Koh-i-Noor: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Rang Djambak (bicara | kontrib)
←Membuat halaman berisi 'thumb|Replika Koh-i-Noor Koh-i-Noor<ref name="EB2008">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Koh-i-Noor |encyclopedia=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ea-bAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1046 |date=2008 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |isbn=9781593394929 |page=1046 |language=en |quote=The Koh-i-noor (Hindi for 'mountain of light') was acquired by the British in 1849 and became part of the Crown Jew...'
Tag: tanpa kategori [ * ] Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan pranala ke halaman disambiguasi
 
InternetArchiveBot (bicara | kontrib)
Add 1 book for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20240613sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot
 
(6 revisi perantara oleh satu pengguna lainnya tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
[[File:Replica of the Koh-i-Noor (cropped).jpg|thumb|Replika Koh-i-Noor]]
 
'''Koh-i-Noor'''<ref name="EB2008">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Koh-i-Noor |encyclopedia=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ea-bAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1046 |date=2008 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |isbn=9781593394929 |page=1046 |language=en |quote=The Koh-i-noor (Hindi for 'mountain of light') was acquired by the British in 1849 and became part of the Crown Jewels of [[Queen Victoria]]. |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226141554/https://books.google.com/books?id=ea-bAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1046 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/koh-i-noor|title=Definition of 'Koh-i-noor'|access-date=26 November 2017|author=Collins English Dictionary|publisher=HarperCollins}}</ref> juga dieja '''Koh-e-Noor''', '''Kohinoor''' dan '''Koh-i-Nur''', adalah salah satu [[berlian]] potong terbesar di dunia, dengan berat 105,6 karat (21,12 g). Ini adalah bagian dari [[Perhiasan Mahkota Britania Raya|Permata Mahkota Britania Raya]]. Berlian tersebut saat ini dipasang di [[Mahkota (Britania Raya)|Mahkota Ratu Elizabeth]].
 
Ada beberapa legenda yang saling bertentangan tentang asal muasal berlian.{{sfn|Dalrymple|Anand|2017|pp=11-14}} Namun, menurut administrator kolonial [[Theo Metcalfe]], terdapat bukti yang "sangat sedikit dan tidak sempurna" tentang sejarah awal Koh-i-Noor sebelum tahun 1740-an.{{sfn|Dalrymple|Anand|2017|pp=15–17}} Tidak ada catatan mengenai berat aslinya, tetapi berat yang paling awal dibuktikan adalah 186 karat tua (191 metrik karat atau 38,2 g). Catatan berlian pertama yang dapat diverifikasi berasal dari sejarah Muhammad Kazim Marvi tentang [[Invasi Kekaisaran Mughal oleh Nader Shah|invasi tahun 1740-an ke India Utara]] oleh [[Nader Shah]]. Marvi mencatat Koh-i-Noor sebagai salah satu dari banyak batu di [[Takhta Merak|Tahta Merak]] [[Daftar Kaisar Mughal|Mughal]] yang dijarah Nader Shah dari [[Delhi]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoJoDwAAQBAJ&q=Koh-i-Noor+sher+singh&pg=PA115|title=Kohinoor: The Story of the WorldÕs Most Infamous Diamond|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|last2=Anand|first2=Anita|date=2016|publisher=Juggernaut Books|isbn=978-93-86228-08-6}}</ref> Berlian tersebut kemudian berpindah tangan ke berbagai kerajaan di [[Asia Selatan]] dan [[Asia Barat|Barat]], hingga diberikan kepada [[Victoria dari Britania Raya|Ratu Victoria]] setelah [[Perang Inggris-Sikh Kedua|aneksasi Punjab]] oleh British[[Perusahaan EastHindia IndiaTimur Britania CompanyRaya]] pada tahun 1849, pada masa pemerintahan [[Maharaja]] [[Kekaisaran Sikh]] yang saat itu berusia 11 tahun. [[Duleep Singh]], yang memerintah di bawah pengaruh bayangan sekutu Kompeni [[Gulab Singh]], [[Dinasti Dogra|Maharaja pertama Jammu dan Kashmir]], yang sebelumnya memiliki batu tersebut.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Login|first=E. Dalhousie|title=Lady Login's Recollections: Court Life and Camp Life, 1820–1904|publisher=Languages Department |year=1970|location=Jullundur City|pages=75–83}}</ref>
 
Awalnya, potongan batu tersebut serupa dengan berlian era Mughal lainnya, seperti [[Daria-i-Noor]], yang kini disimpan dalam [[Permata Nasional Iran]]. Pada tahun 1851, ia dipajang di [[Pameran Besar]] di [[London]], tetapi potongannya yang jelek gagal membuat penonton terkesan. Pangeran [[Albert, Pangeran Permaisuri Britania Raya|Albert]], suami Ratu Victoria, memerintahkannya untuk dipotong ulang menjadi oval cemerlang oleh [[Coster Diamonds]]. Berdasarkan standar modern, culet (titik di bagian bawah batu permata) sangat lebar, memberikan kesan lubang hitam jika batu dilihat dari depan; namun demikian dianggap oleh ahli permata sebagai "penuh kehidupan".<ref>Howie, p. 293.</ref>
 
Sejak tiba di Inggris, aksesoris ini hanya dikenakan oleh anggota perempuan [[keluarga kerajaan Inggris]].<ref>Mears, et al., p. 27.</ref> Dikatakan membawa nasib buruk jika dikenakan oleh laki-laki.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Weinreb, Ben |author2=[[Christopher Hibbert|Hibbert, Christopher]] |title=[[The London Encyclopaedia]] |edition=reprint |year=1992 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |page=903}}</ref> Victoria mengenakan batu itu dalam bros dan lingkaran. Setelah dia meninggal pada tahun 1901, ia ditempatkan di [[Mahkota Ratu Alexandra]]. Itu dipindahkan ke [[Mahkota Ratu Mary]] pada tahun 1911, dan akhirnya ke [[Mahkota (Britania Raya)|Mahkota Ratu Elizabeth]] pada tahun 1937 untuk [[Penobatan George VI dan Elizabeth|penobatannya]].
 
Saat ini, berlian tersebut dipajang untuk umum di [[Rumah Permata]] di [[Kastil Menara London|Menara London]]. Pemerintah [[India]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]], dan [[Afganistan|Afghanistan]], serta [[Taliban]], semuanya telah mengklaim kepemilikan Koh-i-Noor, menuntut pengembaliannya sejak India memperoleh kemerdekaan dari Kerajaan Inggris pada tahun 1947.{{sfn|Dalrymple|Anand|2017|pp=13, 176}} Pemerintah Inggris menegaskan permata itu diperoleh secara legal berdasarkan ketentuan [[Perjanjian Lahore|Perjanjian Terakhir Lahore]] dan menolak klaim tersebut.
 
Pada tahun 2018, di [[Mahkamah Agung India]], [[Badan Survei Arkeologi India|Survei Arkeologi India]] mengklarifikasi bahwa berlian tersebut telah diserahkan kepada Inggris dan "berlian tersebut tidak dicuri atau diambil secara paksa".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kohinoor-diamond-not-stolen-gifted-to-uk-centre-tells-supreme-court/articleshow/51875450.cms | title=Kohinoor diamond not stolen, gifted to UK: Centre tells Supreme Court | newspaper=The Times of India | date=18 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/kohinoor-diamond-was-neither-stolen-nor-forcibly-taken-it-was-surrendered-to-british-asi/318440</ref>
 
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
 
== Bibliografi ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|first=Victor|last=Argenzio|title=Crystal Clear: The Story of Diamonds|url=https://archive.org/details/crystalclearstor00arge|url-access=registration|year=1977|publisher=David McKay Co.|isbn=978-0-679-20317-9}}
*{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Balfour|title=Famous Diamonds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekzrAAAAMAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Antique Collectors' Club|isbn=978-1-85149-479-8}}
* {{cite book|first1=Hubert|last1=Bari|first2=Violaine|last2=Sautter|author2-link=Violaine Sautter|title=Diamonds: In the Heart of the Earth, in the Heart of Stars, at the Heart of Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oS6pKwAACAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Vilo International|isbn=978-2-84576-032-5|access-date=12 October 2016|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209165432/https://books.google.com/books?id=oS6pKwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|first=James Andrew|last=Broun-Ramsay|title=Private Letters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAzgAAAAMAAJ|edition=2|year=1911|publisher=Blackwood|location=India}}
* {{cite book|first1=William|last1=Dalrymple|author-link=William Dalrymple (historian)|first2=Anita|last2=Anand|author-link2=Anita Anand (journalist)|title=Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond|year=2017|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-408-88886-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFcqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95}}
* {{cite book|title=The English Regalia|first=Cyril|last=Davenport|year=1897|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.|url=https://archive.org/details/englishregalia00daveuoft|access-date=7 January 2016|archive-date=24 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324180037/https://archive.org/details/englishregalia00daveuoft|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|first=John R.|last=Davis|title=The Great Exhibition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kp8hAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Sutton|isbn=978-0-7509-1614-1}}
* {{cite book|title=The Crown Jewels: Souvenir Guidebook|first1=Sally|last1=Dixon-Smith|first2=Sebastian|last2=Edwards|first3=Sarah|last3=Kilby|first4=Clare|last4=Murphy|first5=David|last5=Souden|first6=Jane|last6=Spooner|first7=Lucy|last7=Worsley|publisher=Historic Royal Palaces|year=2010|isbn=978-1-873993-13-2}}
* {{cite book|first=Emily|last=Eden|title=Portraits of the Princes and People of India|year=1844|page=14|publisher=J. Dickinson & Son}}
* {{cite book|first1=Lionel|last1=Fanthorpe|first2=Patricia|last2=Fanthorpe|title=Secrets of the World's Undiscovered Treasures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7zSw4mJmKgC&pg=PA202|year=2009|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-77070-508-1|access-date=23 November 2017|archive-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231133330/https://books.google.com/books?id=P7zSw4mJmKgC&pg=PA202|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|first=Lauren M. E.|last=Goodlad|title=The Victorian Geopolitical Aesthetic: Realism, Sovereignty, and Transnational Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzQcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-872827-6|access-date=30 November 2017|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227003537/https://books.google.com/books?id=QzQcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|first=Elizabeth|last=Hennessy|title=A Domestic History of the Bank of England, 1930–1960|url=https://archive.org/details/domestichistoryo00henn|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/domestichistoryo00henn/page/n262 237]|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-39140-5}}
* {{cite book|editor1-first=Karin|editor1-last=Hofmeester|editor2-first=Bernd-Stefan|editor2-last=Grewe|title=Luxury in Global Perspective: Objects and Practices, 1600–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eu6SDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-10832-5}}
* {{cite magazine|first=R. A.|last=Howie|url=http://www.minersoc.org/pages/Archive-MM/Volume_63/63-2-292.pdf|title=Book Reviews|magazine=Mineralogical Magazine|year=1999|volume=63|issue=2|publisher=Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland|access-date=26 November 2017|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614181956/http://www.minersoc.org/pages/Archive-MM/Volume_63/63-2-292.pdf|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal|first=Nigel B.|last=Israel|title='The Most Unkindest Cut of All' - Recutting the Koh-i-Nur|journal=Journal of Gemmology|year=1992|volume=23|number=3|page=176|issn=0022-1252|doi=10.15506/JoG.1992.23.3.176}}
* {{cite book|first=Anna|last=Keay|title=The Crown Jewels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwpjtwAACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-51575-4|access-date=12 October 2016|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227230207/https://books.google.com/books?id=MwpjtwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|first=T. K.|last=Kurien|title=Geology and Mineral Resources of Andhra Pradesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r20IAAAAIAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Geological Survey of India|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230120318/https://books.google.com/books?id=r20IAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|first=Jean Marie|last=Lafont|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjduAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566111-8}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sirjohnloginand00logigoog|title=Sir John Login and Duleep Singh|first=Lena Campbell|last=Login|author-link=Lena Login|year=1890|publisher=Languages Dept|location=Punjab|access-date=1 April 2016|archive-date=7 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407010403/http://www.archive.org/details/sirjohnloginand00logigoog|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|first=Kenneth J.|last=Mears|title=The Tower of London: 900 Years of English History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_kgAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Phaidon|isbn=978-0-7148-2527-4|access-date=12 October 2016|archive-date=19 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219160755/https://books.google.com/books?id=D_kgAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|first1=Kenneth J.|last1=Mears|first2=Simon|last2=Thurley|first3=Claire|last3=Murphy|title=The Crown Jewels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1GJnAEACAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Historic Royal Palaces|asin=B000HHY1ZQ}}
* {{cite book|first=P. N.|last=Rastogi|title=Ethnic Tensions in Indian Society: Explanation, Prediction, Monitoring and Control|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBOlsFQH-toC|year=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-9-997-38489-8}}
* {{cite book|first=Tessa|last=Rose|title=The Coronation Ceremony and the Crown Jewels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSUTAQAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=HM Stationery Office|isbn=978-0-117-01361-2|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227023444/https://books.google.com/books?id=bSUTAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|first=Henry George|last=Smith|title=Gems and Precious Stones|url=https://archive.org/details/gemspreciousston00smitrich|year=1896|publisher=Charles Potter|access-date=19 February 2020|archive-date=21 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121083257/http://archive.org/details/gemspreciousston00smitrich|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|first1=Edwin William|last1=Streeter|first2=Joseph|last2=Hatten|title=The Great Diamonds of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/greatdiamondsofw00stre|year=1882|publisher=G. Bell & Sons|access-date=26 November 2017|archive-date=4 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604151430/https://archive.org/details/greatdiamondsofw00stre|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sucher|first1=Scott D.|last2=Carriere|first2=Dale P.|year=2008|title=The Use of Laser and X-ray Scanning to Create a Model of the Historic Koh-i-Noor Diamond|journal=Gems & Gemology|volume=44|issue=2|pages=124–141|doi=10.5741/GEMS.44.2.124}}
* {{cite journal|journal=New Zealand Journal of History|volume=15|issue=1|issn=0028-8322|date=April 1981|first=Nicholas|last=Tarling|author-link=Nicholas Tarling|publisher=University of Auckland|url=http://www.nzjh.auckland.ac.nz/docs/1981/NZJH_15_1_03.pdf|title=The Wars of British Succession|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=1 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201152928/http://www.nzjh.auckland.ac.nz/docs/1981/NZJH_15_1_03.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |first=Dena K.|last=Tarshis |year=2000 |title=The Koh-i-Noor Diamond and its Glass Replica at the Crystal Palace Exhibition |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-glass-studies_2000_42/page/133|jstor=24191006 |journal=Journal of Glass Studies |publisher=Corning Museum of Glass |volume=42 |pages=133–143 |issn=0075-4250 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Young |first=Paul |s2cid=144262612 |year=2007 |title="Carbon, Mere Carbon": The Kohinoor, the Crystal Palace, and the Mission to Make Sense of British India |journal=Nineteenth-Century Contexts |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=343–358 |doi=10.1080/08905490701768089 }}
* {{cite book|first1=Sir George|last1=Younghusband|first2=Cyril|last2=Davenport|title=The Crown Jewels of England|url=https://archive.org/details/TheCrownJewelsOfEngland|year=1919|publisher=Cassell & Co.|asin=B00086FM86}}
{{Refend}}
 
== Bacaan tambahan ==
* Shipley, Robert M. (1939) ''Important Diamonds of the World'', pp.&nbsp;5-8. [[Gemological Institute of America]], USA, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Winter 1939)
* Shipley, Robert M. (1943) ''Diamond Glossary'', pp.&nbsp;119 (PDF page 11) [[Gemological Institute of America]], USA, Vol. 4, No. 8 (Winter 1943)
 
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Koh-i-Noor Diamond}}
* {{Wikisource-inline|links=[[s:The Folk-Lore Journal/Volume 4/A Story of the Koh-i-Nûr|the Koh-i-Noor]]}}
 
[[Kategori:Harta kerajaan Britania Raya]]