Agama Weda: Perbedaan antara revisi

Sejumlah sarjana menyebut bahwa agama Weda adalah perpaduan antara agama-agama [[bangsa Indo-Arya]], "sinkretisme antara agama kuno Asia Tengah dan Indo-Eropa",{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=462}} yang menyerap "praktik agama dan kepercayaan yang berbeda"{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|p=32}} dari [[Situs prasejarah Baktria–Margiana|kebudayaan Baktria–Margiana]],{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|p=32}} serta sisa-sisa kebudayaan [[Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus|Harappa]] di lembah Sungai Indus.<ref name="White 2003 28">{{cite book|last=White|first=David Gordon|title=Kiss of the Yogini|url=https://archive.org/details/kissyoginitantri00whit|year=2003|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=0-226-89483-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kissyoginitantri00whit/page/n28 28]}}</ref>

Agama Weda dalam periode akhir Weda juga semakin menguat dalam [[Kerajaan Kuru]],{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} dan hidup berdampingan dengan kepercayaan lokal seperti kultus [[Yaksa]],{{sfn|Samuel|2010}}{{sfn|Basham|1989|p=74-75}}<ref group="web">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/651312/yaksha Encyclopædia Britannica, ''yaksha'']</ref> dan itu adalah hasil dari "perpaduan antara peradaban Harappa dan Indo-Arya".{{sfn|White|2006|p=28}} David Gordon White mengutip tiga sarjana arus utama lain yang "dengan tegas membuktikan" bahwa agama Weda berasal dari [[Peradaban Lembah Indus]].<ref name="White 2003 28" /> Agama orang Indo-Arya terus berkembang kala mereka bermigrasi ke [[Lembah Gangga]] setelah sekitar&nbsp;1100&nbsp;SM dan menjadi petani yang hidup menetap,{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=48-51, 61–93}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=8-10}} lalu mengalami sinkretisme dengan kepercayaan asli India utara.{{sfn|Samuel|2010}}{{page needed|date=August 2018}}{{refn|Hingga akhir abad ke-19, [[suku Nuristan]] dari Afghanistan mempraktikkan bentuk primitif dari Hindu hingga akhirnya [[pindah agama paksa|dipaksa masuk]] Islam di bawah pengaruh [[Abdur Rahman Khan]].<ref name="Minahan2014">{{cite book|last=Minahan|first=James B.|title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia|year= 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|language=English |isbn=9781610690188|page=205|quote=Living in the high mountain valleys, the Nuristani retained their ancient culture and their religion, a form of ancient Hinduism with many customs and rituals developed locally. Certain deities were revered only by one tribe or community, but one deity was universally worshipped by all Nuristani as the Creator, the Hindu god Yama Raja, called ''imr'o'' or ''imra'' by the Nuristani tribes.}}</ref><ref name="BarringtonKendrick2006">{{cite book|last1=Barrington|first1=Nicholas|last2=Kendrick|first2=Joseph T.|last3=Schlagintweit|first3=Reinhard|title=A Passage to Nuristan: Exploring the Mysterious Afghan Hinterland|url=https://archive.org/details/passagetonurista00barr|date=18 April 2006|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|language=English |isbn=9781845111755|page=[https://archive.org/details/passagetonurista00barr/page/111 111]|quote=Prominent sites include Hadda, near Jalalabad, but Buddhism never seems to have penetrated the remote valleys of Nuristan, where the people continued to practice an early form of polytheistic Hinduism.}}</ref><ref name="WeissMaurer2012">{{cite book|last1=Weiss|first1=Mitch|last2=Maurer|first2=Kevin|title=No Way Out: A Story of Valor in the Mountains of Afghanistan|url=https://archive.org/details/nowayoutstoryofv0000weis|date=31 December 2012|publisher=Berkley Caliber|language=English |isbn=9780425253403|page=[https://archive.org/details/nowayoutstoryofv0000weis/page/299 299]|quote=Up until the late nineteenth century, many Nuristanis practiced a primitive form of Hinduism. It was the last area in Afghanistan to convert to Islam—and the conversion was accomplished by the sword.}}</ref> Akan tetapi, aspek agama Weda purba terus bertahan di penjuru anak benua India, seperti [[Kerala]], tempat Brahmana-brahmana [[Nambudiri]] melestarikan upacara Śrauta. [[Suku Kalash]] di barat laut Pakistan juga meneruskan praktik peribadatan ala Hinduisme kuno.<ref name="West2010">{{cite book|last=West|first=Barbara A.|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|date=19 May 2010|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|language=English|isbn=9781438119137|page=357|quote=The Kalasha are a unique people living in just three valleys near Chitral, Pakistan, the capital of North-West Frontier Province, which borders Afghanistan. Unlike their neighbors in the Hindu Kush Mountains on both the Afghani and Pakistani sides of the border the Kalasha have not converted to Islam. During the mid-20th century a few Kalasha villages in Pakistan were forcibly converted to this dominant religion, but the people fought the conversion and once official pressure was removed the vast majority continued to practice their own religion. Their religion is a form of Hinduism that recognizes many gods and spirits ... given their Indo-Aryan language, ... the religion of the Kalasha is much more closely aligned to the Hinduism of their Indian neighbors that to the religion of Alexander the Great and his armies.}}</ref><ref name="Bezhan2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/28439107.html|title=Pakistan's Forgotten Pagans Get Their Due|last=Bezhan|first=Frud|date=19 April 2017|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|language=English|accessdate=31 July 2017|quote=About half of the Kalash practice a form of ancient Hinduism infused with old pagan and animist beliefs.}}</ref>|group=catatan}}