Percobaan Michelson-Morley: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

 

Dalam percobaan ini Michelson dan Morley berusaha mengukur kecepatan planet [[Bumi]] terhadap ether, yang pada waktu itu dianggap sebagai medium perambatan gelombang [[cahaya]]. Analisis terhadap hasil percobaan menunjukkan kegagalan pengamatan pergerakan bumi terhadap ether.<ref>[http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/experiments.html#the_MMX Experimental Basis of Special Relativity:The Michelson-Morley Experiment]</ref>

:<math>T_{t}=\frac{2L}{\sqrt{c^{2}-v^{2}}}=\frac{2L}{c}\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}\approx\frac{2L}{c}\left(1+\frac{v^{2}}{2c^{2}}\right)</math>

 

 

:<math>T_{l}-T_{t}=\frac{2}{c}\left(\frac{L}{1-\frac{v^{2}}{c^{2}}}-\frac{L}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}\right)</math>.

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== Hasil percobaan ==

 

{| class="wikitable"

== Percobaan-percobaan selanjutnya ==

 

Pengujian optik isotropi kecepatan cahaya menjadi lebih umum.<ref group=A >Relativity FAQ (2007): [http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/experiments.html What is the experimental basis of Special Relativity?]</ref> Teknologi baru, termasuk penggunaan [[laser]] dan [[maser]], telah meningkatkan ketepatan pengukuran secara signifikan.<!-- (In the following table, only Essen (1955), Jaseja (1964), and Shamir/Fox (1969) are experiments of Michelson–Morley type, ''i.e.'' comparing two perpendicular beams. The other optical experiments employed different methods.)-->

 

! Penulis !! Tahun !! Pemerian !! ''Upper bound''

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| Cedarholm ''et al''.<ref name=cedarholm /><ref name=cedarholm2 />|| 1958 || Dua maser [[ammonia]] dipasang pada suatu meja berputar, dan sinarnya diarahkan pada arah berkebalikan. || ~30&nbsp;m/s

|}

 

 

=== Percobaan dengan resonator optik ===

<!--

As of 2009, optical and microwave resonator experiments have improved this limit to Δ''c/c''&nbsp;≈&nbsp;10⁻¹⁷. In some of them, the devices were rotated or remained stationary, and some were combined with the [[Kennedy–Thorndike experiment]]. In particular, Earth's direction and velocity (ca.&nbsp;368&nbsp;km/s) relative to the [[Cosmic microwave background radiation#CMBR dipole anisotropy|CMB rest frame]] are ordinarily used as references in these searches for anisotropies.-->

! Penulis !! Tahun !! Pemerian !! Δ''c/c''

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| style="white-space:nowrap;"| Herrmann ''et al.''<ref name=Herrmann2 />||2009 || Mirip dengan Herrmann ''et al.'' (2005). Frekuensi sepasang ''rotating, orthogonal optical [[:en:Fabry–Pérot interferometer|Fabry–Pérot resonators]]'' dibandingkan. Frekuensi dua [[:en:Nd:YAG laser|Nd:YAG laser]] distabilkan terhadap resonansi resonator-resonator ini.

=== Pengujian lain terhadap invariansi Lorentz ===

<!--{{Further|Modern searches for Lorentz violation}}-->

Contoh-contoh percobaan yang tidak didasarkan pada prinsip Michelson–Morley, yaitu pengujian isotropi non-optik yang menghasilkan tingkat ketepatan yang bahkan lebih tinggi, adalah [[:en:Hughes–Drever experiment|Perbandingan jam atau percobaan Hughes–Drever]].<!-- In Drever's 1961 experiment, ⁷Li nuclei in the ground state, which has total angular momentum ''J''=3/2, were split into four equally spaced levels by a magnetic field. Each transition between a pair of adjacent levels should emit a photon of equal frequency, resulting in a single, sharp spectral line. However, since the nuclear wave functions for different ''M_J'' have different orientations in space relative to the magnetic field, any orientation dependence, whether from an aether wind or from a dependence on the large-scale distribution of mass in space (see [[Mach's principle]]), would perturb the energy spacings between the four levels, resulting in an anomalous broadening or splitting of the line. No such broadening was observed. Modern repeats of this kind of experiment have provided some of the most accurate confirmations of the principle of [[Lorentz covariance|Lorentz invariance]].--><ref group=A name=haugan/>

 

== Lihat pula ==

<!--ref name=desit>{{Citation|author=De Sitter, Willem|title=[[s:On the constancy of the velocity of light|On the constancy of the velocity of light]]|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences|volume=16|issue=1|year=1913|pages=395–396}}</ref-->

 

 

<ref name=essen>{{Cite journal|author=Essen, L.|title=A New Æther-Drift Experiment|journal=Nature|volume=175|issue=4462|pages=793–794|year=1955|doi=10.1038/175793a0|bibcode = 1955Natur.175..793E }}</ref>

<ref name=Kennedy>{{cite journal|author=Kennedy, Roy J.|title=A Refinement of the Michelson–Morley Experiment|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=12|issue=11|year=1926|pages=621–629|doi=10.1073/pnas.12.11.621|bibcode = 1926PNAS...12..621K }}</ref>

 

 

<ref name=michel1>{{Cite journal |author = Michelson, Albert A. |title = [[s:The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether|The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether]] |journal = American Journal of Science |volume = 22 |year = 1881 |pages = 120–129 |doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-22.128.120}}</ref>

 

 

<ref name=michel2>{{Cite journal |last=Michelson |first=Albert A. |last2=Morley |first2=Edward W.|title=[[s:On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether|On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether]] |journal=American Journal of Science |volume=34 |year=1887 |pages=333–345 |doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-34.203.333}}</ref>

 

 

<ref name=michel4>{{cite journal|last=Michelson |first=Albert A. |last2=Morley |first2=Edward W.|title=On the feasibility of establishing a light-wave as the ultimate standard of length|journal=American Journal of Science |volume=38 |year=1889 |pages=181–6 |doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-38.225.181 |url=http://www.ajsonline.org/content/s3-38/225/181.full.pdf+html }}</ref>

<ref name=michel5>{{cite journal|last=Michelson |first=A. A. |last2=Pease |first2=F. G. |last3=Pearson |first3=F.|title=Results of repetition of the Michelson–Morley experiment|journal=Journal of the Optical Society of America|volume=18|issue=3|year=1929|page=181|bibcode = 1929JOSA...18..181M|doi=10.1364/josa.18.000181}}</ref>

 

<ref>E.W. silversmith "Special Relativity", Nature magazine, vol. 322 [AUG. 1986], P.590: the filed exists, per the United States Air Force research, and it measured precisely as Michaelson and Morely predicted.</ref>

 

{{Reflist|30em|group=A|refs=

|title=Mathematics of physics and engineering

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<ref name=einstein>{{cite journal

}}{{dead link|date=October 2013}} English translation: {{cite web

}}</ref>

 

 

<ref name=Feynman>{{Citation

|isbn=0-201-02115-3}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

<ref name=laub>{{Cite journal|author=Laub, Jakob|title=Über die experimentellen Grundlagen des Relativitätsprinzips (On the experimental foundations of the principle of relativity)|journal=Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik|volume=7|year=1910|pages=405–463}}</ref>

|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

|volume=6

<ref name=maxa>{{Citation

|last=Maxwell

|doi=10.1038/021314c0}}</ref>

 

<ref name=Miller1933>{{cite journal|author=Miller, Dayton C.|title=The Ether-Drift Experiment and the Determination of the Absolute Motion of the Earth|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=5|issue=3|year=1933|pages=203–242|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.5.203|bibcode=1933RvMP....5..203M}}</ref>

 

<ref name=norton>{{Cite journal|author=Norton, John D.|year=2004|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|title= Einstein's Investigations of Galilean Covariant Electrodynamics prior to 1905|pages= 45–105|volume=59|url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00001743/|doi=10.1007/s00407-004-0085-6|bibcode=2004AHES...59...45N}}</ref>

 

<ref name=Polanyi>[[Michael Polanyi]], ''Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy'', ISBN 0-226-67288-3, footnote page&nbsp;10–11: Einstein reports, via Dr N Balzas in response to Polanyi's query, that "The Michelson–Morley experiment had no role in the foundation of the theory." and "..the theory of relativity was not founded to explain its outcome at all."[http://books.google.com/books?id=0Rtu8kCpvz4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PT19#v=onepage&q=&f=false]</ref>

 

 

<ref name=shankland2>{{cite journal|author=Shankland, R.S.|title=Michelson–Morley experiment|journal=American Journal of Physics|year=1964|volume=31|issue=1|pages=16–35|doi=10.1119/1.1970063|bibcode = 1964AmJPh..32...16S }}</ref>

|bibcode=1982AN....303...47S

|doi=10.1002/asna.2103030110}}</ref>

<ref name=staley>{{Citation|author=Staley, Richard|year=2009|title=Einstein's generation. The origins of the relativity revolution|chapter=Albert Michelson, the Velocity of Light, and the Ether Drift|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-77057-5}}</ref>

<ref name=Swenson1>{{Cite journal

 

 

<ref name=teller>{{Citation|author=[[Edward Teller]], Wendy Teller, Wilson Talley|title=Conversations on the Dark Secrets of Physics|year=2002|publisher=Basic books|isbn=0786752378|pages=10–11|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QClyAWecl60C&pg=PA10}}</ref>

<ref name=Thirring>{{Cite journal|author=Thirring, Hans|year=1926|journal=Nature|title=Prof. Miller's Ether Drift Experiments|pages= 81–82|volume=118|issue=2959|doi=10.1038/118081c0|bibcode = 1926Natur.118...81T }}</ref>

 

 

}}

 

== Pranala luar ==

{{commonscat|Michelson–Morley experiment}}

* {{cite web |last=Roberts |first=T |last2=Schleif |first2=S |last3=Dlugosz |first3=JM (ed.) |year=2007 |title=What is the experimental basis of Special Relativity? |url=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/experiments.html |work=Usenet Physics FAQ |publisher=[[University of California, Riverside]]}}

* {{en icon}} [http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v91/e020401 Modern Michelson-Morley Experiment improves the best previous result by two orders of magnitude, dari 2003]

 

[[Kategori:Percobaan fisika|Michelson-Morley]]