Demokratik Jerman|''Grenztruppen'']]
* [[Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic|Border Troops]]
|headquarters = [[Strausberg]], [[East Berlin Timur]]
<!-- Leadership -->
|commander-in-chief = {{List[[File:Coat of arms of collapsedEast Germany (1955–1990).svg|title=''See18px]] list''|1=[[Wilhelm Pieck]],<br/>[[Walter Ulbricht]],(pertama)<br/>[[WilliFile:Coat Stoph]],<br/>[[Erichof Honecker]],<br/>[[Egonarms Krenzof East Germany (1955–1990).svg|18px]],<br/>[[Manfred Gerlach]],<br/>[[Sabine Bergmann-Pohl]]}} (terakhir)
|commander-in-chief_title = [[LeadershipDaftar ofpemimpin EastJerman GermanyTimur|HeadKepala of StateNegara]]
|minister = {{List[[File:DDR Verteidigungsminister collapsedKfz-Flagge.svg|title=''See18px]] list''|1=[[Willi Stoph]],<br/>[[Heinz Hoffmann]],(pertama)<br/>[[HeinzFile:DDR Kessler]],<br/>[[TheodorVerteidigungsminister Hoffmann (admiral)Kfz-Flagge.svg|Theodor Hoffmann18px]],<br/> [[Rainer Eppelmann]]}} (terakhir)
|minister_title = [[MinistryKementerian ofPertahanan National DefenceNasional (EastJerman GermanyTimur)|Minister ofMenteri DefencePertahanan]]
|commander = {{List[[File:DDR collapsed|title=''SeeVerteidigungsminister list''Kfz-Flagge.svg|1=[[Willi Stoph18px]],<br/> [[HeinzVincenz HoffmannMüller]], (pertama)<br/>[[ErichFile:DDR MielkeVerteidigungsminister Kfz-Flagge.svg|18px]],<br/> [[FriedrichManfred DickelGrätz]],<br/>[[Heinz Kessler]]}}(terakhir)
|commander_title = [[ArmyKementerian generalPertahanan Nasional (EastJerman GermanyTimur)#Staf Utama|ArmyKepala GeneralStaf]]
<!-- Manpower -->
|age =
|conscription =Ya
|manpower_data = 175,300 (1987)
|manpower_age =
|available =
Baris 35 ⟶ 34:
|reaching =
|reaching_f =
|active =176.000 personel di masa damai (1990)<br>561.350 personel di masa perang (1990)
|ranked =
|reserve =
Baris 44 ⟶ 43:
<!-- Industrial -->
|domestic_suppliers =
|foreign_suppliers ={{flag|Cekoslowakia}}<br>{{flag|Uni Soviet}}
|imports =
|exports =
Baris 52 ⟶ 51:
}}
 
'''Tentara Rakyat Nasional''' ({{Lang-de|Nationale Volksarmee}}, '''NVA''') adalah [[angkatan bersenjata]] dari [[Jerman Timur|Republik Demokratik Jerman]] (Jerman Timur) dari tahun 1956 hingga 1990.
The '''National People’s Army''' ('''NPA''') ([[German language|German]]: ''Nationale Volksarmee - NVA'') was the name used for the armed forces of the [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]].
 
NVA diorganisir menjadi empat cabang: ''[[Angkatan Darat Rakyat Nasional|Landstreitkräfte]]'' (Angkatan Darat), ''[[Angkatan Laut Rakyat Nasional|Volksmarine]]'' (Angkatan Laut), ''[[Angkatan Udara Rakyat Nasional|Luftstreitkräfte]]'' (Angkatan Udara), dan ''[[Pasukan Perbatasan Republik Demokratik Jerman|Grenztruppen]]'' (Pasukan Perbatasan). NVA dimiliki oleh [[Kementerian Pertahanan Nasional (Jerman Timur)|Kementerian Pertahanan Nasional]] dan dipimpin oleh [[Dewan Pertahanan Nasional Jerman Timur]] yang berkantor pusat di [[Strausberg]], 30 kilometer ke timur dari [[Berlin Timur]]. Sejak tahun 1962, [[wajib militer]] adalah wajib bagi semua laki-laki Jerman Timur berusia antara 18 dan 60 tahun dengan lama layanan selama 18 bulan, dan NVA adalah satu-satunya militer [[Pakta Warsawa]] yang menawarkan peran non-tempur kepada [[Penolak berdasarkan hati nurani|penolak dari hati nurani]], yang dikenal sebagai "[[Prajurit konstruksi|tentara konstruksi]]" (''Bausoldat''). NVA mencapai 175.300 personel pada puncaknya pada tahun 1987.
The NVA was established in 1956 and disbanded in 1990. It did not see any significant combat, though its participation with the [[Soviet Armed Forces]] against the Czechoslovak interim government during the [[Prague Spring]] of 1968 was cancelled at the last minute and there were frequent reports of East German advisors working with [[communist]] African governments during the [[Cold War]].
 
NVA dibentuk pada 1 Maret 1956 untuk menggantikan ''[[Kasernierte Volkspolizei]]'' (Barikade Polisi Rakyat), dan di bawah pengaruh [[Angkatan Darat Soviet]], NVA menjadi salah satu militer Pakta Warsawa yang menentang [[Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara|NATO]] selama [[Perang Dingin]]. Mayoritas perwira NATO menilai NVA sebagai militer terbaik di Pakta Warsawa berdasarkan kedisiplinan, ketelitian pelatihan, dan kualitas kepemimpinan perwira.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Trainor|first=Bernard E.|last2=Times|first2=Special To the New York|date=1988-11-08|title=East German Military: Warsaw Pact's Finest|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/08/world/east-german-military-warsaw-pact-s-finest.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2023-07-06}}</ref> NVA tidak pernah terlibat dalam pertempuran yang signifikan, tetapi berpartisipasi dalam [[invasi Pakta Warsawa ke Cekoslowakia]] pada tahun 1968, dengan mengerahkan [[penasihat militer]] ke negara-negara komunis lain, dan menjaga [[Tembok Berlin]] di mana mereka [[Daftar korban meninggal di Tembok Berlin|bertanggung jawab atas banyak kematian]].
==History==
{{main|History of the Volkspolizei}}
[[File:Nva-ehrenwache.jpg|thumb|Soldiers of the [[Guard Regiment Friedrich Engels]] marching at a [[Guard Mounting|changing-of-the-guard]] ceremony at the [[Neue Wache]] on the [[Unter den Linden]] in Berlin.]]
The National People’s Army was created on March 1 1956, six months after the formation of the West German [[Bundeswehr]], from the [[Kasernierte Volkspolizei]] (Barracked People's Police). It was preceded by years of preparation during which former [[Wehrmacht]] officers and communist veterans of the [[Spanish Civil War]] helped organize and train [[Kasernierte Volkspolizei|paramilitary units]] of the [[Volkspolizei|People's Police]]. With its German appearance—including uniforms and ceremonies patterned after older German military traditions—the doctrine and structure of the NVA were strongly influenced by the [[Soviet Armed Forces]].
 
NVA dibubarkan pada 2 Oktober 1990 sebelum [[Penyatuan kembali Jerman|reunifikasi Jerman]], kemudian semua fasilitas serta perlengkapannya diserahkan kepada ''[[Bundeswehr]]'' (angkatan bersenjata Jerman Barat), yang juga menyerap sebagian besar personel NVA di bawah pangkat [[bintara]].
During its first year, about 27 percent of the NVA's officer corps had formerly served in the Wehrmacht. Of the 82 highest command positions, 61 were held by ex-Wehrmacht officers; however, very few of them had served in high ranks. The military knowledge and combat experience of these veterans were indispensable in the NVA's early years, although by the 1960s most of these World War II veterans had been retired. The West German Bundeswehr similarly relied on Wehrmacht veterans who initially comprised the majority of its commissioned ranks.
 
== Sejarah ==
In its first six years, the NVA was an all-volunteer force. [[West Germany]], in contrast, re-introduced universal military service in 1956. Conscription was finally introduced in 1962, and the NVA's strength was increased to approximately 170,000 troops.
{{main|Angkatan Darat Rakyat Nasional}}
[[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1985-0508-018, Berlin, Wachaufzug.jpg|jmpl|220x220px|Parade Prajurit NVA pada Hari Jadi ke-40 negara [[Jerman Timur|Republik Demokratik Jerman]] di Berlin|kiri]]''Nationale Volksarmee'' (NVA) ini didirikan pada 1 Maret 1956, enam bulan setelah dibentuknya angkatan bersenjata Jerman Barat yang bernama ''[[Bundeswehr]]''. Berawal dari [[Kasernierte Volkspolizei|''Kasernierte Volkspolizei'']] atau "Barikade Polisi Rakyat", yaitu badan pendudukan militer milik Soviet di Jerman, yang kemudian nama dan fungsi nya diubah sehingga dapat membentuk suatu Angkatan Bersenjata Nasional yang dapat melindungi warga negara [[Republik Demokratik Jerman|Jerman di Timur]]. Pada tahun-tahun persiapan banyak para bekas perwira ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' yang ikut membantu dalam pembentukan Angkatan Bersenjata baru untuk negara baru yang mana mengakibatkan masih ada bekas peninggalan Wehrmacht di tubuh NVA. Contohnya cara berparade yang menggunakan Langkah Angsa, Pakaian dengan warna abu-abu kehijau tuaan yang mana serupa dengan seragam wehrmacht, Bentuk helem yang dicampur dari desain helm milik Tentara Merah dan Stahlhelm milik Wehrmacht. Meski masih menggunakan tradisi lama milik Wehrmacht tetapi Pendoktrinisasi serta Struktur administratif di TRNJ berdasarkan serta serupa dengan [[Tentara Merah|Angkatan Bersenjata Uni Soviet]]. Selain mendapat bantuan awal pembentukan dari Wehrmacht TRNJ juga dibantu oleh mantan perwira Komunis bekas [[Perang Saudara Spanyol|Perang Sipil Spanyol]].
[[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-85458-0003, Berlin, Mauerbau, Kampfgruppen, NVA, VP.jpg|jmpl|Pasukan [[Pasukan Perbatasan Republik Demokratik Jerman|''Grenztruppen'']] (penjaga perbatasan) dan anggota paramiliter [[Kelompok Penyerang Kelas Buruh|''Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse'']] di perbatasan sektor Berlin pada 14 Agustus 1961]]
Awal-awal pembentukan NVA 27 persen perwira militer-nya merupakan bekas veteran Wehrmacht yang masa dinas-nya belum habis dan juga yang tidak di adili di [[Pengadilan Nuremberg]]. Dari sekitar 82 posisi tertinggi di jajaran NVA sekitar 61 posisi dipegang oleh para perwira-perwira wehrmacht. Mereka masih lanjut berdinas sampai tahun 1960-an karena pengetahuan di bidang militer mereka sangatlah di perlukan untuk pertahanan negara ini. Baik [[Republik Federal Jerman|Jerman Barat]] maupun [[Republik Demokratik Jerman|Jerman Timur]] menggunakan cara seperti ini untuk mengetahui rahasia-rahasia ''Wehrmacht'' yang sangat efektif dalam hal bertempur.
 
=== Mantan tentara Wehrmacht di NVA ===
Like the communist parties of other socialist states, the SED assured control by appointing loyal party members to top positions and organizing intensive political education for all ranks. The proportion of SED members in the officer corps rose steadily after the early 1960s, eventually reaching almost 95 percent of the officer corps.
Daftar berikut termasuk para jenderal NVA dan laksamana yang dianugerahi [[Salib Jerman]] di ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' selama [[Perang Dunia II]] dengan tanggal penghargaan serta [[Pangkat militer|pangkat]] yang dipegang pada waktu yang tertulis disamping nama.<ref>[http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=5745 Generals & Admirals who were awarded the Knight's Cross] in the ''Axis History Factbook''</ref>
* ''Generalmajor'' Rudolf Bamler (12 Maret 1942 sebagai ''Oberst'')
* ''Generalmajor'' Bernhard Bechler (28 Januari 1943 sebagai ''Major'')
* ''Generalmajor'' Dr. rer. pol. Otto Korfes (11 Januari 1942 sebagai ''Oberst'')
* ''Generalmajor'' Arno von Lenski (21 Januari 1943 sebagai ''Generalmajor'')
* ''Generalleutnant'' Vincenz Müller (26 Januari 1942 sebagai ''Oberst'' i.G.)
* ''Generalmajor'' Hans Wulz (25 Januari 1943 sebagai ''Generalmajor'')
 
Daftar berikut termasuk para jenderal NVA dan laksamana yang dianugerahi [[Salib Kesatria dari Salib Besi|Salib Ksatria dari Salib Besi]] di ''Wehrmacht'' selama Perang Dunia Kedua dengan tanggal penghargaan serta pangkat yang dipegang pada waktu yang tertulis disamping nama.<ref>[http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=5744 Generals & Admirals who were awarded the German Cross] in the ''Axis History Factbook''</ref>
The NVA described itself as the "instrument of power of the working class". According to its doctrine, the NVA protected peace and secured the achievements of socialism by maintaining a convincing deterrent to imperialist aggression. The NVA's motto, inscribed on its flag, was "For the Protection of the Workers' and Farmers' Power."
* ''Generalmajor'' Wilhelm Adam (17 Desember 1942 sebagai ''Oberst'')
* ''Generalmajor'' Dr. rer. pol. Otto Korfes (22 Januari 1943 sebagai ''Generalmajor'')
* ''Generalleutnant'' Vincenz Müller (7 April 1944 sebagai ''Generalleutnant'')
 
== Pembubaran ==
The NVA never took part in full-scale combat, although it participated in a support role in the suppression of the [[Prague Spring]] of 1968 and NVA officers often served as combat advisers in Africa. When the Soviet Union prepared to occupy Czechoslovakia, the GDR government originally planned to use the 7th Panzer Division and the 11th Motorized Infantry Division to support the intervention, but fear of international reaction to the deployment of German troops outside Germany for the first time since the [[World War II|Second World War]] caused second thoughts. Instead, the NVA provided logistical help when Soviet troops advanced into Czechoslovakia and stood at the border ready to intervene in the event that the [[Soviet Army]] could not quell the uprising.
[[Berkas:MiG-29 Fulcrum.jpg|jmpl|[[Mikoyan MiG-29]] ''[[Angkatan Udara Jerman|Luftwaffe]]'' bekas ''[[Angkatan Udara Rakyat Nasional|Luftstreitkräfte]]'' NVA di tahun 2008]]
NVA dibubarkan menyusul pembubaran pemerintah Jerman Timur pada bulan Oktober 1990. Di bawah proses "Tentara Persatuan" (''Armee der Einheit''), fasilitas dan perlengkapan NVA diserahkan kepada ''[[Bundeswehr]]'', pasukan pertahanan federal dari Jerman yang bersatu. Komando Timur Bundeswehr (''Bundeswehrkommando Ost'') didirikan untuk mengontrol unit atau fasilitas di wilayah bekas Jerman Timur, dan dipimpin oleh Letnan Jenderal Jörg Schönbohm.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Army of Unity|url=https://australien.diplo.de/au-en/aktuelles/-/2398408}}</ref> Sebagian besar fasilitas ditutup dan alutsistanya dijual atau diberikan ke negara lain. Sebagian besar dari 36.000 [[perwira]] dan [[bintara]] NVA diberhentikan, termasuk semua perwira di atas pangkat ''Oberstleutnant''. Bundeswehr hanya mempertahankan 3.200 personel – setelah penurunan pangkat satu pangkat. Selain itu, semua tentara wanita (pada saat itu wanita masih dilarang menjadi tentara di Bundeswehr) dan semua tentara yang berusia di atas 55 tahun diberhentikan.
 
== Referensi ==
During the 1970s, and increasingly in the 1980s, the NVA achieved new standards of mobilization times and combat readiness (Gefechtsbereitschaft). The [[North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]]'s (NATO) submarine-based missiles were seen as its most potent weapon and the hardest to defend against. Ultimately, 85 per cent of all NVA units were on constant alert and trained to depart within 25 to 30 minutes from their bases to designated areas about five to seven kilometers apart. Mobilization of reserves would have been completed within two days. These unprecedented levels of combat readiness were considered the major asset of GDR military deterrence but have never been proven to be accurate. These preparedness levels placed a huge strain on military professionals and conscripts alike.<ref>Private Archive BS, unpublished author’s interview with Major General Hans-Werner Deim in Washington on 28 May 2005. PHP Archive, unpublished interview with Admiral Theodor Hoffmann, Berlin, 24 October 2002</ref>
{{reflist}}
 
[[Kategori:Jerman Timur]]
[[File:Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1981, MiNr 2580.jpg|thumb|180px|A stamp celebrating 25 years of the NVA. In the background is a memorial commemorating those who perished in the former Nazi Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp.]]
[[Kategori:Tentara Rakyat Nasional]]
In the early 1970s the NVA was assigned the wartime mission of capturing [[West Berlin]] by the [[Group of Soviet Forces in Germany]] high command.<ref>David Stone, 'Fighting for the Fatherland: The Story of the German Soldier from 1648 to the Present Day,' Conway, London, 2006, p.385-6, ISBN 1-84486-036-1, drawing upon Colonel AD Meek, 'Operation Centre,' British Army Review, No. 107, 1994</ref> The NVA plan for the operation was designated 'Operation Centre' and called for some 32,000 troops in two divisions, accompanied by the GSFG's 6th Guards Separate Motor Rifle Brigade. The plan was regularly updated until 1988, when a less ambitious plan that simply aimed at containing Berlin was substituted.
[[Kategori:Militer Jerman Timur]]
 
[[Kategori:Pendirian tahun 1956]]
In the autumn of 1981, the NVA stood ready to intervene in [[Poland]] in support of a possible Soviet invasion, but the declaration of martial law in Poland averted the crisis.
[[Kategori:Pendirian tahun 1956 di Jerman Timur]]
 
[[Kategori:Pembubaran tahun 1990]]
The NVA was in a state of heightened combat readiness on several occasions, including the construction of the [[Berlin Wall]] in 1961, the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] in 1962, the 1968 Warsaw Pact intervention in Czechoslovakia, and, for the last time, in late 1989 as protests swept through the country.
 
===Ideology===
The NVA was a professional volunteer army until 1962, when conscription was introduced. The armed forces were controlled by the [[National Defense Council of East Germany|National Defense Council]], but the mobile forces were under the [[Warsaw Pact Unified Command]]. Political control of the armed forces was through close integration with the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), which vetted all the officers. Popular support for the military establishment was bolstered by military training provided by the school system and through the growing militarization of society. From a [[Leninism|Leninist]] perspective, the NVA stood as a symbol of Soviet-East German solidarity and became the model Communist institution—ideological, hierarchical, and disciplined.<ref>Emily O. Goldman and Leslie C. Eliason, ''The diffusion of military technology and ideas'' (2003) p 132</ref> The NVA synthesized Communist and Germanic symbolism, naming its officers' academy after [[Karl Marx]]'s coauthor [[Friedrich Engels]], and its highest medal after Prussian General [[Gerhard von Scharnhorst]].<ref>Alan L. Nothnagle, ''Building the East German myth'' (1999) p 176</ref>
 
During the popular demonstrations that led to the downfall of the GDR's hardline Communist leadership, some NVA forces were placed on alert but were never deployed against protestors. At the same time, the Soviet government ordered its troops in the GDR to remain in barracks. After the forced retirement of SED and state leader Erich Honecker and other conservatives from the ruling Politburo at the height of the crisis in October 1989, the new SED leadership never considered the possibility of using armed force against the ''Peaceful Revolution.''<ref>Dale Roy Herspring, ''Requiem for an army: the Demise of the East German Military'' (1998)</ref>
 
===Composition===
The manpower of the NVA consisted of some 85,000 soldiers in 1962, climbed to 127,000 by 1967, and remained essentially steady through 1970.<ref>Hancock, M. Donald. ''The Bundeswehr and the National People's Army: A Comparative Study of German Civil-Military Polity''. University of Denver, 1973. p 25.</ref> In 1987, at the peak of its power, the NVA numbered 175,300 troops. Approximately 50% of this number were career soldiers, while the others were short-term conscripts.
 
According to a 1973 study, NVA leaders from the late 1950s through the 1960s were drawn predominantly from working-class backgrounds, with few from middle class or professional families and no representatives of the aristocracy present in the upper echelons. Excepting specialized military or political instruction, most NVA leaders reported primary school as their highest level of formal education.<ref>Hancock, M. Donald. ''The Bundeswehr and the National People's Army: A Comparative Study of German Civil-Military Polity''. University of Denver, 1973. p 12-13</ref>
 
===Post-unification===
[[File:Lkw-tatra-813.jpg|thumb|Tatra-813]]
The NVA was disbanded in 1990. Its facilities and equipment were handed over to the [[Bundeswehr]]. Most facilities were closed, and equipment was either sold or given to other countries. Most of the NVA's 36,000 officers and NCOs were let go, including all officers above the rank of lieutenant colonel. Only 3,200 were retained by the Bundeswehr after a demotion of one rank. In addition, all female soldiers and all soldiers over the age of 55 were also discharged.
 
Until March 1, 2005, time served in the NVA was listed as time “served in a foreign military”. Service in the NVA did not count for points towards federal pensions in the [[Germany|unified Germany]]. Retired NVA soldiers and officers received only minimal pensions after unification: a thirty-year veteran would receive a pension smaller than a graduate student stipend. After the reform, service in the NVA is known as “served outside of the Bundeswehr”.
 
Many former NVA officers feel bitter about their treatment after unification. While receiving only minimal pensions, few have been able to find jobs except as laborers or security guards. Former NVA officers are not permitted to append their NVA rank to their name as a professional title; no such prohibition applies to rank attained in the Wehrmacht or Waffen-SS during the Nazi era.<ref>Andrew Bickford, "Soldiers, Citizens, and the State: East German Army Officers in Post-Unification Germany." ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'' 2009; 51(2):260-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0010417509000127</ref>
 
One of the few former NVA facilities not closed was its [[Storkow, Brandenburg|Storkow]] base near Berlin, which housed the NVA's camouflage and deception center. This became the [[Bundeswehr Unit for Camouflage and Deception]].<ref>[http://www.dw.de/east-german-army-unit-finds-skills-still-in-demand-after-reunification/a-5796289 East German army unit finds skills still in demand after reunification] ''DW (Deutsche Welle) website, August 16th, 2010''</ref>
 
==Former Wehrmacht soldiers in the NVA==
 
The following list includes the NVA generals and admirals who were awarded the [[German Cross]] in the [[Wehrmacht]] during the Second World War with the date of the awards as well as the rank held at the time listed after the name.<ref>[http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=5745 Generals & Admirals who were awarded the Knight's Cross] in the ''Axis History Factbook''</ref>
 
* Generalmajor [[Rudolf Bamler]] (12 March 1942 as Oberst)
* Generalmajor Bernhard Bechler (28 January 1943 as Major)
* Generalmajor Dr. rer. pol. Otto Korfes (11 January 1942 as Oberst)
* Generalmajor [[Arno von Lenski]] (21 January 1943 as Generalmajor)
* Generalleutnant [[Vincenz Müller]] (26 January 1942 as Oberst i.G.)
* Generalmajor Hans Wulz (25 January 1943 as Generalmajor)
 
The following list includes the NVA generals and admirals who were awarded the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] in the [[Wehrmacht]] during the Second World War with the date of the awards as well as the rank held at the time listed after the name.<ref>[http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=5744 Generals & Admirals who were awarded the German Cross] in the ''Axis History Factbook''</ref>
 
* Generalmajor [[Wilhelm Adam (politician)|Wilhelm Adam]] (17 December 1942 as Oberst)
* Generalmajor Dr. rer. pol. Otto Korfes (22 January 1943 as Generalmajor)
* Generalleutnant [[Vincenz Müller]] (7 April 1944 as Generalleutnant)
 
==Utilization of former NVA materiel after 1990==
[[File:Emblem of the Ground Forces of NVA (East Germany).svg|thumb|right|180px||The emblem of the [[East Germany|GDR]]'s armed forces - used for army vehicles]]
The NVA was, in relation to its equipment and training, one of the strongest armies in the Warsaw Pact. It was outfitted with a large number of modern weapons systems, most of Soviet origin, from which a small portion were given back to the Soviet Union in 1990.
 
The remaining equipment and materials was very substantial. Large quantities of replacement parts, medical supplies, [[Weapons of mass destruction|atomic, biological and chemical warfare]] equipment, training devices and simulators, etc. had to be disposed of.
 
One of the first measures taken after [[German reunification|reunification]] was a survey and securing of weapons and devices by former members of the NVA. The federally operated ''Material Depot Service Gesellschaft'' (MDSG) was charged with taking custody of and warehousing this equipment. The MDSG employed 1,820 people who were primarily taken from the Bundeswehr. The MDSG was privatised in 1994. Unless the defense material was given free of charge to beneficiaries in the new federal states or other departments, to museums, or to friendly nations in the context of aid supplies in third world nations, it was destroyed.
 
Left behind were:
* 767 aircraft (helicopters, fixed wing aircraft), 24 of which were [[MiG-29]]s
* 208 ships
* 2,761 tanks
* 133,900 wheeled vehicles
* 2,199 artillery pieces
* 1,376,650 firearms
* 303,690 tons of ammunition
* 14,335 tons of fuel and cleaning materials
 
==Recruitment and conscientious objection==
{{Main|Construction soldier}}
Before the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, military service in the GDR was voluntary, though the [[Free German Youth]] and public schools mounted intensive recruitment drives and service in the NVA was often a prerequisite for career advancement. Compulsory service had been introduced earlier in [[West Germany]] (1956) —one year after the Federal Armed Forces were established— but the GDR held back from this step until 1962. The reason was partly that the authorities feared that conscription would swell the ranks of GDR citizens fleeing to the West.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} The situation changed when the border was sealed in August 1961, and five months later the government announced a mandatory service term of 18 months for men.
 
There was, at first, no alternative service for [[Conscientious objection in East Germany|conscientious objectors]]. This changed in 1964 when, under pressure from the national Protestant church, the GDR's National Defense Council authorized the formation of ''Baueinheiten'' (construction units) for men of draft age who "refuse military service with weapons on the grounds of religious viewpoints or for similar reasons".
 
The [[construction soldier]]s wore uniforms and lived in barracks under military discipline, but were not required to bear arms and received no combat training. In theory, they were to be used only for civilian construction projects. The GDR therefore became the only Warsaw Pact country to provide a non-combat alternative for conscientious objectors. However, fearing that other soldiers would be contaminated by pacifist ideas, the government took care to segregate the construction units from regular conscripts. Moreover, conscripts who chose the alternative service option often faced discrimination later in life, including denial of opportunities for [[Education in East Germany|higher education]].
 
==Organization==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:National peoplesarmy.jpeg|thumb|250px|NVA officer candidates on parade in East Berlin on East Germany's 40th anniversary in 1989.]] -->
The NVA had four main branches:<ref>Forester, Thomas M., The East German Army; Second in the Warsaw Pact, George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1980</ref>
* The ''[[Landstreitkräfte]]'' (Ground Forces) with a strength of 108,000 in the following divisions:
**1. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (Potsdam-Eiche)
**4. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (Erfurt)
**6. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (Königswartha)
**7. Panzerdivision (Dresden)
**8. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (Schwerin)
**9. Panzerdivision (Eggesin)
**10. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (Ronneburg)
**11. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (Halle)
**17. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (Petersroda)
**19. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (Wulkow)
**20. Motorisierte-Schützen-Division (Bredenfelde)
* The ''[[Volksmarine]]'' (People's Navy) with a strength of 18,300.
* The ''[[Air Forces of the National People's Army|Luftstreitkräfte]]''/''Luftverteidigung'' (Air Forces/Air Defence) with a strength of 58,000.
* The ''[[Grenztruppen der DDR]]'' (Border troops of the GDR), consisting of 50,000 [[border guard]]s.
 
In wartime, mobilization of the NVA's reserves would have nearly doubled its strength. GDR authorities also had at their disposal the internal security troops of the [[Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)#Ministers of the Interior of the GDR, 1949-1990|Ministry of the Interior]] (the ''[[Kasernierte Volkspolizei]]'' or ''garrisoned People's Police'') and the [[Stasi|Ministry for State Security]] (the [[Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment]]) along with the 210,000 strong [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|party]] [[Auxiliaries|auxiliary]] "[[Combat Groups of the Working Class]]" (''Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse''), who were available in times of war.
 
The highest level of leadership for the NVA was the Ministry for National Defense (''Ministerium für Nationale Verteidigung'') headquartered in [[Strausberg]] near [[East Berlin]]. NVA administration was divided into the following commands:
* the ''Kommando Landstreitkräfte (KdoLaSK)'' based in [[Geltow]] near [[Potsdam]].
* the ''Kommando Luftstreitkräfte und Luftverteidigungskräfte (KdoLSK/LV)'' based in [[Strausberg]].
* the ''Kommando Volksmarine (KdoVM)'' based in [[Rostock]].
* the ''Kommando der Grenztruppen (KdoGT)'' based in [[Pätz]] near [[Berlin]].
 
==Appearance==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-Z1019-020, Berlin, Militärakademie- Absolventen, Empfang.jpg|thumb|Various uniforms worn by NVA officers]]
 
===Uniforms===
The first military units of the Central Training Administration (''Hauptverwaltung Ausbildung&nbsp;— HVA'') were dressed in police blue. With the restructuring of the Barracked Police (CIP) in 1952, khaki uniforms similar in shape and color to those of the [[Soviet Army]] were introduced. The desire for a separate "German" and "socialist" military tradition, and the consequent founding of the NVA in 1956, introduced new uniforms which strongly resembled those of the Wehrmacht. They were of a similar cut and made of a brownish-gray, called stone gray, cloth. The dark high-necked collar were later deleted, except on the coats from 1974–79.
 
Even the NVA's peculiar "gumdrop" [[Stahlhelm#M1956|army helmet]], in spite of its easily noticeable resemblance to well-known Soviet designs, was actually based on a prototype "B / II" helmet that was initially developed for the Wehrmacht by Prof. Dr.-Ing. Fry and his collaborator Dr. Hansel from the Institute for Defense Technical Materials Science in Berlin. The helmet had seen trials since 1943, but was not adopted during World War II.<ref>Baer, Ludwig: Die Geschichte des Deutschen Stahlhelmes: von 1915 bis 1945; seine Geschichte in Wort u. Bild . L. Baer (Selbstverlag), Eschborn, 1977.</ref>
 
With the exceptions of the People's Navy, whose dark-blue uniforms were consistent with the styles of most navies around the world, and the [[Combat Groups of the Working Class]] (''Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse''), who wore their own olive-green fatigue uniforms, all NVA armed services, the [[Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment]], the [[Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic]], and the [[Kasernierte Volkspolizei|Barracked People's Police]] (''Kasernierte Volkspolizei'') wore the same basic uniform. Several later modifications were introduced, but the style and cut remain fundamentally the same. There were variety of uniforms worn according to setting (work or social) and season (summer or winter). Most uniforms (service, semi-dress, and parade) were stone gray, a brownish-gray color that was conspicuously different from the gray-green of the [[Volkspolizei|People's Police]]. Officers' uniforms differed from those of enlisted personnel by better quality and texture cloth. The field and service uniforms were normal attire for most day-to-day functions.
 
===Uniform categories===
Basic categories of uniforms were worn:
 
[[File:Grenztruppen der DDR.JPEG|thumb|The Field uniform as worn by GDR Border troops]]
* Field Service Uniform (''Felddienstuniform'') - The summer field uniform for both officers and enlisted consisted of a jacket and trousers in [[Strichtarn]], a dark-brown (later a forest green) raindrop camouflage pattern on a stone-gray background; a field cap, service cap, or [[Stahlhelm#M1956|steel helmet]]; high black boots; and a gray webbing belt with y-strap suspenders. In winter, a quilted stone gray padded suit without a camouflage pattern was worn over the service uniform. Later winter uniforms were also of the same camouflage pattern as the summer variant. The winter uniform also included a fur [[Ushanka|pile cap]] or a steel helmet, boots, knitted gray gloves, belt, and suspenders.
 
* Service Uniform (''Dienstuniform'') - The summer service uniform for officers was a bloused [[jackshirt|jacket]], called a Hemdbluse, worn without a shirt, trousers, and a visored service cap. The winter service uniform featured a tunic with four large buttoned-down patch pockets, a black waist belt, the service cap, breeches, shirt, tie, and pants belt; high boots were reserved for officers and NCOs. A long, heavy, belted greatcoat was also part of the winter uniform.
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-85458-0003, Berlin, Mauerbau, Kampfgruppen, NVA, VP.jpg|thumb|left|14 August 1961, Erection of the Berlin Wall. [[Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic|GDR borderguards]] and members of a [[Combat Group of the Working Class]] at the border of the Berlin sector.]]
 
* Semi-Dress/Walking-Out Uniform (Ausgangsuniform) - With a few details, the semi-dress uniform was the same for all ranks and was worn for walking-out purposes (i.e. off-duty and off-post). It consisted of a single-breasted tunic without belt, a silver-gray shirt with dark-gray tie, the service cap, long trousers, and black low-quarter shoes. Officers also wore the tunic with a white shirt. During periods of warm weather, there was the option of omitting the tunic, and furthermore omitting the tie. A double-breasted jacket was optional for officers and warrant officers.
[[File:Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1981, MiNr 2581.jpg|thumb|Another GDR stamp celebrating 25 years of the NVA.]]
 
* Parade Uniform (''Paradeuniform'') - The parade uniform for officers was the semi-dress/walking-out tunic with all authorized orders, awards and decorations attached, [[breeches]] and [[riding boots]], steel helmet, white shirt, dark-gray necktie, and a ceremonial dagger worn on the left side and fastened to a silver-gray parade belt. Officers in guards of honor carried sabers. In winter, a greatcoat, scarf, and gloves were worn.
 
* Work Uniform (''Arbeitsuniform'') - Seasonal considerations and weather governed the kind of work uniforms worn. Generally, reconditioned articles of service uniforms (field, semi-dress, and padded winter uniforms) were dyed black and issued for all types of fatigue and maintenance details. Coveralls are also used by the lower ranks, especially armor and air force personnel. Officers in technical branches supervising fatigue details wore a laboratory-style smock.
* Other Uniforms&nbsp;— High-ranking officers occasionally wore white uniforms (or white jackets), and staff officers were issued distinctive staff service uniforms. Women wore uniforms consisting of jackets, skirts or slacks, blouses, caps, boots or pumps, and other appropriate items according to season and occasion. Personnel such as paratroopers, motorcyclists, and tank troops wore additional items with their uniforms identifying them as such.
 
===Waffenfarben===
{{Main|Corps colours (NPA)}}
NVA uniforms initially wore the [[Waffenfarbe]]n as worn by the Wehrmacht, but later reverted to white except for generals who wore red.
 
The uniform of the Border Troops was distinguished from that of the NVA ground force and Air Force/Air Defense Force by a green armband with large silver letters identifying the wearer's affiliation.
 
Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment uniforms were nearly identical to those of the those of (NVA) and were distinguished primarily by the dark red MfS service color of its insignia and by an honorary cuff-band on the left sleeve bearing the regiment's name. Other [[Stasi]] officers wore a similar uniform, but without the cuff-band.
 
===Rank insignia===
East German armed forces personnel display rank insignia on shoulder boards or shoulder loops on service, semi-dress, and parade uniforms, and subdued sleeve insignia midway between the shoulder and elbow on the left sleeve of the field uniform, coveralls, or other special uniforms. General officer rank is denoted by five-pointed silver stars mounted on a gold and silver braided shoulder cord set on a bright red base. All other officers and NCOs wear a four-pointed star. Like many of the other Warsaw Pact countries, NVA rank insignia followed the Soviet pattern in the arrangement of stars.
 
The Volksmarine followed similar shoulder insignia for the naval officers (who also used sleeve insignia) and enlisted ratings except that these were blue and white or yellow (in the case of naval ratings).
 
'''Insignia of the NVA Ground Forces, Air Force and Border Troops'''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
!colspan=5 style="background:#dadada" | '''General Officers of the NVA Ground Forces, Air Force and Border Troops'''
|-
![[Marschall der DDR]] (Marshal of the DDR)
![[Armeegeneral]] ([[General of the Army]])
![[Generaloberst]] ([[Colonel General]], Army)
![[Generalleutnant]] ([[Lieutenant General]], Air Force)
![[Generalmajor]] ([[Major General]], Border Troops)
|-
|[[File:GDR Army OF10 Marschall der DDR.gif|center|65px]]
|[[File:GDR Army OF9 Armeegeneral.gif|center|65px]]
|[[File:GDR Army OF8 Generaloberst.gif|center|65px]]
|[[File:GDR Army OF9 Generalleutnant.gif|center|65px]]
|[[File:GDR Army OF8 Generalmajor.gif|center|65px]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
!colspan=7 style="background:#dadada" | '''Field and Company Grade Officers of the NVA Ground Forces, Air Force and Border Troops'''
|-
![[Oberst]] ([[Colonel]])
![[Oberstleutnant]] ([[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]])
![[Major]]
![[Hauptmann]] ([[Captain (OF-2)|Captain]])
![[Oberleutnant]] ([[First lieutenant|First Lieutenant]])
![[Leutnant]] ([[Lieutenant]])
![[Unterleutnant]] ([[Sub-lieutenant]]/[[Second lieutenant|Second Lieutenant]])
|-
|[[File:GDR Army OF7 Oberst.gif|center|75px]]
|[[File:GDR Army OF6 Oberstleutnant.gif|center|75px]]
|[[File:GDR Army OF5 Major.gif|center|75px]]
|[[File:GDR Army OF2 Hauptmann.gif|center|65px]]
|[[File:GDR Army OF1 Oberleutnant.gif|center|65px]]
|[[File:GDR Army OF2 Leutnant.gif|center|65px]]
|[[File:GDR Army OF1с Unterleutnant.gif|center|65px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
!colspan=3 style="background:#dadada" | '''Warrant Officers of the NVA Ground Forces'''
! style="background:#dadada;"| '''Warrant Officer of the NVA Border Troops'''
|-
!Stabsoberfähnrich (Chief Staff Ensign)
!Stabsfähnrich (Staff Ensign)
!Oberfähnrich (Senior Ensign)
![[Fähnrich]] ([[Ensign]])
|-
|[[File:GDR Army W4 Stabsoberfähnrich.gif|center|65px]]
|[[File:GDR Army W3 Stabsfähnrich.gif|center|65px]]
|[[File:GDR Army W2 Oberfähnrich.gif|center|65px]]
|[[File:GDR Army W1 Fähnrich.gif|center|65px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
!colspan=3 style="background:#dadada" | '''Non Commissioned Officers of the NVA Ground Forces'''
!colspan=2 style="background:#dadada" | '''Non Commissioned Officers of the Border Troops'''
|-
![[Stabsfeldwebel]] (Sergeant Major/Staff Senior Sergeant)
![[Oberfeldwebel]] (Senior Sergeant)
![[Feldwebel]] (Sergeant 1st Class/Sergeant)
!Unterfeldwebel ([[Sergeant]]/[[Junior sergeant]])
![[Unteroffizier]] ([[Corporal]]/Under Officer)
|-
|[[File:GDR Army OR8 Stabsfeldwebel.gif|center|75px]]
|[[File:GDR Army OR7 Oberfeldwebel.gif|center|75px]]
|[[File:GDR Army OR6 Feldwebel.gif|center|75px]]
|[[File:GDR Border Troops OR5 Unterfeldwebel.gif|center|75px]]
|[[File:GDR Army OR4 Unteroffizier.gif|center|75px]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
!colspan=3 style="background:#dadada" | '''Enlisted Ranks of the NVA Ground Forces/Air Force'''
|-
!Stabsgefreiter ([[Lance Corporal]])
![[Gefreiter]] ([[Private First Class]])
!Soldat ([[Private (rank)|Private]])
|-
|[[File:GDR Army OR3 Stabsgefreiter.gif|center|75px]]
|[[File:GDR Army OR2 Gefreiter.gif|center|75px]]
|[[File:GDR Army OR1 Soldat.gif|center|75px]]
|}
 
'''Ranks of the People's Navy'''<br />
'''Enlisted rates'''
* '''[[German Navy#Enlisted|Matrose]]''' - [[Seaman Recruit]]
* '''Obermatrose''' - [[Seaman Apprentice]]
* '''Stabsmatrose'''- [[Seaman]]
* '''Maat auf Zeit'''- Petty Officer 3rd Class
* '''[[Maat]]''' - Petty Officer 2nd Class
* '''Obermaat auf Zeit'''- Petty Officer 1st Class
* '''[[Obermaat]]''' - [[Chief petty officer|Chief Petty Officer]]
* '''Meister''' - Senior Chief Petty Officer
* '''Obermeister''' - Master Chief Petty Officer
* '''Stabsobermeister''' - Command Master Chief Petty Officer
'''Officer candidates/Warrant officers'''
* '''[[Fähnrich]]'''- [[Midshipman]]
* '''Oberfähnrich''' - Senior Midshipman
* '''Stabsfähnrich''' - Staff Midshipman
* '''Stabsoberfährich''' - Senior Staff Midshipman
'''Officers'''
* '''Unterleutnant zur See''' - Sea [[Sub-lieutenant]]
* '''Leutnant zur See''' - Sea [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]]/[[Lieutenant (junior grade)]]
* '''Oberleutnant zur See''' - Sea Senior Lieutenant/First Lieutenant
* '''Kapitänleutnant''' - [[Captain lieutenant|Captain Lieutenant]]
* '''Korvettekapitän''' - [[Lieutenant commander|Lieutenant Commander]]/[[Corvette captain|Corvette Captain]]
* '''Fregattenkapitän''' - [[Commander]]/[[Frigate captain|Frigate Captain]]
* '''Kapitän zur See''' - [[Captain (naval)|Captain]]/[[Captain at Sea]]
* '''Konteradmiral''' - [[Counter admiral|Counter Admiral]]/[[Rear admiral|Rear Admiral]]
* '''Vizeadmiral''' - [[Vice admiral|Vice Admiral]]
* '''[[Admiral]]'''
* '''Flottenadmiral''' - [[Admiral of the fleet|Admiral of the Fleet]]
 
⇒ see main article [[Ranks of the National People's Army]].
 
===Awards and Decorations===
{{main|Orders, decorations, and medals of East Germany}}
 
The DDR had some seventy decorations for persons or groups it wished to recognize, and it bestowed them liberally. Some, such as battle decorations, were specifically set aside for armed forces personnel, many awarded to soldiers and civilians alike, and others, although ordinarily civilian awards, can on occasion be earned by those on military duty. The latter group included decorations for achievement in the arts, literature, production, and work methods. They were awarded to service personnel or specific units that participated in [[Civic action program|civil production projects]] or assisted during harvesting.
 
The [[Order of Karl Marx]], [[Patriotic Order of Merit]], [[Star of People's Friendship]], [[Banner of Labor]], [[Order of Scharnhorst]], and the [[National Prize of East Germany|National Prize]] were among the more important awards. Some, including the Order of Merit and the Star of People's Friendship, were awarded in three classes. A few were accompanied by substantial monetary premiums. The NVA did not permit military personnel to wear [[Wehrmacht]] awards and decorations.
 
==Periodicals==
The two main periodicals of the NVA were the weekly newspaper ''Volksarmee'' and the monthly soldier's magazine ''[[Armeerundschau]]''.
 
==Relics==
The former Nazi holiday complex at [[Prora]], on the island of [[Rügen]], contains a number of museum displays. One of these is devoted to the NVA, which had used part of the complex as a barracks. Most german military museum are hosting former NVA equipment like tanks, helicopters or aircraft.
 
==See also==
* [[Conscientious objection in East Germany]]
* [[Combat Groups of the Working Class]]
* [[Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment]]
* [[Distinguished Service Medal of the National People's Army]]
* [[Military history of Germany]]
 
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
 
;General
{{loc}}
 
==Further reading==
* Bickford Andrew. ''Fallen Elites: The Military Other in Post-Unification Germany'' (Stanford University Press; 2011); 288 pages; An ethnographic study of former East German officers.
*Dale Roy Herspring, ''Requiem for an army: the demise of the East German military,'' Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998, ISBN 0-8476-8718-X, 9780847687183, 249 pages
*[[Jörg Schönbohm]], Two armies and one fatherland: the end of the Nationale Volksarmee, Berghahn Books, 1996, ISBN 1-57181-069-2, ISBN 978-1-57181-069-4
* Zilian, Jr., Frederick. 'From Confrontation to Cooperation: The Takeover of the National People's (East German) Army by the Bundeswehr,' Praeger, Westport, Conn., 1999, ISBN 0-275-96546-5. Reviewed by Dale R. Herspring in ''The Journal of Military History,'' July 2000, p.&nbsp;912-914
 
==External links==
* [http://www.nva-forum.de/ NVA Forum] (in German)
* [http://forum.axishistory.com/viewforum.php?f=60 Nationale Volksarmee & the GDR Forum]
* [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=5528 AHF - Nationale Volksarmee (NVA)]
* [http://www.kamouflage.net/country/00137.php kamouflage.net > Europe > Germany, Democratic Republic of]
* [http://www.osaarchivum.org/db/fa/300-3-1-1.htm RFE/RL East German Subject Files: Armed Forces] Open Society Archives, Budapest
 
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Armies by country]]
[[Category:Military of East Germany]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1956|National People's Army (East Germany)]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1990|National People's Army (East Germany)]]
[[Category:Disbanded armies]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in East Germany]]
[[Category:1990 disestablishments in Germany]]
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