Tunawisma: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k →Lihat pula: Sejarah Menggelandang |
Fitur saranan suntingan: 3 pranala ditambahkan. |
||
| (35 revisi perantara oleh 15 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
[[Berkas:HomelessParis 7032101 2.jpg|jmpl|Seorang pria tunawisma di [[Paris|Kota Paris]].]]
'''Tunawisma''' atau '''gelandangan''' adalah seseorang yang tidak memiliki [[tempat tinggal]] yang stabil dan layak. Seseorang dapat dikategorikan tunawisma jika: hidup di jalanan (''tunawisma primer''); berpindah antar tempat penampungan sementara, termasuk rumah teman, keluarga dan akomodasi darurat (''tunawisma sekunder''); tinggal di rumah kos pribadi tanpa kamar mandi pribadi atau tanpa jaminan kepemilikan (''tunawisma tersier'').<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last1=Hanson-Easey |first1=Scott |last2=Every |first2=Danielle |last3=Tehan |first3=Bridget |last4=Richardson |first4=John |last5=Krackowizer |first5=Antoinette |title=Climate change, housing and homelessness: Report on the homelessness and climate change forum (why are climate change and homelessness in the same category?) |date=2016 |url=https://www.nccarf.edu.au/sites/default/files/Forum%20report%20on%20homelessness%20and%20climate%20change%20final.pdf |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414191517/https://www.nccarf.edu.au/sites/default/files/Forum%20report%20on%20homelessness%20and%20climate%20change%20final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Definisi hukum tunawisma bervariasi dari satu negara ke negara lain, atau di antara yurisdiksi yang berbeda di negara atau wilayah yang sama.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.homeless.org.au/glossary.htm |title = Glossary defining homelessness |access-date = 17 September 2014 }}</ref>
Studi pencacahan tunawisma pemerintah [[Amerika Serikat]]<ref>Bogard, Cynthia J., [http://abs.sagepub.com/content/45/1/105.abstract "Advocacy and Enumeration: Counting Homeless People in a Suburban Community"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125095328/http://abs.sagepub.com/content/45/1/105.abstract |date=2016-01-25 }}, ''American Behavioral Scientist'' September 2001 vol. 45 no. 1 105–120</ref><ref>Gabbard, W. Jay; et al., [https://archive.today/20120713123305/http://psyckelogo.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=1053-0789&volume=16&issue=2&spage=90 "Methodological Issues in Enumerating Homeless Individuals"], ''Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless'' Volume 16, Number 2 / May 2007 90–103</ref> juga mencakup orang-orang yang [[tidur]] di tempat umum atau pribadi yang tidak dirancang untuk digunakan sebagai akomodasi tidur biasa bagi [[manusia]].<ref>Office of Applied Studies, [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]], [http://oas.samhsa.gov/MentalHealthHP2010/terminology.htm "Terminology"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223035357/http://oas.samhsa.gov/MentalHealthHP2010/terminology.htm|date=23 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/11302- |title = United States Code, Title 42, Chapter 119, Subchapter I, § 11302 |access-date = 17 September 2014 }}</ref> Orang-orang yang kehilangan tempat tinggal sering kali tidak dapat memperoleh dan memelihara perumahan yang layak, aman, terjamin dan memadai karena [[pendapatan]] yang tidak konsisten atau sama sekali tidak memiliki pendapatan. Tunawisma dan [[kemiskinan]] biasanya saling berkaitan.<ref name=":3" /> Tidak ada konsensus metodologis dalam menghitung tunawisma dan mengidentifikasi kebutuhan mereka; oleh karena itu di sebagian besar kota hanya perkiraan populasi tunawisma yang diketahui.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|pages=348}}</ref> Pada tahun 2005, diperkirakan 100 juta orang di seluruh dunia kehilangan tempat tinggal dan sebanyak satu miliar orang (satu dari 6,5 orang pada saat itu) hidup sebagai penghuni liar, [[pengungsi]], atau tempat penampungan sementara, semuanya tanpa perumahan yang layak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.share-international.org/archives/homelessness/hl-mlaroof.htm|title=A roof is not enough – a look at homelessness worldwide, by Monte Leach, Share International Archives|website=Share-international.org|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207075749/http://www.share-international.org/archives/homelessness/hl-mlaroof.htm|archive-date=7 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.homelessworldcup.org/homelessness-statistics/ |title = Global Homelessness Statistics – Homeless World Cup|website=Homelessworldcup.org|access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref><ref>"[https://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2011/12/homelessness_around_the_world.html Homelessness around the world]". [[Boston.com]]. 14 December 2011.</ref> Secara historis di negara-negara Barat, mayoritas tunawisma adalah laki-laki (50-80%), khususnya laki-laki [[lajang]].<ref>{{Cite book |url = https://archive.org/details/socialinequality0000hurs |url-access = registration |title = Social Inequality: Forms, Causes, and Consequences |first = Charles E. |last = Hurst |date = 1 January 1998 |publisher = Allyn and Bacon |via = Internet Archive |isbn = 9780205264841 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2010/2010-3266-wm.htm |title = 17 homeless in every 10 thousand Dutch |first = Statistics |last = Netherlands |website = www.cbs.nl }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LwvA5RSeexsC&q=%22peter+marin%22 |title = The Homeless: Opposing Viewpoints – Google Books |access-date = 17 September 2014 |isbn = 9781565103603 |last1 = Roleff |first1 = Tamara L |year = 1996 }}</ref>
Ada sejumlah organisasi yang memberikan bantuan bagi para tunawisma.<ref>Corinth, K. (2016). [http://link.galegroup.com.ezp.mesacc.edu/apps/doc/A458953075/ITOF?u=mcc_mesa&sid=ITOF&xid=d57171bc A tech revolution for the homeless: taking big data to the streets]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. In ''AEI Paper & Studies'' (p. COVc+). Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com.ezp.mesacc.edu/apps/doc/A458953075/ITOF?u=mcc_mesa&sid=ITOF&xid=d57171bc{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sebagian besar negara menyediakan berbagai layanan untuk membantu para tunawisma. Layanan ini sering menyediakan makanan, tempat tinggal (tempat tidur), dan pakaian dan dapat diatur dan dijalankan oleh organisasi masyarakat (sering kali dengan bantuan sukarelawan) atau oleh departemen atau badan pemerintah. Program-program ini dapat didukung oleh pemerintah, badan amal, gereja, dan donor individu. Banyak kota juga memiliki [[Koran|surat kabar]] jalanan, yang merupakan publikasi yang dirancang untuk menyediakan kesempatan kerja bagi para tunawisma. Beberapa tunawisma memiliki pekerjaan, tetapi ada pula yang harus mencari berbagai cara untuk mencari nafkah. [[Pengemisan|Mengemis]] atau [[Pemulung|memulung]] adalah salah satu pilihan bagi mereka.
== Kultur populer ==
[[Berkas:Homeless_snowman_(3147026895).jpg|jmpl|Sebuah bangku jalan di Kitsilano, British Columbia, Kanada, dengan manusia salju yang menggambarkan seorang tunawisma.]]
Tunawisma biasanya digambarkan sebagai masalah tidak terlihat,<ref>[http://www.ifallsdailyjournal.com/news/county-news/invisible-problem-faye-whitbeck-staff-writer-11715 "The invisible problem"].</ref> meskipun prevalensinya.<ref>[http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=28086 "HUMAN RIGHTS: More Than 100 Million Homeless Worldwide"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422025345/http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=28086|date=2009-04-22}}.</ref> Penulis dan seniman lainnya berperan dalam membawa isu ini ke perhatian publik. Tunawisma menjadi tema terpusat dalam berbagai karya; dalam karya lain, tunawisma adalah hal sekunder, ditambahkan untuk memajukan cerita atau berkontribusi pada efek dramatis. Tunawisma adalah subjek sentral dalam sebagian besar karya seni yang tercantum di sini.
=== Film ===
* ''[[Little Tramp]]'', [[Charlie Chaplin|Chaplin]] memberikan humor ringan melalui kepribadian yang menyenangkan. Fred Glass menulis tipe sosial dari karakter Chaplin yang diwakilinya familiar dan menarik secara emosional. Salah satu catatan yang diberikan adalah bahwa Chaplin mendasarkan karakternya pada seorang pria yang ia temui di [[San Francisco]] pada tahun 1914.<ref>{{cite book|last=Glass|first=Fred|year=2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yj0lDQAAQBAJ&q=%22chaplin%27s+character+represented%22&pg=PA194|title=From Mission to Microchip: A History of the California Labor Movement|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520288409}}</ref>
* ''[[Modern Times (film)|Modern Times]]'', sebuah film tahun 1936, menunjukkan dampak negatif dari undang-undang gelandangan.
* ''[[Cathy Come Home]]'', 1966, menunjukkan dampak tunawisma terhadap peran sebagai orang tua.
* ''[[God Bless the Child (film)|God Bless the Child]]'', 1988, film yang dibuat untuk TV tentang ibu tunggal ([[Mare Winningham]]) hidup di jalanan [[New York City|Kota New York]] dengan putrinya yang masih muda.
* ''[[Homeless Sam & Sally]]'', sebuah [[film komedi]] gelap dan seri televisi tahun 2020 dengan judul yang sama dirilis pada tahun 2019, adalah cerita tentang seorang ibu bernama Sally Silver dan putranya yang sakit jiwa Sam Silver yang menemukan cara untuk menjalani kehidupan normal saat menjadi tunawisma di Koreatown, Los Angeles.
* ''[[Dark Days (film)|Dark Days]]'', 2000, sebuah dokumenter dari [[Marc Singer (dokumenter)|Marc Singer]], yang mengikuti kehidupan orang-orang yang hidup di [[Terowongan Freedom]], sebuah terowongan [[Amtrak]] di New York City.
* ''[[Curly Sue]]'', sebuah drama-komedi tahun 1991 yang berfokus pada penipu ahli tunawisma dan temannya yang beruntung mendapatkan tempat tinggal dengan menipu seorang pengacara kaya.
* ''[[Life Stinks]]'', sebuah komedi tahun 1991 tentang seorang pengusaha kaya yang mempertaruhkan saingan perusahaannya bahwa ia dapat menjalani hidupnya sebagai seorang tunawisma, namun kemudian mengetahui dalam cerita bahwa menjadi tunawisma tidaklah mudah atau menyenangkan.
* ''[[The Saint of Fort Washington]]'', sebuah drama tahun 1993 yang di mana tunawisma penyandang disabilitas mendapat bimbingan dari seorang veteran yang ramah saat mereka menghadapi kenyataan hidup di jalanan.
=== Dokumenter ===
* 1978. ''The Agony of Jimmy Quinlan'' adalah sebuah [[film dokumenter]] National Film Board tentang pecandu alkohol tunawisma di Montreal (video online selengkapnya).
* 1984. ''[[Streetwise (1984 film)|Streetwise]]''—mengikuti pemuda tunawisma Seattle.
* 1993. {{IMDb title|qid=Q6092164|title=It Was a Wonderful Life}}—mengisahkan kehidupan enam perempuan yang pandai berbicara, berpendidikan, dan "tunawisma yang tersembunyi" saat mereka berjuang dari hari ke hari. Dinarasikan oleh [[Jodie Foster]].
* 1997. ''[[The Street: A Film with the Homeless]]'' tentang tunawisma [[orang Kanada]] di [[Montreal]]. [http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=158611 New York Times Review],
* 2000. ''[[Dark Days (documentary)|Dark Days]]''— Sebuah film yang mengikuti kehidupan tunawisma dewasa yang tinggal di terowongan Amtrak di New York.
* 2001. ''[[Children Underground]]''—Mengikuti kehidupan anak-anak tunawisma di Bucharest, Romania.
* 2002. ''[[Bumfights]]''—Serial dokumenter dikritik sebagai eksploitatif, [[film mondo]]
* 2003. {{IMDb title|qid=Q123741389|title=À Margem da Imagem}}—tentang tunawisma di [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]. Judul bahasa Inggrisnya adalah "On the Fringes of São Paulo: Homeless".
* 2004. {{IMDb title|qid=Q123741391|title=Homeless in America}}
=== Lagu ===
* 1915. "Those [[Charlie Chaplin]] feet" oleh [[Edgar Leslie]] dan [[Archie Gottler]].<ref>"Those Charlie Chaplin Feet." Lester S. Levy Sheet Music Collection. Accessed 10 September 2017. http://levysheetmusic.mse.jhu.edu/catalog/levy:189.170a {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910172707/http://levysheetmusic.mse.jhu.edu/catalog/levy:189.170a|date=10 September 2017}}</ref>
* 1930. "Singing a Vagabond Song" oleh [[Harry Richman]], [[Val Burton]] dan [[Sam Messenheimer]].<ref>"Singing a Vagabond Song." Lester S. Levy Sheet Music Collection. Accessed 10 September 2017. http://levysheetmusic.mse.jhu.edu/catalog/levy:191.122 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910125504/http://levysheetmusic.mse.jhu.edu/catalog/levy:191.122|date=10 September 2017}}</ref>
* 1987. "[[Day-In Day-Out]]" oleh [[David Bowie]].<ref name="StockholmPress">{{cite AV media|title=The Glass Spider Tour Press Conferences (Stockholm)|date=28 March 1987|type=vinyl}}</ref> Lagu tersebut ditulis tentang perlakuan terhadap tunawisma di AS, dan videonya, yang diambil di Los Angeles,<ref name="tcdbeu">{{cite book|last=Pegg|first=Nicholas|date=October 2016|title=The Complete David Bowie New Edition: Expanded and Updated|publisher=Titan Books}}</ref> dinominasikan untuk [[Penghargaan Musik Video MTV 1987]] dalam kategori "Best Male Video".<ref name="mtvvma">{{cite web|date=11 September 1987|title=MTV Video Music Awards 1987|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/1987/|website=[[MTV]]|access-date=28 October 2013}}</ref>
* 1991. ''Something in the Way'', musik oleh [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], ditulis oleh [[Kurt Cobain]] saat dia masih muda, tunawisma dan tidur di bawah jembatan pada usia lima belas tahun.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Walking Tour of... Kurt Cobain's Aberdeen|url=http://www.aberdeen-museum.org/kurt.htm|publisher=The Aberdeen Museum of History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211114427/http://www.aberdeen-museum.org/kurt.htm|archive-date=2009-02-11|access-date=2008-12-08|quote=Whether Cobain ever slept under this bridge as he claimed is not certain, however, he did spend time beneath the south approach, as did many of the neighborhood kids.|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Kurt Cobain's 'Bridge' in Aberdeen, Washington|magazine=VRMag|url=http://www.vrmag.org/issue18/KURT_COBAIN_S_BRIDGE_IN_ABERDEEN_WASHINGTON.html|first=Michelle|last=Bienias|date=January 2005|issue=18|publisher=VR MAG|quote=Kurt lived under this bridge for a time when he was 15 and frequented it as a ‘hang out’ of sorts as well. His experiences living under this bridge were the basis for the Nirvana song ‘Something's In the Way’.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728165242/http://www.vrmag.org/issue18/KURT_COBAIN_S_BRIDGE_IN_ABERDEEN_WASHINGTON.html|archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref>
=== Teater ===
* 1728. ''[[The Beggar's Opera]]'', sebuah pertunjukan oleh [[John Gay]] .
* 1902. ''[[The Lower Depths]]'', sebuah pertunjukan oleh [[Maxim Gorky]], terinspirasi oleh penghuni [[tempat penampungan tunawisma]] [[Nizhny Novgorod]].
* 1985. ''[[Stinkfoot, a Comic Opera]]''— sebuah musikal yang memasukan tunawisma Ny. Bag Bag.
== Galeri ==
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Tunawisma">
Berkas:Homeless man, Tokyo, 2008.jpg|Tunawisma di [[Tokyo]]
Berkas:Kolkata (4131122903).jpg|Tunawisma di [[Kolkata]], [[Benggala Barat]], [[India]]
Berkas:Mendigo_na_baixa_pombalina.jpg|Tunawisma di [[Portugal]]
Berkas:Street_Sleeper_No_16.jpg|Tunawisma di [[New York City]], [[Amerika Serikat]]
Berkas:Homeless_in_iran,_ahvaz.JPG|Tunawisma di [[Ahvaz]], [[Iran]]
Berkas:357Muzon_Business_Center_San_Jose_12.jpg|Tunawisma di [[Kota San Jose del Monte]], [[Bulacan]], [[Filipina]]
Berkas:Beggars_rest_near_Russian_State_Library_and_Moscow_Kremlin_(2011-03-29).JPG|Tunawisma di [[Moscow]], [[Rusia]]
Berkas:Sins-toet_Marok.JPG|Tunawisma di [[Maroko]]
Berkas:Un_sans-abri_dans_un_duvet_dans_le_centre-ville_de_Lausanne_(Suisse).jpg|Tunawisma di [[Lausanne]], [[Swiss]]
Berkas:Cama_de_Piedra.JPG|Tunawisma di [[Meksiko]]
Berkas:Homeless_man.jpg|Tunawisma di [[Nigeria]]
Berkas:Homeless_in_Laikmaa_street.JPG|Tunawisma di [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]
</gallery>
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last = Anderberg |first = Kristen |title = 21st Century Essays on Homelessness |year = 2011 |publisher = Seaward Avenue Press |isbn = 978-1-4565-3236-9 }}
* Arumi, Ana Maria, Yarrow, Andrew L., [http://www.publicagenda.org/research/research_reports_details.cfm?list=105 "Compassion, Concern, and Conflicted Feelings: New Yorkers on Homelessness and Housing"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018185119/https://www.publicagenda.org/research/research_reports_details.cfm?list=105 |date=18 October 2017 }}, Public Agenda Foundation, February 2007
* [http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=ehedterminal&L=3&L0=Home&L1=Economic+Analysis&L2=Key+Initiatives&sid=Ehed&b=terminalcontent&f=dhcd_hc_hc&csid=Ehed Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Department of Housing and Community Development, Homelessness Commission, Commission to End Homelessness], [http://www.mass.gov/Ehed/docs/dhcd/hc/finalreport2008.doc "Report of the Special Commission Relative to Ending Homelessness in The Commonwealth"], Final Report, December 2007
* Crosette, Barbara, [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0DA1531F930A15751C1A966958260 "Homeless and Hungry Youths of India"], The New York Times, 23 December 1990.
* Desjarlais, Robert R., [https://books.google.com/books?id=vmcQzxkON6oC&printsec=frontcover ''Shelter blues: sanity and selfhood among the homeless''], University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997
* Friedman, Donna H., et al., [https://web.archive.org/web/20080508215143/http://www.tbf.org/UnderstandingBoston/PortalListingDetails.aspx?sec=HousingCommunityDevelopment_Housing+%26+Community+Development_Reports_Reports_2&id=5612&parentId=0 "Preventing Homelessness and Promoting Housing Stability: A Comparative Analysis"], The Boston Foundation, June 2007.
* {{cite book|last=Howard|first=Ella|title=Homeless: Poverty and Place in Urban America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3dy1u19R68YC|year=2013|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-8122-4472-4}}
* [[Institute of Medicine]] (U.S.), Committee on Healthcare for Homeless People, [http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=1092 "Homelessness, Health, and Human Needs"], Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-309-03835-9}}
* [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171018194602/https://link.springer.com/journal/10949 Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, Springer Verlag] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20080120201801/http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jpr/Journal_of_social_distress_homepage.html Psycke-Logos Press.]
* [http://www.mahomeless.org/ Massachusetts Coalition for the Homeless], 2005–2006 edition, first published in 1984, 15 Bubier Street, Lynn, Massachusetts.
* Katz, Jessica Ilana, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604235559/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/42829/52993655.pdf?sequence=1 "Homelessness, Crime, Mental Illness, and Substance Abuse: A Core Population with Multiple Social Service Needs"], Department of Urban Planning and Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2003
* Kenyon, Thomas, What You Can Do to Help the Homeless (Simon & Schuster, 1991)
* Min, Eungjun, (editor), "Reading the Homeless: The Media's Image of Homeless Culture", Praeger Publishers, 1999. {{ISBN|0-275-95950-3}}
* [[National Coalition for the Homeless]], [https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED317645.pdf "American Nightmare: A Decade of Homelessness in the United States"], December 1989
* Nieto G., Gittelman M., Abad A. (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080506130241/http://www.psychosocial.com/IJPR_12/Homeless_Mentally_Ill_Nieto.html "Homeless Mentally Ill Persons: A bibliography review"], International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 12(2)
* O'Flaherty, Brendan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcp4Bna6pFEC&printsec=frontcover "Making room : the economics of homelessness"], Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-674-54342-4}}
* Office for Public Management (UK), [http://www.opm.co.uk/resources/papers/localgov/tackling_homelessness.pdf "Tackling Homelessness: learning from New York"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810032818/http://www.opm.co.uk/resources/papers/localgov/tackling_homelessness.pdf |date=2009-08-10 }}, Seminar Report, London, England, February 2004
* Scanlon, John, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081002033853/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Welfare/bg729.cfm "Homelessness: Describing the Symptoms, Prescribing a Cure"], [[The Heritage Foundation]], Backgrounder No. 729, 2 October 1989
* Miya Yoshida, [http://www.neme.org/texts/hidden-homeless "The Hidden Homeless in Japan's Contemporary Mobile Culture"], NeMe, 2012
* Southard, Peggy Ann Dee, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080216045510/https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/dspace/bitstream/1794/3097/2/LookingforSanctuary.pdf "Looking for Sanctuary: Staying on Publicly Owned Lands as a Response to Homelessness"], a [[dissertation]] presented to the Department of Sociology and the Graduate School of the [[University of Oregon]] in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
*[[Alexander Tsesis|Tsesis, Alexander]], [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1026158 "Eliminating the Destitution of America's Homeless"], ''Temple Political & Civil Rights Law Review'', Vol. 75, No. 539, 2002, [[Temple University Beasley School of Law]]
* University of Michigan Libraries, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080108065940/http://www.lib.umich.edu/socwork/homelessness.html Selected Bibliography of Homelessness Resources]
* {{cite book|last=Wright|first=James D.|title=Address Unknown: The Homeless in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LInRJu0O7mQC|edition=Third|year=1989|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-0-202-36409-4}}
{{refend}}
== Lihat pula ==
* [[St. Vincent de Paul Village, San Diego|St. Vincent de Paul Village]] - Penanggulangan masalah tunawisma di Amerika.
== Pranala luar ==
{{Sister project links|homelessness|d=Q131327}}
{{scholia|topic}}
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=yes lcheading=Homelessness}}
* [http://www.theuncommonmagazine.com/homeless-of-new-york/ Tunawisma di New York - Artikel + Video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326231613/https://www.theuncommonmagazine.com/homeless-of-new-york/ |date=26 March 2020 }} – ''The Uncommon Magazine'', oleh Avery Kim, 6 July 2016
* [http://www.homeless.org.au/statistics/ Statistik tunawisma] untuk Australia, Kanada, Inggris Raya dan Amerika Serikat, semua data dari sekitar tahun 2001.
* [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]], [https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/98742b91-0040-4db9-96d2-f38363d687bf/home-at-last-now/ "Home at Last?"]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, program seri ''[[NOW on PBS|NOW]]'', pertama kali ditayangkan pada tanggal 2 Februari 2007. Topiknya adalah apa yang paling membantu para tunawisma memasuki kembali tatanan masyarakat.
* {{curlie|Society/Issues/Poverty/Homelessness}}
* [http://www.feantsa.org/ Tunawisma di Eropa] FEANTSA adalah Federasi Organisasi Nasional Eropa yang Bekerja dengan Tunawisma yang merupakan payung organisasi nirlaba yang berpatisipasi dalam atau mengkontribusi untuk melawan tunawisma di Eropa.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141129030008/http://new.homelesschildrenamerica.org/mediadocs/280.pdf Kartu laporan Anak Tunawisma] oleh ''[[American Institutes for Research]].'' Dirangkum dalam [http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/ap/top-news/new-report-child-homelessness-on-the-rise-in-us/nh8bn/ Child homelessness on the rise in US] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032607/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/ap/top-news/new-report-child-homelessness-on-the-rise-in-us/nh8bn/ |date=2014-11-29 }} (November 2014), ''[[Palm Beach Post]]''
* [http://www.businessinsider.com/this-state-may-be-the-first-to-end-homelessness-for-good-2015-2 Utah menemukan solusi yang sangat efektif untuk tunawisma] (February 2015), Natasha Bertrand, ''[[Business Insider]]''
{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:Perumahan]]
| |||