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{{Infobox religious building
|building_name name = Masjid Agung Umayyah<br /><big>جامع''الْجَامِع بني أمية الكبير</big>الْأُمَوِي''
| image = Umayyad Mosque, Damascus.jpg
| caption =
|image_size=300px
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] – [[Sunni]]
|caption=
|map_type location = [[Damaskus Lama Siria]]
|map_caption province = Lokasi di[[Kegubernuran Damaskus Lama|Damaskus]]
| country = {{flag|Suriah}}
|latitude = 33.511944
| established = [[706]] dengan rincian:
|longitude = 36.306667
* [[:en:Temple of Jupiter, Damascus|Kuil Jupiter Damaskus]] (sejak tahun [[Abad ke-1 SM|64]]–[[634]])
|coordinates_type = region:SY_type:landmark
* Kompleks [[Basilika]] dan [[Musala]] (sejak tahun [[634]]–[[706]])
|coordinates_format = dms
* [[Masjid]] (sejak tahun [[706]]–sekarang){{sfn|George|2021|p=}}
|location={{flagicon|Suriah}} [[Damaskus]], [[Suriah]]
| architect =
|geo=
| architecture_type = [[Masjid]]
|religious_affiliation=[[Islam]]
| architecture_style = [[Umayyah]]
|region=[[Levant]]
|functional_status=Active
|website=
|architect=
|architecture_type=[[Masjid]]
|architecture_style=[[Umayyah]]
|year_completed=715
|construction_cost=
|capacity=3.000
| dome_quantity = 1
| minaret_quantity = 3
|dome_height_outer=
| website =
|dome_dia_outer=
|minaret_quantity=3
|minaret_height=
|materials=Batu, marmer, tegel, mosaik
}}
'''Masjid Agung Umayyah''' ({{lang-ar|جامع بني أمية الكبير}}) ({{lang-en|'''Great Mosque of Damascus'''}}), berlokasi di kota lama [[Damaskus]], [[Suriah]] adalah [[masjid]] yang terbesar dan tertua di dunia. Dan dianggap sebagai tempat suci ke empat dalam [[Islam]].<ref name="Hitti2002">Hitti, 2002, p.514.</ref>
 
'''Masjid Umayyah''' ({{lang-ar|الجامع الأموي|al-Jāmiʿ al-Umawī}}), atau lebih dikenal dengan '''Masjid Raya Damaskus''' ({{lang-ar|الجامع الدمشق|al-Jāmiʿ al-Damishq}}) adalah sebuah [[masjid]] terbesar dan tertua peninggalan [[Dinasti Umayyah]] yang berada di kota [[Damaskus]], [[Kegubernuran Damaskus]], [[Suriah]]. Masjid ini kemudian dianggap sebagai tempat suci keempat dalam [[Islam]].<ref name="Hitti2002">Hitti, 2002, p.514.</ref> Bangunan ini awalnya merupakan [[Tempat ibadah|tempat peribadatan]] [[Romawi]], tempat menyembah [[Jupiter|Dewa Jupiter]] yaitu [[:en:Temple of Jupiter, Damascus|Kuil Jupiter Damaskus]]{{sfn|Burns|2007|p=40}} yang dibangun pada tahun [[Abad ke-1 SM|64 SM]],{{sfn|Burns|2007|p=16}} namun setelah peristiwa [[Pengepungan Damaskus (634)|Penaklukan Damaskus]] tahun [[634]],{{sfn|Grafman|Rosen-Ayalon|1999|p=7}} bangunan ini diubah menjadi sebuah kompleks yang berisi [[Basilika]] [[Katolik Roma]] yang didedikasikan untuk [[Yohanes Pembaptis|Santo Yohanes Pembaptis]] dan [[Musala]] di bagian tenggara untuk [[Muslim]] beribadah,{{Sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins-Madina|2001|p=22}}{{Sfn|Burns|2007|p=112-114}} kemudian secara final bangunan ini diubah dan ditingkatkan statusnya menjadi masjid pada tahun [[706]],{{sfn|Flood|2001|p=2}}{{sfn|Rudolff|2006|p=177}}<ref name="Kamiya">{{cite web |title=Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria |author=Takeo Kamiya |work=Eurasia News|date=2004 |url=http://www.ne.jp/asahi/arc/ind/2_meisaku/32_damascus/dam_eng.htm |access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> atas perintah [[Khalifah]] [[Al-Walid bin Abdul-Malik]] dari [[Bani Umayyah]].{{sfn|Grafman|Rosen-Ayalon|1999|p=7}}{{Sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins-Madina|2001|p=22}}{{Sfn|Burns|2007|p=112-114}}
Setelah [[Pengepungan Damaskus (634)|penaklukan Arab atas Damaskus]] tahun 634, masjid dibangun di tempat yang sebelumnya adalah [[basilika]] Kristen yang dipersembahkan untuk [[Yohanes Pembaptis]] (atau [[Yahya]]) sejak zaman kekaisaran Romawi [[Konstantinus I]]. Masjid ini memiliki makam peninggalan suci yang diyakini sampai saat ini masih berisi kepala Yohanes Pembaptis (Yahya), yang dihormati sebagai [[nabi]] baik oleh Kristen maupun Islam. Juga terdapat berbagai penanda lokasi penting lainnya di dalam masjid dari [[Syi'ah]], diantaranya tempat dimana kepala [[Husain bin Ali]] (cucu dari [[Muhammad]]) yang disimpan oleh [[Yazid bin Muawiyah]]. [[Makam Saladin]] berdiri di taman kecil di dinding utara masjid.
 
== Sejarah ==
[[Berkas:StJohnInUmmayad.jpg|thumb|left|Makam suci [[Yohanes Pembaptis]] ([[Yahya]]) di dalam masjid]]
Lokasi dimana masjid sekarang berdiri sebelumnya adalah kuil tuhan [[Hadad]] di era [[Aramaean]] dari akhir [[Zaman Perunggu]] dan [[Zaman Besi]]. Kehadiran Aramaean terbukti dengan ditemukannya [[basal]] [[ortostat]] berbentuk [[sphinx]] yang digali di sudut timur laut masjid. Lokasi itu kemudian pernah menjadi [[Kuil Yupiter, Damaskus|Kuil Yupiter]] di zaman Romawi, kemudian sebuah [[gereja]] [[Kristen]] yang diperuntukkan kepada [[Yohanes Pembaptis]] di zaman [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur]]
 
=== Kekhalifahan Arab ===
<!--
[[Damascus]] was [[Siege of Damascus (634)|captured and besieged]] by [[Rashidun army|Muslim Arab forces]] led by [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] in 634. Decades later, the [[Islamic Caliphate]] came under the rule of the [[Umayyad dynasty]] which chose Damascus to be the administrative capital of the [[Muslim world]]. The sixth Umayyad [[caliph]], [[al-Walid I]], then commissioned the construction of a [[mosque]] on the site of the Byzantine cathedral in 706.<ref>Grafman and Rosen-Ayalon, 1999, p.7.</ref> Prior to this, the cathedral was still in use by the local Christians, but a prayer room (''musalla'') for [[Muslim]]s had been constructed on the southeastern part of the building. Al-Walid, who personally supervised the project, had most of the cathedral including the ''musalla'' demolished. The construction of the mosque completely altered the layout of the building. The new house of worship was meant to serve as a large congregational mosque for the citizens of Damascus and as a tribute to the city. Because of Christian protest at the move, al-Walid ordered the all other confiscated churches in the city to be returned to the Christians as compensation. The mosque was completed in 715 by the caliph, [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]], shortly after the death of al-Walid that same year.<ref name="Flood2"/><ref>Rudolff, 2006, p.177.</ref>
 
According to 10th-century [[Persia]]n historian [[Ibn al-Faqih]], somewhere between 600,000 and 1,000,000 ''[[Gold Dinar|dinar]]s'' were spent on the project. [[Coptic]] craftsmen as well as Persian, [[India]]n, [[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Moroccan]] laborers provided the bulk of the work force which consisted of 12,000 people.<ref name="Flood2">Flood, 2001, p.2.</ref><ref>Wolff, 2007, p.57.</ref> Ibn al-Faqih also relays the story that during the construction of the mosque, workers found a cave-chapel which had a box containing the head of St. [[John the Baptist]], or [[John the Baptist#Islam|Yaḥyā ibn Zakarīyā]] in Islam. Upon learning of that and examining it, al-Walid I ordered the head buried under a specific pillar in the mosque that was later inlaid with marble.<ref>le Strange, 1890, pp. [http://www.archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/233/mode/1up p.233]–[http://www.archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/234/mode/1up p.234]</ref>
 
[[File:Dome of the Clocks, Umayyad Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|The Dome of the Clock was built in 780]]
 
Following the uprising that ended Umayyad rule in 750, the [[Abbasid dynasty]] came to power and moved the capital of the Caliphate to [[Baghdad]]. Apart from the attention given for strategic and commercial purposes, the Abbasids had no interest in Damascus. As such, the Umayyad Mosque reportedly suffered under their rule, with little recorded building activity between the 8th and 10th centuries.<ref name="Flood124-6"/> However, the Abbasids did consider the mosque to be a major symbol of [[Islam]]'s triumph and thus, it was spared the systematic eradication of the Umayyad legacy in the city.<ref name="Burns131-2"/> The Abbasid governor of Damascus, [[Al-Fadl ibn Salih|al-Fadl ibn Salih ibn Ali]], built the Dome of the Clock in the eastern section of the mosque in 780.<ref>Rudolff, 2006, p.178.</ref> Nine years later, he initiated the construction of the [[Qubbat al-Khazna|Dome of the Treasury]] (''Bayt al-Mal'') with the purpose of housing the mosque's funds.<ref name="Burns131-2">Burns, 2005, pp.131–132.</ref> The 9th-century [[Arab]] geographer, [[al-Muqaddasi]], credited the Abbasids for building the northern [[minaret]] (''Madhanat al-'Arous''; "Minaret of the Bride") of the mosque in 831 during the reign of the caliph al-Ma'mun.<ref name="Flood124-6"/><ref name="Burns131-2"/> This was accompanied by al-Ma'mun's removal and replacement of Umayyad inscriptions in the mosque.<ref name="Flood124-6">Flood, 2001, pp.124–126. Some information used in the article is provided by the footnotes of this source.</ref>
 
[[File:Umayyad Mosque-Dome of the Treasury211099.jpg|thumb|left|The Dome of the Treasury was built in 789]]
 
By the early 10th-century, a monumental clock had been installed by the entrance in the western part of the southern wall of the mosque (''Bāb al-Ziyāda''.) This clock seems to have stopped functioning by the middle of the 12th century.<ref>Flood, 2001, p.121.</ref> Abbasid rule over [[Syria]] began crumbling during the mid-10th-century, and for the decades that followed it subsequently came under the control of autonomous kingdoms who were only nominally under Abbasid authority. The [[Fatimid]]s of [[Egypt]], who adhered to [[Shia Islam]], conquered Damascus in 970, but few recorded improvements of the mosque were undertaken by the new rulers. Because of the Umayyad Mosque's prestige, the residents of Damascus established the city as a center for Sunni intellectualism and were able to maintain relative independence from Fatimid religious authority.<ref>Burns, 2005, p.139.</ref> In 1069, large sections of the mosque, particularly the northern wall, were destroyed in a fire as a result of an uprising by the city's residents against the Fatimid's [[Berber]] army who were garrisoned there.<ref>Burns, 2005, p.140.</ref>
 
===Seljuk and Ayyubid era===
The Sunni Muslim [[Seljuk|Seljuk Turks]] gained control of the city in 1078 and restored the nominal rule of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Seljuk king [[Tutush]] initiated the repair of damage caused by the 1069 fire.<ref name="Burns142"/> In 1082, his vizier, [[Abu Nasr Ahmad ibn Fadl]] had the central [[dome]] restored in a more spectacular form,<ref>Flood, 1997, p.73.</ref> the two piers supporting it were reinforced and the original Umayyad mosaics of the northern inner [[facade]] were renewed. The northern ''[[riwaq]]'' ("portico") was rebuilt in 1089.<ref name="Burns142">Burns, 2005, pp.141–142.</ref> The Seljuk prince of Damascus, [[Toghtekin]], repaired the northern wall in 1110 and two inscribed panels located above its doorways were dedicated to him.<ref>Burns, 2005, pp.148–149</ref> In 1113, the Seljuk [[Atabeg]] of [[Mosul]], [[Mawdud|Sharaf al-Din Mawdud]], was assassinated in the Umayyad Mosque.<ref>Burns, 2005, p.147.</ref> As the conflict between Damascus and the [[Crusader]]s intensified in the mid-1100s, the mosque was used as a principle rallying point calling on Muslims to defend the city and return [[Jerusalem]] to Muslim hands. Prominent [[imam]]s, including [[Ibn 'Asakir]], preached ''[[jihad]]'' ("holy struggle") and when the Crusaders advanced towards Damascus in 1148, the city's residents heeded their calls; the Crusader army withdrew as a result of their resistance.<ref>Burns, 2005, p.157.</ref>
 
{{quote box
|quote=In Damascus there is a mosque that has no equal in the world, not one with such fine proportion,
nor one so solidly constructed, nor one vaulted so securely, nor one more marvellously
laid out, nor one so admirably decorated in gold mosaics and diverse designs, with
enamelled tiles and polished marbles.
|quoted=1
|width = 40%
|align = right
|source=[[al-Idrisi|Muhammad al-Idrisi]], 1154<ref>Rudolff, 2006, p.175.</ref>}}
 
During the reign of [[Nur ad-Din Zangi]] which began in 1154, a second monumental clock, the [[Jayrun Water Clock]] was built on his personal orders.<ref>Flood, 2001, p.114.</ref> It was constructed outside the eastern entrance to the mosque (''Bāb Jayrūn'') by architect Muḥammad al-Sāʿātī and was rebuilt by al-Sāʿātī following a fire in 1167 and was eventually repaired by his son, Riḍwān, in the early 13th-century. It may have survived into the 14th century.<ref>Flood, 2001, pp.117–118.</ref> Arab geographer, [[al-Idrisi]], visited the mosque in 1154.<ref name="Burns131-2"/>
 
Damascus witnessed the establishment of several religious institutions under the Ayyubids, but the Umayyad Mosque retained his place as the center of religious life in the city. Muslim traveller [[Ibn Jubayr]] described the mosque as containing many different ''[[zawiya|zawaya]]'' for religious and Quranic studies. In 1173, the northern wall of the mosque was damaged again by fire and was rebuilt by the Ayyubid sultan, [[Saladin]] (reign 1174-1193), along with the Minaret of the Bride,<ref>Burns, 2005, pp. 176–177</ref> which had been destroyed in the 1069 fire.<ref name="Burns131-2"/> During the internal feuds between later Ayyubid princes, the city was dealt a great deal of damage, and the mosque's eastern minaret–known as the "Minaret of Jesus"–was destroyed at the hands of [[as-Salih Ayyub]] while besieging [[as-Salih Ismail]] in 1245.<ref>Burns, 2005, p. 187</ref> The minaret was later rebuilt with little decoration.<ref>Burns, 2005, p. 189</ref> Saladin, along with many of his successors, were buried around the Umayyad Mosque.<ref>Burns, 2005, p. 190</ref>
 
===Mamluk rule===
The Mongols under the leadership of [[Kitbuqa]], in alliance with Crusader forces, captured Damascus from the Ayyubids in 1260. [[Bohemond VI of Antioch]], a leading general in the invasion, ordered [[Mass (liturgy)|Catholic Mass]] to be performed in the Umayyad Mosque.<ref>Zaimeche, 2005, p.22.</ref> The [[Mamluk]]s led by [[Qutuz]] and [[Baibars]] soon wrested control of the city the same year. In 1270, Baibars, by now the Mamluk sultan, ordered extensive restorations in the mosque, particularly its marble, mosaics and gildings. According to Baibars' biographer, [[Ibn Shaddad]], the restorations cost the sultan a sum of 20,000 dinars. Among the largest mosaic fragments restored was a {{convert|34.5|by|7.3|m}} segment in the western portico called the "Barada panel".<ref name=Walker36-37>Walker, 2004, p.36-37.</ref> The mosaics that decorated the mosque were a specific target of the restoration project and the art form became a major influence in Mamluk architecture in Syria and Egypt.<ref name="Flood67">Flood, 1997, p.67.</ref>
 
In 1285, the Muslim scholar [[Ibn Taymiyya]] started teaching Qur'an [[exegesis]] in the mosque and when the [[Ilkhanate|Il-Khan Mongols]] under [[Ghazan]] invaded the city in 1300, Ibn Taymiyya preached ''jihad'', urging the citizens of Damascus to resist their occupation. The Mamluks under [[Qalawun]] drove out the Mongols later that year.<ref>Zaimeche, 2005, p.17.</ref> When Qalawun's forces entered the city, the Mongols attempted to store several catapults in the Umayyad Mosque because the Mamluks had started fires around the [[Citadel of Damascus|citadel]] to prevent Mongol access to it. The attempt failed as the Mamluks proceeded to burn the catapults before they were placed in the mosque.<ref>Winter and Levanoni, 2004, p.33.</ref>
 
[[File:Minaret of the Bride, Umayyad Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|The northern minaret, or Minaret of the Bride, where [[Ibn al-Shatir]] erected his [[sundial]]]]
 
The Mamluk governor of Damascus, [[Tankiz]], carried out restoration work in the mosque in 1326-28. He reassembled the mosaics on the ''[[qibla]]'' wall and replaced all the marble tiles in the prayer hall. Mamluk sultan [[al-Nasir Muhammad]] also undertook major restoration work for the mosque in 1328. He demolished and completely rebuilt the unstable ''qibla'' wall and moved the Bab al-Ziyadah gate to the east.<ref name=Walker36-37/> Much of the that work was damaged during a fire that burned the mosque in 1339.<ref name="Flood67"/> [[Islamic art]] expert, Finbarr B. Flood, describes the [[Bahri Mamluks]]' attitude towards the mosque as an "obsessive interest" and their efforts at maintaining, repairing and restoring the mosque were unparalleled by any other period of Muslim rule.<ref>Flood, 1997, p.72.</ref> Arab astronomer [[Ibn al-Shatir]] worked as the chief ''muwaqqit'' ("religious [[timekeeper]]") and the chief ''[[muezzin]]'' at the Umayyad Mosque from 1332 until his death in 1376.<ref>Charette, 2003, p.16.</ref> He erected a large [[sundial]] on the mosque's northern minaret in 1371.<ref>Selin, 1997, p.413.</ref> The Minaret of Jesus was burnt down in a fire in 1392.<ref>Brinner, 1963, p. 155.</ref>
 
The Mongols under [[Timurlane]] sacked Damascus in 1400. Timurlane ordered the burning of the city on March 17, and the fire ravaged the Umayyad Mosque. The eastern minaret was reduced to rubble, and the central dome collapsed.<ref>Ibn Khaldun; Fischel, 1952, p.97.</ref> A southwestern minaret was added to the mosque in 1488 during the reign of Mamluk sultan [[Qaitbay]].<ref>Ring, Salkin, La Boda, p.208.</ref>
 
===Ottoman era===
The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]s under [[Selim I]] conquered Damascus from the Mamluks in 1516. The first [[Friday prayer]] in the Umayyad Mosque was attended by Selim I and it was performed in his name.<ref>Van Leeuwen, p.95.</ref><ref>Finkel, p.109.</ref> The Ottomans used an endowment system (''[[waqf]]'') for religious sites as a means to link the local population with the central authority. The ''waqf'' of the Umayyad Mosque was the largest in the city, employing 596 people. Supervisory and clerical positions were reserved for Ottoman officials while religious offices were held mostly by members of the local '''ulema''.<ref>Kafescioǧlu, 1999, p.78.</ref> Although the ''awqaf'' (plural form of "''waqf''") were taxed, the ''waqf'' of the Umayyad Mosque was not.<ref>Van Leeuwen, p.112.</ref> In 1518, the Ottoman governor of Damascus and supervisor of the mosque's ''waqf'', [[Janbirdi al-Ghazali]], had the mosque repaired and redecorated as part of his architectural reconstruction program for the city.<ref>Van Leeuwen, p.141.</ref>
 
Prominent [[Sufi]] scholar, [[Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi]], taught regularly at the Umayyad Mosque starting in 1661.<ref>Dumper and Stanley, p.123.</ref>
 
The mosque's extensive mosaic, and its marble panelling were once again ravaged by fire in 1893, and had to be restored.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703571704575340833854939358.html |title=A Glittering Crossroads |author=Christian C. Sahner|date=17 July 2010 |work= |publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref> The fire also destroyed the inner fabric of the prayer hall and caused the collapse of the mosque's central dome. A laborer engaging in repair work accidentally started the fire when he was smoking his ''[[nargila]]'' (water pipe). The Ottomans fully restored the mosque, but largely maintained the original structure.<ref>Darke, p.90.</ref>
 
===Modern era===
The Umayyad Mosque underwent major restorations in 1929 during [[French Mandate of Syria|French Mandate]] rule over Syria and in 1954 and 1963 under the Syrian Republic.<ref>Darke, p.91.</ref> In the 1980s and in the early 1990s, Syrian president [[Hafez al-Assad]] ordered a wide-scale renovation of the mosque.<ref>Cooke, p.12.</ref> The measures and concepts of al-Assad's restoration project was heavily criticized by [[UNESCO]]. The general approach in Syria, however, was that the mosque was more of a symbolic monument rather than a historical one and thus, its renovation could only enhance the mosque's symbolism.<ref>Rudolff, 2006, p.194.</ref>
 
In 2001 Pope [[John Paul II]] visited the mosque, primarily to visit the relics of John the Baptist. It was the first time a pope paid a visit to a mosque.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1315190.stm | work=BBC News | title=Inside the Umayyad mosque | date=2001-05-06 | accessdate=2010-05-26}}</ref>
 
==Architecture==
[[File:Ummayid Mosque-Map.GIF|right|thumb|Outline plan of the Mosque]]
===Courtyard and sanctuary===
The ground plan of the Umayyad Mosque is rectangle in shape and measures {{m to ft|97}} by {{m to ft|156}}. A large [[sahn|courtyard]] occupies the northern part of the mosque complex, while the ''[[haram]]'' ("sanctuary") covers the southern part. The courtyard is enclosed by four exterior walls. The level of the stone pavement had become uneven over time due to several repairs throughout the mosque's history, but recent work on the courtyard has restored it to its consistent Umayyad-era levels. [[Arcade (architecture)|Arcade]]s (''[[riwaq]]'') surround the courtyard supported by alternating stone columns and piers. There is one pier in between every two columns. Because the northern part of the courtyard had been destroyed in an earthquake in 1759, the arcade is not consistent; when the northern wall was rebuilt the columns that were supporting it were not.<ref name="Archnet">[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7161 Umayyad Mosque Profile]. Archnet Digitial Library.</ref>
 
Three arcades make up the interior space of the sanctuary. They are parallel to the direction of prayer which is towards [[Mecca]] in modern-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. The arcades are supported by two rows of stone [[Corinthian order|Corinthian column]]s. Each of the arcades contain two levels. The first level consists of large semi-circular [[arch]]es, while the second level is made up of double arches. This pattern is the same repeated by the arcades of the courtyard. The three interior arcades intersect in the center of the sanctuary with a larger, higher arcade that is perpendicular to the ''[[qibla]]'' ("direction of prayer") wall and faces the ''[[mihrab]]'' ([[niche]] in the wall which indicates the ''qibla'') and the ''[[minbar]]'' ("[[pulpit]]").<ref name="Archnet"/> The central transept divides the arcades into two halves each with eleven arches. The entire sanctuary measures {{m to ft|136}} by {{m to ft|37}} and takes up the southern half of the mosque complex.<ref name="Grafman8">Grafman and Ayalon, 1999, p.8.</ref>
 
Four ''mihrabs'' line the sanctuary's rear wall, the main one being the Great Mihrab which has located roughly at the center of the wall. The Mihrab of the Companions of the Prophet (named after the ''[[Sahaba]]'') is situated in the eastern half. According to ancient Muslim engineer [[Musa ibn Shakir]], the latter ''mihrab'' was built during the mosque's initial construction and it became the third niche-formed ''mihrab'' in Islam's history.<ref name="Grafman8"/>
 
===Influence on mosque architecture===
The Umayyad Mosque is one of the few early mosques in the world to have maintained the same general structure and architectural features since its initial construction in the early 8th-century and its Umayyad character has not been significantly altered. Since its establishment, the mosque has served as a model for congregational mosque architecture in Syria as well as globally. According to art historian, Finnbar Barry Flood, "the construction of the Damascus mosque not only irrevocably altered the urban landscape of the city, inscribing upon it a permanent affirmation of Muslim hegemony, but by giving the Syrian congregational mosque its definitive form it also transformed the subsequent history of the mosque in general."<ref>Rudolff, 2006, p.214.</ref> Examples of the Umayyad Mosque's ground plan being used as a prototype for other mosques in the region include the [[al-Azhar Mosque]] and [[Mosque of al-Zahir Baybars|Baybars Mosque]] in [[Cairo]], the [[Great Mosque of Cordoba]] in [[Spain]], and the [[Bursa Grand Mosque]] and [[Selimiye Mosque]] in [[Turkey]].<ref>Rudolff, 2006, pp.214-215.</ref>
 
===Domes===
The largest dome of the mosque is known as the "Dome of the Eagle" (''Qubbat an-Nisr'') and located atop the center of the prayer hall. The original wooden dome was replaced by one built of stone following the 1893 fire. It receives its name because it is thought to resemble an eagle, with the dome itself being the eagle's head while the eastern and western flanks of the prayer hall representing the wings.<ref>Darke, p.94.</ref> With a height of {{m to ft|36}}, the dome rests on an octagonal substructure with two arched windows on each of its sides. It is supported by the central interior arcade and has openings along its parameter.<ref name="Archnet"/>
 
===Minarets===
[[File:Minaret of Qayt Bey, Umayyad Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The Minaret of Qaitbay]]
 
Within the Umayyad Mosque complex are three [[minaret]]s. The Minaret of the Bride (''Madhanat al-Arous'') was the first one built and is located on the mosque's northern wall. The exact year of the minaret's original construction is unknown.<ref name="Burns131-2"/> The bottom part of the minaret most likely dates back to the Abbasid era in the 9th-century.<ref name="Darke92"/><ref name="Burns131-2"/> While it is possible that the Umayyads built it, there is no indication that a minaret on the northern wall was a part of Caliph [[al-Walid]]'s initial concept. Geographer [[al-Muqaddasi]] visited the minaret in 985 when Damascus was under Abbasid control and described it as "recently built." The upper segment was constructed in 1174.<ref name="Burns131-2"/> This minaret is used by the ''[[muezzin]]'' for the call to prayer (''[[adhan]]'') and there is a spiral staircase of 160 stone steps that lead to the ''muezzin'''s calling position.<ref name="AAA">American architect and architecture, 1894, p.58.</ref>
 
The Minaret of the Bride is divided into two sections; the main tower and the spire which are separated by a [[lead]] roof. The oldest part of the minaret, or the main tower, is square in shape, has four galleries,<ref name="AAA"/> and consists of two different forms of [[masonry]]. The base consists of large blocks, while the upper section is built of dressed stone. There are two light openings near the top of the main tower, before the roof, with horseshoe arches and cubical capitals enclosed in a single arch. A smaller arched corbel is located below these openings.<ref>Rivoira, 1918, p.92.</ref> According to local legend, the minaret is named after the daughter of the merchant who provided the lead for the minaret's roof who was married to Syria's ruler at the time. Attached to the Minaret of the Bride is the 18th-century replica of the 14th-century sundial built by [[Ibn al-Shatir]].<ref name="Darke92">Darke, p.92.</ref>
 
The Minaret of Jesus (''Madhanat Issa''), located on the eastern corner of the mosque complex, is around {{m to ft|77}} in height and the tallest of the three minarets.<ref>[[Palestine Exploration Fund]], p.292.</ref><ref name="Mannheim91"/> Some sources claim it was originally built by the Abbasids in the 9th-century,<ref name="Darke92"/> while sources attribute the original structure to the Umayyads. The main body of the minaret was built by the Ayyubids in 1247, but the upper section was constructed by the Ottomans.<ref name="Mannheim91"/> The main body of the minaret is square-shaped and the [[spire]] is octagonal. It tapers to a point and is surmounted by a crescent (as are the other two minarets). Two covered galleries are situated in the main body and two open galleries are located on the spire.<ref name="AAA"/> Islamic belief holds that [[Jesus]] will descend from heaven before the [[Day of Judgement]] to confront the [[Antichrist]]. According to local Damascene tradition, he will reach earth via the Minaret of Jesus, hence its name.<ref name="Mannheim91"/> [[Ibn Kathir]], a a prominent 14th-century Muslim scholar, backed this notion.<ref>Kamal al-Din, 2002, p.102.</ref>
The Western Minaret (''Madhanat al-Gharbiye'') was built by Mamluk sultan Qaitbay in 1488 and is named after him.<ref name="Darke92"/> The Western Minaret displays strong Egyptian architectural influence typical of the Mamluk period.<ref name="Mannheim91">Mannheim, 2001, p.91.</ref> The minaret is octagonal in shape and is built in receding section with three galleries.<ref name="AAA"/> It is generally believed that both the Minaret of Jesus and the Western Minaret were built on the foundation of [[Ancient Roman]] towers (''temenos''), but some scholars find this to be questionable because of the absence of corner towers in other former Roman temples.<ref name="Mannheim91"/>
-->
 
== Makna penting keagamaan ==
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The Umayyad Mosque holds great significance to [[Shia|Shī‘ah]] and traditional [[Sunni]] Muslims, as this was the destination of the ladies and children of the [[Ahl al-Bayt|family of Muhammad]], made to walk here from [[Iraq]], following the [[battle of Karbala|battle of Karbalā]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Nafasul Mahmoom |last=Qummi |first=Shaykh Abbas |year=2005 |publisher=Ansariyan Publications |location=Qum |page=362}}</ref> Furthermore it was the place where they were imprisoned for 60 days.<ref>{{cite book |title=Nafasul Mahmoom |page=368}}</ref>
-->
Beberapa struktur yang ditemukan di dalam Masjid mengandung arti penting:
[[Berkas:UmayyadMosque02.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Lokasi dimana kepala [[Husain bin Ali]] disimpan oleh [[Yazid bin Muawiyah]]]]
Sisi Barat:
* Gerbang masuk (dikenal sebagai ''"Bāb as-Sā‘at"'') - Penanda pintu lokasi dimana tahanan Karbalā disuruh berdiri 72 jam sebelum dibawa masuk.<ref name="gate">{{cite book |title=Nafasul Mahmoom |page=367}}</ref> Ketika itu, [[Yazid bin Muawiyah]] meminta kota dan istana dihias untuk kedatangannya.<ref name=gate/>
<!--
South Wing (main hall):
* Shrine of [[John the Baptist]] ({{lang-ar|Yahyā}})&nbsp;– According. Tafseer Durre Manthur Vol.6, p.&nbsp;30-31.</ref> the Heavens and the Earth wept only for two people: [[John the Baptist]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn ibn ‘Alī]]<ref name="yahya">Tafseer Ibn Katheer, vol.9, p.163, published in Egypt. Tafseer Durre Manthur Vol.6, p.30-31.</ref>
* A white pulpit&nbsp;– Marks the place where [[Ali ibn Husayn|‘Alī ibn Husayn]] addressed the court of Yazīd after being brought from Karbalā<ref>{{cite book |title=Nafasul Mahmoom |page=381}}</ref>
* Raised floor (in front of the pulpit)&nbsp;– Marks the location where all the ladies and children (the household of [[Muhammad]]) were made to stand in the presence of Yazīd
* Wooden balcony (directly opposite the raised floor)&nbsp;– Marks the location where Yazīd sat in the court
 
East Wing:
* A prayer rug and [[Mihrab|Mihrāb]] encased in a glass cubicle&nbsp;– Marks the place where [[‘Alī ibn Husayn]] used to pray while imprisoned in the castle after the Battle of Karbala
* A metallic, cuboidal indentation in the wall&nbsp;– Marks the place where the head of [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] (grandson of [[Muhammad]]) was kept for display by Yazīd
* A metal cage&nbsp;– Marks the place where all the other heads of [[List of casualties at the Battle of Karbala|those who fell in Karbalā]] were kept within the Mosque
 
{{Image|Umayyad Mosquee panoramic.jpg|900px|center|Umayyad Mosque Yard}}
-->
 
== Galeri ==
<gallery caption="Masjid Agung Umayyah" perrow="6">
Image:UmayyadMosque04BaabSa-atExternal.jpg|Tampak luar dari gerbang dimana tahann [[Pertempuran Karbala|Karbalā]] disuruh berdiri 72 jam - ''"Bāb as-Sā‘at"''.<ref name="gate"/>
Image:Mihrab, Umayyad Mosque.jpg|Mihrab
Image:UmayyadMosque01.JPG|Tempat dimana jasad kepala korban perang Karbala disimpan dalam masjid.
Image:Minbar, Umayyad Mosque 01.jpg|Mimbar putih penanda tempat dimana [[Husain bin Ali]] diadili [[Yazid bin Muawiyah]] dan lantai tinggi didepannya untuk menandai dimana tahanan [[Pertempuran Karbala|Karbalā]] berdiri saat itu.
Image:UmayyadMosque06MihrabImamZaynulAbidin.jpg|Lokasi [[Husain bin Ali]] sholat selama ditahan.
Image:Courtyard2(js).jpg
Image:Courtyard4(js).jpg
Image:Umayyad09(js).jpg
Image:Umayyad Mosque - interior(js).jpg
Image:Damascus-10.jpg
Image:StJohnTheBaptistShrine Damascus 1943.jpg
</gallery>
 
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|3ref-list}}
 
== Bibliografi ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Citation|title=American architect and architecture|publisher=J. R. Osgood & Co|year=1894|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tuMxAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA58&dq=roof+minaret+bride&hl=en&ei=O3umTdiEIouXtwfhxLGFAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=roof%20minaret%20bride&f=false}}.
* {{Citation|title=Damascus: A History|first1=Ross|last1=Burns|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|url=http://books.google.com/?id=1_bQTrpf62cC&dq=damascus|isbn=0415271053|location=London}}.
* {{Cite book|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|first1=Michael|last1=Dumper|first2=Bruce E.|last2=Stanley|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA122&dq=Umayyad+Mosque+Ottoman&hl=en&ei=FWF4TaO-EtS5tgfM99inBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=Umayyad%20Mosque%20Ottoman&f=false|year=2007|isbn=1576079198}}
* {{Citation|title=Mathematical instrumentation in fourteenth-century Egypt and Syria: the illustrated treatise of Najm al-Dīn al-Mīṣrī|first1=François|last1=Charette|publisher=BRILL|year=2003|isbn= 9789004130159|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dgQNMNJe6B4C&dq=Ibn+al-Shatir+umayyad&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}
* {{Citation|title=Osman's dream: the story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923|first1=Caroline|last1=Finkel|publisher=Basic Books|year=2005|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9cTHyUQoTyUC&dq=Umayyad+Mosque+Ottoman+1516&source=gbs_navlinks_s|isbn=0465023967}}.
* {{cite book|first=Finbarr Barry|last=Flood|title=The Great Mosque of Damascus: studies on the makings of an Umayyad visual culture|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r5f8kxIyykQC&dq=Umayyad+Mosque&source=gbs_navlinks_s|year=2001|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004116389|location=Boston}}
* {{cite journal|last=Flood|first=Finbarr Barry|year=1997|title=Umayyad Survivals and Mamluk Revivals: Qalawunid Architecture and the Great Mosque of Damascus|journal=Muqarnas|publisher=BRILL|volume=14|pages=57–79|location=Boston|doi=10.2307/1523236}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Grafman|first1=Rafi |first2=Myriam|last2=Rosen-Ayalon|year=1999|title=The Two Great Syrian Umayyad Mosques: Jerusalem and Damascus|journal=Muqarnas|publisher=BRILL|volume=16|pages=1–15|location=Boston|doi=10.2307/1523262}}
* {{cite book|first=Phillip K.|last=Hitti|title=History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hDQqzz-tLgUC&pg=PA514|date=October 2002|publisher=Gorgias Press LLC|isbn=9781931956604|location=Piscataway, NJ}}
* {{Citation|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=http://www.archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft|first1=Guy|last1=le Strange|year=1890|publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]}} ([[Ibn Jubayr]]: [http://www.archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/240/mode/1up p.240] ff)
* {{cite book|first=Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad|last=Ibn Ṣaṣrā|editor=William M. Brinner|title=A chronicle of Damascus, 1389-1397|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GsMMDmnmVaEC&pg=PA156&dq=Umayyad+Mosque+fire&hl=en&ei=06BqTbDxD4uOuQO_s4jkAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Umayyad%20Mosque%20fire&f=false|year= 1963 |publisher=University of California Press}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ibn Khaldūn|last2=Fischel|first2=Walter Joseph|title=Ibn Khaldūn and Tamerlane: their historic meeting in Damascus, 1401 a.d. (803 a. h.) A study based on Arabic manuscripts of Ibn Khaldūn's "Autobiography"|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PB9tAAAAMAAJ&q=inauthor:%22Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn%22&dq=inauthor:%22Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn%22&hl=en&ei=7H5uTeKmD4GcvgOfkYG-AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAg|year= 1952 |publisher=University of California Press}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kafescioǧlu|first=Çiǧdem|year=1999|title="In The Image of Rūm": Ottoman Architectural Patronage in Sixteenth-Century Aleppo and Damascus|journal=Muqarnas|publisher=BRILL|volume=16|pages=70–96|doi=10.2307/1523266}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kamal al-Din|last2=[[Ibn Kathir]]|first1=Nuha|title=The Islamic view of Jesus|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dA2FnCiKtDAC&pg=PA102&dq=Minaret+Jesus+Umayyad&hl=en&ei=bS6mTeHtE9CDtgfkgt2FAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=Minaret%20Jesus%20Umayyad&f=false|year=2002|publisher=Islamic Books|isbn=977600508X}}
* {{Citation|title=Quarterly statement|author=[[Palestine Exploration Fund]]|publisher=Published at the Fund's Office|year=1897|urlhttp://books.google.com/books?id=jXwUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA292&dq=roof+minaret+bride&hl=en&ei=O3umTdiEIouXtwfhxLGFAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=roof%20minaret%20bride&f=false}}.
* {{Citation|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places|first1=Trudy|last1=Ring|first2=Robert M.|last2=Salkin|first3=Paul E.|last3=Schellinger|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC&dq=Umayyad+Mosque+Ottoman&source=gbs_navlinks_s|isbn=1884964036}}
* {{Citation|title=Moslem architecture: its origins and development|first1=Giovanni Teresio|last1=Rivoira|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1918|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4x8tAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA25&dq=Minaret+of+Qaitbey+Damascus&hl=en&ei=2XOmTff1EcfNtwfV2byFAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwADgK#v=snippet&q=Minaret%20Damascus&f=false}}.
* {{Citation|title=Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=raKRY3KQspsC&dq=Ibn+al-Shatir+umayyad+sundial&source=gbs_navlinks_s|first1=Helaine|last1=Selin|publisher=Springer |year=1997|isbn= 9780792340669}}.
* {{cite journal|last=Walker|first=Bethany J.|date=Mar., 2004|title=Commemorating the Sacred Spaces of the Past: The Mamluks and the Umayyad Mosque at Damascus|journal=Near Eastern Archaeology|publisher=The American Schools of Oriental Research|volume=67|issue=1|pages=26–39|doi=10.2307/4149989}}
* {{cite book|first=Michael|last=Winter|last2=Levanoni|first2=Amalia|title=The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian politics and society|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NBBMJJTEoKMC&dq=Mamluk+Umayyad+Mosque+Levanoni&source=gbs_navlinks_s|year=2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004132864}}
* {{Citation|title=Waqfs and urban structures: the case of Ottoman Damascus|first1=Richard|last1=Van Leeuwen|publisher=BRILL|year=1999|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2K8dGsd2KCsC&pg=PA95&dq=Umayyad+Mosque+Ottoman&hl=en&ei=FWF4TaO-EtS5tgfM99inBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Umayyad%20Mosque%20Ottoman&f=false|isbn=9004112995}}
* {{citation|last1=Wolff|first1=Richard|year=2007|title=The Popular Encyclopedia of World Religions: A User-Friendly Guide to Their Beliefs, History, and Impact on Our World Today|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o9Ls4I5t5gIC&pg=PA57&dq=Minaret+Jesus+Umayyad&hl=en&ei=bS6mTeHtE9CDtgfkgt2FAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Minaret%20Jesus%20Umayyad&f=false|publisher=Harvest House Publishers|isbn=0736920072}}
* {{citation|last1=Zaimeche|first1=Salah|first2=Lamaan|last2=Ball|year=2005|title=Damascus|publisher=Foundation for Science Technology and Culture|location=[[Manchester]]}}
{{Refend}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
*{{cite journal|title=American Architect and Architecture|publisher=J. R. Osgood & Co|year=1894|journal=American Architect and Architecture|volume=XLIII|issue=945|pages=57–58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuMxAQAAIAAJ}}
{{commons category|Umayyad Mosque}}
*{{The End of the Jihad State}}
* {{en}} [http://online.wsj.com/article/NA_WSJ_PUB:SB10001424052748703571704575340833854939358.html Christian Sahner, "A Glistening Crossroads," The Wall Street Journal, 17 July 2010]
*{{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=Glen Warren|author-link1=Glen Bowersock|last2=Brown|first2=Peter Lamont|title=Interpreting Late Antiquity: Essays on the Postclassical World|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-674-00598-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrnDF_BuCvgC}}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Brinner |editor-first1=William M. |title=A Chronicle of Damascus, 1389–1397 |year=1963 |publisher=University of California Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsMMDmnmVaEC}}
*{{cite book|last=Burns|first=Ross|title=The Monuments of Syria: A Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/monumentsofsyria0000burn_e7d5|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2009|isbn=9781845119478|orig-year=1992}}
*{{cite book|last=Burns|first=Ross|title=Damascus: a History|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=978-0-415-27105-9|location=London|edition=2nd|oclc=648281269|orig-year=2005|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/648281269}}
*{{cite book|last1=Calcani|first1=Giuliana|last2=Abdulkarim|first2=Maamoun|title=Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan's Column: From Tradition to Project|publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider|year=2003|isbn=88-8265-233-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuT0eAOeX5wC}}
*{{cite book|last1=Charette|first1=François|title=Mathematical Instrumentation in Fourteenth-Century Egypt and Syria: The Illustrated Treatise of Najm al-Dīn al-Mīṣrī|publisher=Brill|year=2003|isbn= 978-90-04-13015-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgQNMNJe6B4C}}
*{{cite book |last1=Cooke |first1=Miriam |title=Dissident Syria: Making Oppositional Arts Official |date=2007 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, North Carolina |isbn=978-0-8223-4016-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsaC40CnhcoC}}
*{{cite book|last=Darke|first=Diana|authorlink=Diana Darke|title=Syria|date=2010|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-314-6|edition=2nd|location=Chalfont St Peter|oclc=501398372|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/501398372}}
*{{cite book|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|first1=Michael|last1=Dumper|first2=Bruce E.|last2=Stanley|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC}}
*{{EI2|last=Elisséeff|first=Nikita|article=Dimashk|volume=2|pages=277–291}}
*{{Cite book |last=Enderlein |first=Volkmar |title=Islam: Art and Architecture |publisher=H. F. Ullmann |year=2011 |isbn=9783848003808 |editor-last=Hattstein |editor-first=Markus |location= |pages=58–87 |chapter=Syria and Palestine: The Umayyad Caliphate |editor-last2=Delius |editor-first2=Peter}}
*{{cite book|last1=Ettinghausen|first1=Richard|title=Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250|last2=Grabar|first2=Oleg|last3=Jenkins-Madina|first3=Marilyn|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2001|isbn=9780300088670|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1uWZAzN_VcC}}
*{{EI2|last=Fehérvári|first=G.|article=Miḥrāb|volume=7|pages=7–15}}
*{{cite book|last1=Finkel|first1=Caroline|author-link1=Caroline Finkel|title=Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923|publisher=Basic Books|year=2005|isbn=0-465-02396-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cTHyUQoTyUC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fischel |first1=Walter Joseph |title=Ibn Khaldūn and Tamerlane: Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, 1401 A.D. (803 A.H.) A Study Based on Arabic Manuscripts of Ibn Khaldūn's "Autobiography" |year=1952 |publisher=University of California Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PB9tAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite journal|last=Flood|first=Finbarr Barry|year=1997|title=Umayyad Survivals and Mamluk Revivals: Qalawunid Architecture and the Great Mosque of Damascus|journal=Muqarnas|publisher=Brill|volume=14|pages=57–79|location=Boston|doi=10.2307/1523236|jstor=1523236}}
*{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Finbarr Barry |title=The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture |year=2001 |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-11638-9 |location=Boston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5f8kxIyykQC}}
*{{cite book|last=George|first=Alain|title=The Umayyad Mosque of Damascus: Art, Faith and Empire in Early Islam|publisher=Gingko Library|date=2021|isbn=9781909942455|location=London}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Grafman|first1=Rafi |first2=Myriam|last2=Rosen-Ayalon|year=1999|title=The Two Great Syrian Umayyad Mosques: Jerusalem and Damascus|journal=Muqarnas|publisher=Brill|volume=16|pages=1–15|location=Boston|doi=10.2307/1523262|jstor=1523262 }}
*{{cite book|last=Hitti|first=Phillip K.|author-link=Philip Khuri Hitti|title=History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine|date=October 2002|publisher=Gorgias Press LLC|isbn=978-1-931956-60-4|location=Piscataway, NJ|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDQqzz-tLgUC}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite journal |last=Kafescioǧlu |first=Çiǧdem |title="In The Image of Rūm": Ottoman Architectural Patronage in Sixteenth-Century Aleppo and Damascus |year=1999 |journal=Muqarnas |publisher=Brill |volume=16 |pages=70–96 |doi=10.2307/1523266 |jstor=1523266}}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Kamal Ed-Din |editor-first1=Noha |translator=Tamir Abu As-Su'ood Muhammad |title=The Islamic view of Jesus |year=2002 |publisher=Dar al-Manarah |isbn=977-6005-08-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dA2FnCiKtDAC}}
*{{cite book |last=Khoury |first=Philip S. |title=Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860-1920 |year=1983 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-24796-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaG70eYij-4C}}
*{{cite book|last1=Kleiner|first1=Fred|title=Gardner's Art through the Ages, Vol. I|year=2013|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9781111786441 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3c4EAAAAQBAJ}}
*{{Citation |title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500 |first1=Guy |last1=Le Strange |author-link1=Guy Le Strange |year=1890 |publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]] |url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft}}
*{{cite book|author=Palestine Exploration Fund|title=Quarterly statement|publisher=Published at the Fund's Office|year=1897|author-link=Palestine Exploration Fund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXwUAAAAYAAJ}} ([[Ibn Jubayr]]: [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/240/mode/1up p. 240] ff)
*{{cite book|last1=Berney|first1=K. A.|last2=Ring|first2=Trudy|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 4: Middle East and Africa|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|year=1996|isbn=1-884964-03-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC}}
*{{cite book|last1=Rivoira|first1=Giovanni Teresio|title=Moslem Architecture: Its Origins and Development|year=1918|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9788130707594|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4x8tAAAAYAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Rosenwein|first=Barbara H.|title=A Short History of the Middle Ages|year=2014|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=9781442606142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ii_UAgAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite thesis|last=Rudolff|first=Britta|title='Intangible' and 'Tangible' Heritage: A Topology of Culture in Contexts of Faith|publisher=Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz|type=PhD|year=2006|url=https://d-nb.info/1000727173/34}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|editor1-first=Helaine|editor1-last=Selin|editor-link=Helaine Selin|publisher=Springer|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7923-4066-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=raKRY3KQspsC}}
*{{cite journal|last=Totah|first=Faedah M.|year=2009|title=Return to the Origin: Negotiating the Modern and Unmodern in the Old City of Damascus|journal=City & Society|volume=21|issue=1|pages=58–81|doi=10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01015.x}}
*{{cite journal|last=Walker|first=Bethany J.|date=Mar 2004|title=Commemorating the Sacred Spaces of the Past: The Mamluks and the Umayyad Mosque at Damascus|journal=Near Eastern Archaeology|publisher=The American Schools of Oriental Research|volume=67|issue=1|pages=26–39|doi=10.2307/4149989|jstor=4149989|s2cid=164031578}}
*{{cite book|first1=Michael|last1=Winter|last2=Levanoni|first2=Amalia|title=The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society|year=2004|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-13286-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBBMJJTEoKMC}}
*{{cite book|title=Waqfs and Urban Structures: The Case of Ottoman Damascus|first1=Richard|last1=Van Leeuwen|publisher=Brill|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2K8dGsd2KCsC&q=Umayyad+Mosque+Ottoman&pg=PA95|isbn=90-04-11299-5}}
*{{cite book|last1=Wolff|first1=Richard|year=2007|title=The Popular Encyclopedia of World Religions: A User-Friendly Guide to Their Beliefs, History, and Impact on Our World Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9Ls4I5t5gIC&q=Minaret+Jesus+Umayyad&pg=PA57|publisher=Harvest House Publishers|isbn=978-0-7369-2007-0}}
*{{cite book|last1=Zaimeche|first1=Salah|first2=Lamaan|last2=Ball|year=2005|title=Damascus|publisher=Foundation for Science Technology and Culture|location=Manchester}}
 
[[aceKategori:Meuseujid Masjid di Suriah|Umayyah Damaskus]]
[[ar:جامع بني أمية الكبير]]
[[bg:Омаядска джамия (Дамаск)]]
[[bs:Velika džamija u Damasku]]
[[ca:Mesquita dels Omeies]]
[[cs:Umajjovská mešita]]
[[cy:Mosg yr Ummaiaid]]
[[da:Umayyade-moskéen]]
[[de:Umayyaden-Moschee]]
[[en:Umayyad Mosque]]
[[es:Mezquita de los Omeyas]]
[[fa:مسجد اموی دمشق]]
[[fr:Grande mosquée des Omeyyades]]
[[he:המסגד האומיי]]
[[it:Moschea degli Omayyadi]]
[[ja:ウマイヤド・モスク]]
[[ko:우마이야 모스크]]
[[mk:Омајадска џамија]]
[[ms:Masjid Agung Damsyik]]
[[nl:Grote moskee van Damascus]]
[[nn:Omajademoskeen]]
[[pl:Meczet Umajjadów]]
[[pnb:امیہ مسجد]]
[[pt:Mesquita dos Omíadas]]
[[ru:Мечеть Омейядов]]
[[rw:Umusigiti w’Umayyad]]
[[sh:Velika džamija u Damasku]]
[[simple:Umayyad Mosque]]
[[sl:Mošeja Omajadov]]
[[sv:Umayyadmoskén]]
[[sw:Msikiti wa Umawiya]]
[[ta:உமய்யா மசூதி]]
[[tr:Emevi Camii]]
[[uk:Велика Мечеть]]
[[ur:مسجد امیہ]]
[[zh:倭马亚大清真寺]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Masjid_Umayyah_Damaskus"