Wikipedia

Tentara Rakyat Nasional Jerman: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnya
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan aplikasi seluler
Mengganti Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany.svg dengan Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_(1955–1990).svg (berkas dipindahkan oleh CommonsDelinker; alasan: [[:c:COM:FR|File rename
 
(23 revisi perantara oleh 9 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{more footnotes|date=May 2010|thumb}}
{{infobox national military
|country = {{flag|Jerman Timur}}
|name = Tentara Rakyat Nasional Jerman (TRNJ)
|native_name = Nationale Volksarmee (NVA)
|motto = ''Für den Schutz der Arbeiter-und-Bauern-Macht''<br/>(''Untuk KeamananPerlindungan Kekuatan Para Pekerja, Petani,Buruh dan Kekuatan NegaraPetani'')
|image = [[FileBerkas:Coat of arms of NVA (East Germany).svg|180px]]
|caption = Lambang NVA
|image2 = [[FileBerkas:Flag of NVA (East Germany).svg|bordertepi|200px]]
|caption2 = Bendera Tentara Rakyat Nasional Jerman
|founded = 1 Maret 1956
|disbanded = 2 Oktober 1990
|branches =
* [[File:Emblem of the Ground Forces of NVA (East Germany).svg|18px]] [[Angkatan Darat Rakyat Nasional|''Landstreitkräfte'']]
* [[Landstreitkräfte der Nationalen Volksarmee|Angkatan Darat]]
* [[File:Emblem of aircraft of NVA (East Germany).svg|18px]] [[Angkatan Udara Rakyat Nasional|''Luftstreitkräfte'']]
* [[Volksmarine|Angkatan Laut]]
* [[File:Flag of warships of VM (East Germany).svg|18px]] [[Angkatan Laut Rakyat Nasional|''Volksmarine'']]
* [[Luftstreitkräfte der Nationalen Volksarmee|Angkatan Udara]]
* [[Border TroopsFile:Emblem of the GermanBorder DemocraticTroops Republicof East Germany.svg|Penjaga18px]] [[Pasukan Perbatasan Republik Demokratik Jerman|''Grenztruppen'']]
|headquarters = [[Strausberg]], [[Berlin Timur]]
<!-- Leadership -->
|commander-in-chief = {{List[[File:Coat of arms of collapsedEast Germany (1955–1990).svg|title=''Lihat18px]] Daftar''|1=[[Wilhelm Pieck]],<br/>[[Walter Ulbricht]],(pertama)<br/>[[WilliFile:Coat Stoph]],<br/>[[Erichof Honecker]],<br/>[[Egonarms Krenzof East Germany (1955–1990).svg|18px]],<br/>[[Manfred Gerlach]],<br/>[[Sabine Bergmann-Pohl]]}} (terakhir)
|commander-in-chief_title = [[LeadershipDaftar ofpemimpin EastJerman GermanyTimur|HeadKepala of StateNegara]]
|minister = {{List[[File:DDR Verteidigungsminister collapsedKfz-Flagge.svg|title=''Lihat18px]] Daftar''|1=[[Willi Stoph]],<br/>[[Heinz Hoffmann]],(pertama)<br/>[[HeinzFile:DDR Kessler]],<br/>[[TheodorVerteidigungsminister Hoffmann (admiral)Kfz-Flagge.svg|Theodor Hoffmann18px]],<br/> [[Rainer Eppelmann]]}} (terakhir)
|minister_title = [[MinistryKementerian ofPertahanan National DefenceNasional (EastJerman GermanyTimur)|Minister ofMenteri DefencePertahanan]]
|commander = {{List[[File:DDR collapsed|title=''LihatVerteidigungsminister Daftar''Kfz-Flagge.svg|1=[[Willi Stoph18px]],<br/> [[HeinzVincenz HoffmannMüller]], (pertama)<br/>[[ErichFile:DDR MielkeVerteidigungsminister Kfz-Flagge.svg|18px]],<br/> [[FriedrichManfred DickelGrätz]],<br/>[[Heinz Kessler]]}}(terakhir)
|commander_title = [[ArmyKementerian generalPertahanan Nasional (EastJerman GermanyTimur)#Staf Utama|ArmyKepala GeneralStaf]]
<!-- Manpower -->
|age =
|conscription =Ya
|manpower_data = 175,300 (1987)
|manpower_age =
|available =
Baris 35 ⟶ 34:
|reaching =
|reaching_f =
|active =176.000 personel di masa damai (1990)<br>561.350 personel di masa perang (1990)
|ranked =
|reserve =
Baris 44 ⟶ 43:
<!-- Industrial -->
|domestic_suppliers =
|foreign_suppliers ={{flag|Cekoslowakia}}<br>{{flag|Uni Soviet}}
|imports =
|exports =
Baris 52 ⟶ 51:
}}
 
'''Tentara Rakyat Nasional''' Jerman atau dalam bahasa jerman : ({{Lang-de|Nationale Volksarmee}}, disingkat '''NVA,''') adalah nama [[angkatan bersenjata]] milikdari [[Jerman Timur|Republik Demokratik Jerman|]] (Jerman Timur]].) dari tahun 1956 hingga 1990.
 
NVA diorganisir menjadi empat cabang: ''[[Angkatan Darat Rakyat Nasional|Landstreitkräfte]]'' (Angkatan Darat), ''[[Angkatan Laut Rakyat Nasional|Volksmarine]]'' (Angkatan Laut), ''[[Angkatan Udara Rakyat Nasional|Luftstreitkräfte]]'' (Angkatan Udara), dan ''[[Pasukan Perbatasan Republik Demokratik Jerman|Grenztruppen]]'' (Pasukan Perbatasan). NVA dimiliki oleh [[Kementerian Pertahanan Nasional (Jerman Timur)|Kementerian Pertahanan Nasional]] dan dipimpin oleh [[Dewan Pertahanan Nasional Jerman Timur]] yang berkantor pusat di [[Strausberg]], 30 kilometer ke timur dari [[Berlin Timur]]. Sejak tahun 1962, [[wajib militer]] adalah wajib bagi semua laki-laki Jerman Timur berusia antara 18 dan 60 tahun dengan lama layanan selama 18 bulan, dan NVA adalah satu-satunya militer [[Pakta Warsawa]] yang menawarkan peran non-tempur kepada [[Penolak berdasarkan hati nurani|penolak dari hati nurani]], yang dikenal sebagai "[[Prajurit konstruksi|tentara konstruksi]]" (''Bausoldat''). NVA mencapai 175.300 personel pada puncaknya pada tahun 1987.
TRNJ didirikan tahun 1956 dan dihapuskan tahun 1990. TRNJ ini sebenarnya tak pernah terlibat di dalam konflik bersenjata secara langsung, namun pada saat [[Invasi Pakta Warsawa ke Cekoslowakia|Pendudukan Uni Soviet ke Cekoslowakia]] berencana untuk dilibatkan namun pada menit-menit terakhir pelaksanaan Operasi Danube dibatalkan dengan alasan tak jelas dari Uni Soviet. Beberapa laporan juga merujuk kepada petinggi-petinggi TRNJ yang mana ada beredar kabar banyak membantu revolusi komunis di wilayah [[Afrika]] dan [[Timur Tengah]] pada era [[Perang Dingin]].
 
NVA dibentuk pada 1 Maret 1956 untuk menggantikan ''[[Kasernierte Volkspolizei]]'' (Barikade Polisi Rakyat), dan di bawah pengaruh [[Angkatan Darat Soviet]], NVA menjadi salah satu militer Pakta Warsawa yang menentang [[Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara|NATO]] selama [[Perang Dingin]]. Mayoritas perwira NATO menilai NVA sebagai militer terbaik di Pakta Warsawa berdasarkan kedisiplinan, ketelitian pelatihan, dan kualitas kepemimpinan perwira.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Trainor|first=Bernard E.|last2=Times|first2=Special To the New York|date=1988-11-08|title=East German Military: Warsaw Pact's Finest|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/08/world/east-german-military-warsaw-pact-s-finest.html|newspaper=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2023-07-06}}</ref> NVA tidak pernah terlibat dalam pertempuran yang signifikan, tetapi berpartisipasi dalam [[invasi Pakta Warsawa ke Cekoslowakia]] pada tahun 1968, dengan mengerahkan [[penasihat militer]] ke negara-negara komunis lain, dan menjaga [[Tembok Berlin]] di mana mereka [[Daftar korban meninggal di Tembok Berlin|bertanggung jawab atas banyak kematian]].
==Sejarah==▼
{{main|Landstreitkräfte der Nationalen Volksarmee}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1985-0508-018, Berlin, Wachaufzug.jpg|Parade Prajurit TRNJ pada perayaan ulang tahun ke-40 lahirnya negara [[Republik Demokratik Jerman]] di Berlin]]
 
NVA dibubarkan pada 2 Oktober 1990 sebelum [[Penyatuan kembali Jerman|reunifikasi Jerman]], kemudian semua fasilitas serta perlengkapannya diserahkan kepada ''[[Bundeswehr]]'' (angkatan bersenjata Jerman Barat), yang juga menyerap sebagian besar personel NVA di bawah pangkat [[bintara]].
The National People’s Army was created on March 1 1956, six months after the formation of the West German [[Bundeswehr]], from the [[Kasernierte Volkspolizei]] (Barracked People's Police). It was preceded by years of preparation during which former [[Wehrmacht]] officers and communist veterans of the [[Spanish Civil War]] helped organize and train [[Kasernierte Volkspolizei|paramilitary units]] of the [[Volkspolizei|People's Police]]. With its German appearance—including uniforms and ceremonies patterned after older German military traditions—the doctrine and structure of the NVA were strongly influenced by the [[Soviet Armed Forces]].
 
▲== Sejarah ==
During its first year, about 27 percent of the NVA's officer corps had formerly served in the Wehrmacht. Of the 82 highest command positions, 61 were held by ex-Wehrmacht officers; however, very few of them had served in high ranks. The military knowledge and combat experience of these veterans were indispensable in the NVA's early years, although by the 1960s most of these World War II veterans had been retired. The West German Bundeswehr similarly relied on Wehrmacht veterans who initially comprised the majority of its commissioned ranks.
{{main|Angkatan Darat Rakyat Nasional}}
[[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1985-0508-018, Berlin, Wachaufzug.jpg|jmpl|220x220px|Parade Prajurit NVA pada Hari Jadi ke-40 negara [[Jerman Timur|Republik Demokratik Jerman]] di Berlin|kiri]]''Nationale Volksarmee'' (NVA) ini didirikan pada 1 Maret 1956, enam bulan setelah dibentuknya angkatan bersenjata Jerman Barat yang bernama ''[[Bundeswehr]]''. Berawal dari [[Kasernierte Volkspolizei|''Kasernierte Volkspolizei'']] atau "Barikade Polisi Rakyat", yaitu badan pendudukan militer milik Soviet di Jerman, yang kemudian nama dan fungsi nya diubah sehingga dapat membentuk suatu Angkatan Bersenjata Nasional yang dapat melindungi warga negara [[Republik Demokratik Jerman|Jerman di Timur]]. Pada tahun-tahun persiapan banyak para bekas perwira ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' yang ikut membantu dalam pembentukan Angkatan Bersenjata baru untuk negara baru yang mana mengakibatkan masih ada bekas peninggalan Wehrmacht di tubuh NVA. Contohnya cara berparade yang menggunakan Langkah Angsa, Pakaian dengan warna abu-abu kehijau tuaan yang mana serupa dengan seragam wehrmacht, Bentuk helem yang dicampur dari desain helm milik Tentara Merah dan Stahlhelm milik Wehrmacht. Meski masih menggunakan tradisi lama milik Wehrmacht tetapi Pendoktrinisasi serta Struktur administratif di TRNJ berdasarkan serta serupa dengan [[Tentara Merah|Angkatan Bersenjata Uni Soviet]]. Selain mendapat bantuan awal pembentukan dari Wehrmacht TRNJ juga dibantu oleh mantan perwira Komunis bekas [[Perang Saudara Spanyol|Perang Sipil Spanyol]].
[[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-85458-0003, Berlin, Mauerbau, Kampfgruppen, NVA, VP.jpg|jmpl|Pasukan [[Pasukan Perbatasan Republik Demokratik Jerman|''Grenztruppen'']] (penjaga perbatasan) dan anggota paramiliter [[Kelompok Penyerang Kelas Buruh|''Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse'']] di perbatasan sektor Berlin pada 14 Agustus 1961]]
Awal-awal pembentukan NVA 27 persen perwira militer-nya merupakan bekas veteran Wehrmacht yang masa dinas-nya belum habis dan juga yang tidak di adili di [[Pengadilan Nuremberg]]. Dari sekitar 82 posisi tertinggi di jajaran NVA sekitar 61 posisi dipegang oleh para perwira-perwira wehrmacht. Mereka masih lanjut berdinas sampai tahun 1960-an karena pengetahuan di bidang militer mereka sangatlah di perlukan untuk pertahanan negara ini. Baik [[Republik Federal Jerman|Jerman Barat]] maupun [[Republik Demokratik Jerman|Jerman Timur]] menggunakan cara seperti ini untuk mengetahui rahasia-rahasia ''Wehrmacht'' yang sangat efektif dalam hal bertempur.
 
=== Mantan tentara Wehrmacht di NVA ===
In its first six years, the NVA was an all-volunteer force. [[West Germany]], in contrast, re-introduced universal military service in 1956. Conscription was finally introduced in 1962, and the NVA's strength was increased to approximately 170,000 troops.
Daftar berikut termasuk para jenderal NVA dan laksamana yang dianugerahi [[Salib Jerman]] di ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' selama [[Perang Dunia II]] dengan tanggal penghargaan serta [[Pangkat militer|pangkat]] yang dipegang pada waktu yang tertulis disamping nama.<ref>[http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=5745 Generals & Admirals who were awarded the Knight's Cross] in the ''Axis History Factbook''</ref>
* ''Generalmajor'' Rudolf Bamler (12 Maret 1942 sebagai ''Oberst'')
* ''Generalmajor'' Bernhard Bechler (28 Januari 1943 sebagai ''Major'')
* ''Generalmajor'' Dr. rer. pol. Otto Korfes (11 Januari 1942 sebagai ''Oberst'')
* ''Generalmajor'' Arno von Lenski (21 Januari 1943 sebagai ''Generalmajor'')
* ''Generalleutnant'' Vincenz Müller (26 Januari 1942 sebagai ''Oberst'' i.G.)
* ''Generalmajor'' Hans Wulz (25 Januari 1943 sebagai ''Generalmajor'')
 
Daftar berikut termasuk para jenderal NVA dan laksamana yang dianugerahi [[Salib Kesatria dari Salib Besi|Salib Ksatria dari Salib Besi]] di ''Wehrmacht'' selama Perang Dunia Kedua dengan tanggal penghargaan serta pangkat yang dipegang pada waktu yang tertulis disamping nama.<ref>[http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=5744 Generals & Admirals who were awarded the German Cross] in the ''Axis History Factbook''</ref>
Like the communist parties of other socialist states, the SED assured control by appointing loyal party members to top positions and organizing intensive political education for all ranks. The proportion of SED members in the officer corps rose steadily after the early 1960s, eventually reaching almost 95 percent of the officer corps.
* ''Generalmajor'' Wilhelm Adam (17 Desember 1942 sebagai ''Oberst'')
* ''Generalmajor'' Dr. rer. pol. Otto Korfes (22 Januari 1943 sebagai ''Generalmajor'')
* ''Generalleutnant'' Vincenz Müller (7 April 1944 sebagai ''Generalleutnant'')
 
== Pembubaran ==
The NVA described itself as the "instrument of power of the working class". According to its doctrine, the NVA protected peace and secured the achievements of socialism by maintaining a convincing deterrent to imperialist aggression. The NVA's motto, inscribed on its flag, was "For the Protection of the Workers' and Farmers' Power."
[[Berkas:MiG-29 Fulcrum.jpg|jmpl|[[Mikoyan MiG-29]] ''[[Angkatan Udara Jerman|Luftwaffe]]'' bekas ''[[Angkatan Udara Rakyat Nasional|Luftstreitkräfte]]'' NVA di tahun 2008]]
NVA dibubarkan menyusul pembubaran pemerintah Jerman Timur pada bulan Oktober 1990. Di bawah proses "Tentara Persatuan" (''Armee der Einheit''), fasilitas dan perlengkapan NVA diserahkan kepada ''[[Bundeswehr]]'', pasukan pertahanan federal dari Jerman yang bersatu. Komando Timur Bundeswehr (''Bundeswehrkommando Ost'') didirikan untuk mengontrol unit atau fasilitas di wilayah bekas Jerman Timur, dan dipimpin oleh Letnan Jenderal Jörg Schönbohm.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Army of Unity|url=https://australien.diplo.de/au-en/aktuelles/-/2398408}}</ref> Sebagian besar fasilitas ditutup dan alutsistanya dijual atau diberikan ke negara lain. Sebagian besar dari 36.000 [[perwira]] dan [[bintara]] NVA diberhentikan, termasuk semua perwira di atas pangkat ''Oberstleutnant''. Bundeswehr hanya mempertahankan 3.200 personel – setelah penurunan pangkat satu pangkat. Selain itu, semua tentara wanita (pada saat itu wanita masih dilarang menjadi tentara di Bundeswehr) dan semua tentara yang berusia di atas 55 tahun diberhentikan.
 
== Referensi ==
The NVA never took part in full-scale combat, although it participated in a support role in the suppression of the [[Prague Spring]] of 1968 and NVA officers often served as combat advisers in Africa. When the Soviet Union prepared to occupy Czechoslovakia, the GDR government originally planned to use the 7th Panzer Division and the 11th Motorized Infantry Division to support the intervention, but fear of international reaction to the deployment of German troops outside Germany for the first time since the [[World War II|Second World War]] caused second thoughts. Instead, the NVA provided logistical help when Soviet troops advanced into Czechoslovakia and stood at the border ready to intervene in the event that the [[Soviet Army]] could not quell the uprising.
{{reflist}}
 
[[Kategori:Jerman Timur]]
During the 1970s, and increasingly in the 1980s, the NVA achieved new standards of mobilization times and combat readiness (Gefechtsbereitschaft). The [[North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]]'s (NATO) submarine-based missiles were seen as its most potent weapon and the hardest to defend against. Ultimately, 85 per cent of all NVA units were on constant alert and trained to depart within 25 to 30 minutes from their bases to designated areas about five to seven kilometers apart. Mobilization of reserves would have been completed within two days. These unprecedented levels of combat readiness were considered the major asset of GDR military deterrence but have never been proven to be accurate. These preparedness levels placed a huge strain on military professionals and conscripts alike.<ref>Private Archive BS, unpublished author’s interview with Major General Hans-Werner Deim in Washington on 28 May 2005. PHP Archive, unpublished interview with Admiral Theodor Hoffmann, Berlin, 24 October 2002</ref>
[[Kategori:Tentara Rakyat Nasional]]
 
[[Kategori:Militer Jerman Timur]]
[[File:Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1981, MiNr 2580.jpg|thumb|180px|A stamp celebrating 25 years of the NVA. In the background is a memorial commemorating those who perished in the former Nazi Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp.]]
[[Kategori:Pendirian tahun 1956]]
In the early 1970s the NVA was assigned the wartime mission of capturing [[West Berlin]] by the [[Group of Soviet Forces in Germany]] high command.<ref>David Stone, 'Fighting for the Fatherland: The Story of the German Soldier from 1648 to the Present Day,' Conway, London, 2006, p.385-6, ISBN 1-84486-036-1, drawing upon Colonel AD Meek, 'Operation Centre,' British Army Review, No. 107, 1994</ref> The NVA plan for the operation was designated 'Operation Centre' and called for some 32,000 troops in two divisions, accompanied by the GSFG's 6th Guards Separate Motor Rifle Brigade. The plan was regularly updated until 1988, when a less ambitious plan that simply aimed at containing Berlin was substituted.
[[Kategori:Pendirian tahun 1956 di Jerman Timur]]
 
[[Kategori:Pembubaran tahun 1990]]
In the autumn of 1981, the NVA stood ready to intervene in [[Poland]] in support of a possible Soviet invasion, but the declaration of martial law in Poland averted the crisis.
 
The NVA was in a state of heightened combat readiness on several occasions, including the construction of the [[Berlin Wall]] in 1961, the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] in 1962, the 1968 Warsaw Pact intervention in Czechoslovakia, and, for the last time, in late 1989 as protests swept through the country.
 
===Ideology===
The NVA was a professional volunteer army until 1962, when conscription was introduced. The armed forces were controlled by the [[National Defense Council of East Germany|National Defense Council]], but the mobile forces were under the [[Warsaw Pact Unified Command]]. Political control of the armed forces was through close integration with the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), which vetted all the officers. Popular support for the military establishment was bolstered by military training provided by the school system and through the growing militarization of society. From a [[Leninism|Leninist]] perspective, the NVA stood as a symbol of Soviet-East German solidarity and became the model Communist institution—ideological, hierarchical, and disciplined.<ref>Emily O. Goldman and Leslie C. Eliason, ''The diffusion of military technology and ideas'' (2003) p 132</ref> The NVA synthesized Communist and Germanic symbolism, naming its officers' academy after [[Karl Marx]]'s coauthor [[Friedrich Engels]], and its highest medal after Prussian General [[Gerhard von Scharnhorst]].<ref>Alan L. Nothnagle, ''Building the East German myth'' (1999) p 176</ref>
 
During the popular demonstrations that led to the downfall of the GDR's hardline Communist leadership, some NVA forces were placed on alert but were never deployed against protestors. At the same time, the Soviet government ordered its troops in the GDR to remain in barracks. After the forced retirement of SED and state leader Erich Honecker and other conservatives from the ruling Politburo at the height of the crisis in October 1989, the new SED leadership never considered the possibility of using armed force against the ''Peaceful Revolution.''<ref>Dale Roy Herspring, ''Requiem for an army: the Demise of the East German Military'' (1998)</ref>
 
===Composition===
The manpower of the NVA consisted of some 85,000 soldiers in 1962, climbed to 127,000 by 1967, and remained essentially steady through 1970.<ref>Hancock, M. Donald. ''The Bundeswehr and the National People's Army: A Comparative Study of German Civil-Military Polity''. University of Denver, 1973. p 25.</ref> In 1987, at the peak of its power, the NVA numbered 175,300 troops. Approximately 50% of this number were career soldiers, while the others were short-term conscripts.
 
According to a 1973 study, NVA leaders from the late 1950s through the 1960s were drawn predominantly from working-class backgrounds, with few from middle class or professional families and no representatives of the aristocracy present in the upper echelons. Excepting specialized military or political instruction, most NVA leaders reported primary school as their highest level of formal education.<ref>Hancock, M. Donald. ''The Bundeswehr and the National People's Army: A Comparative Study of German Civil-Military Polity''. University of Denver, 1973. p 12-13</ref>
 
===Post-unification===
[[File:Lkw-tatra-813.jpg|thumb|Tatra-813]]
The NVA was disbanded in 1990. Its facilities and equipment were handed over to the [[Bundeswehr]]. Most facilities were closed, and equipment was either sold or given to other countries. Most of the NVA's 36,000 officers and NCOs were let go, including all officers above the rank of lieutenant colonel. Only 3,200 were retained by the Bundeswehr after a demotion of one rank. In addition, all female soldiers and all soldiers over the age of 55 were also discharged.
 
Until March 1, 2005, time served in the NVA was listed as time “served in a foreign military”. Service in the NVA did not count for points towards federal pensions in the [[Germany|unified Germany]]. Retired NVA soldiers and officers received only minimal pensions after unification: a thirty-year veteran would receive a pension smaller than a graduate student stipend. After the reform, service in the NVA is known as “served outside of the Bundeswehr”.
 
Many former NVA officers feel bitter about their treatment after unification. While receiving only minimal pensions, few have been able to find jobs except as laborers or security guards. Former NVA officers are not permitted to append their NVA rank to their name as a professional title; no such prohibition applies to rank attained in the Wehrmacht or Waffen-SS during the Nazi era.<ref>Andrew Bickford, "Soldiers, Citizens, and the State: East German Army Officers in Post-Unification Germany." ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'' 2009; 51(2):260-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0010417509000127</ref>
 
One of the few former NVA facilities not closed was its [[Storkow, Brandenburg|Storkow]] base near Berlin, which housed the NVA's camouflage and deception center. This became the [[Bundeswehr Unit for Camouflage and Deception]].<ref>[http://www.dw.de/east-german-army-unit-finds-skills-still-in-demand-after-reunification/a-5796289 East German army unit finds skills still in demand after reunification] ''DW (Deutsche Welle) website, August 16th, 2010''</ref>
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Tentara_Rakyat_Nasional_Jerman"