Disforia gender: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Disforia gender''' adalah penderitaan yang dirasakan oleh seseorang sebagai akibat dari [[seks]] dan [[gender]] yang diberikan kepada mereka saat mereka lahir. Dalam kasus ini, gender dan seks yang diberikan kepada orang tersebut tidak sesuai dengan [[identitas gender]] mereka, dan orang tersebutawam adalahhanya tahu penderita gangguan ini hanya seorang [[transgender]] tapi sebenarnya orang bukan transgender juga menghidap gangguan ini. Terdapat bukti bahwa saudara kembar yang mengidentifikasi diri sebagai gender yang berbeda dari seks yang diberikan saat lahir melakukan hal tersebut tidak hanya karena alasan psikologis atau perilaku, tetapi juga karena alasan biologis yang terkait dengan genetik atau paparan [[hormon]] sebelum lahir.<ref name="etiology">{{cite journal|last=Heylens|first=G |last2=De Cuypere|first2=G|last3=Zucker|first3=K|author3-link=Kenneth Zucker|last4=Schelfaut |first4=C|last5=Elaut|first5=E|last6=Vanden Bossche|first6=H|last7=De Baere |first7=E|last8=T'Sjoen|first8=G |title=Gender Identity Disorder in Twins: A Review of the Case Report Literature|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|year=2012|volume=8|pages=751–757|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02567.x|issue=3}}</ref>

Diperkirakan persentase orang yang memiliki identitas transgender bervariasi dari 1:2000 (atau sekitar 0,05%) di [[Negara-Negara Dataran Rendah|Belanda dan Belgia]]<ref name="conway">{{Cite journal|last=Olyslager|first=Femke|last2=Conway|first2=Lynn|author2-link=Lynn Conway|title=Transseksualiteit komt vaker voor dan u denkt. Een nieuwe kijk op de prevalentie van transseksualiteit in Nederland en België|url=http://rjh.ub.rug.nl/genderstudies/article/view/1904/1897|journal=Tijdschrift voor Genderstudies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=39–51|publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]]|location=Amsterdam|year=2008|language=Dutch|quote=…it is safe to assume that the lower limit for the inherent prevalence of transsexualism in the Netherlands and Flanders is on order of 1:2000 to 1:1000 for transgender females and on the order of 1:4000 to 1:2000 for transgender males.|laysource=How Frequently Does Transsexualism Occur?|layurl=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/TSprevalence.html|issn=1388-3186|accessdate=August 27, 2013}}</ref> hingga 0,5% orang dewasa di [[Massachusetts]]<ref name=AJPH>{{Citation |last=Conron|first=KJ|last2=Scott|first2=G|last3=Stowell|first3=GS|last4=Landers|first4=S|date=January 2012|volume=102|issue=1|pages=118–222|issn=1541-0048|oclc=01642844|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2011.300315|title=Transgender Health in Massachusetts: Results from a Household Probability Sample of Adults|journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]]|publisher=[[American Public Health Association]]|url=http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300315|accessdate=August 28, 2013|quote=Between 2007 and 2009, survey participants aged 18 to 64 years in the Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (MA-BRFSS; N = 28 662) were asked: "Some people describe themselves as transgender when they experience a different gender identity from their sex at birth. For example, a person born into a male body, but who feels female or lives as a woman. Do you consider yourself to be transgender?" […] We restricted the analytic sample to 28176 participants who answered yes or no to the transgender question (excluding n=364, 1.0% weighted who declined to respond. […] Transgender respondents (n=131; 0.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.3%, 0.6%) were somewhat younger and more likely to be Hispanic than were nontransgender respondents.}}</ref> dan 1,2% siswa SMA [[Selandia Baru]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Terryann C. |last2=Lucassen |first2=Mathijs F.G. |last3=Bullen |first3=Pat |last4=Denny |first4=Simon J. |last5=Fleming |first5=Theresa M. |last6=Robinson |first6=Elizabeth M. |last7=Rossen |first7=Fiona V. |title=The Health and Well-Being of Transgender High School Students: Results From the New Zealand Adolescent Health Survey (Youth'12) |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=93–9 |year=2014 |pmid=24438852 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.008 |quote=Whether a student was transgender was measured by the question, "Do you think you are transgender? This is a girl who feels like she should have been a boy, or a boy who feels like he should have been a girl (e.g., Trans, Queen, [[Fa'afafine|Fa’faffine]], Whakawahine, Tangata ira Tane, [[Genderqueer]])?" […] Over 8,000 students (n = 8,166) answered the question about whether they were transgender. Approximately 95% of students did not report being transgender (n=7,731; 94.7%), 96 students reported being transgender (1.2%), 202 reported not being sure (2.5%), and 137 did not understand the question (1.7%). }}</ref> Jumlah tersebut didasarkan pada jumlah orang yang menganggap dirinya sebagai seorang [[transgender]]. Diperkirakan sekitar 0,005% hingga 0,014% orang yang dianggap sebagai laki-laki saat lahir dan 0,002% hingga 0,003% orang yang dianggap sebagai perempuan saat lahir akan mendapat diagnosis disforia gender berdasarkan kriteria diagnosis 2013, walaupun persentase ini dianggap terlalu rendah<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title =Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8 |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]|year=2013|page=454}}</ref> Menurut penelitian, terdapat kemungkinan tiga kali lebih besar bahwa orang yang sedang menjalani [[transisi (transgender)|transisi]] pada usia dewasa merupakan seseorang yang dianggap sebagai laki-laki saat lahir, tetapi rasio pada orang-orang yang melakukan transisi pada masa kecil hampir mendekati 1:1.<ref name="prevalence">{{cite journal|last=Landen|first=M|last2=Walinder|first2=J|last3=Lundstrom|first3=B|title=Prevalence, incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|year=1996|volume=93|pages=221–223|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb10638.x|pmid=8712018|issue=4|quote=On average, the male [to female]:female [to male] ratio in prevalence studies is estimated to be 3:1. However […] the incidence studies have shown a considerably lower male [to female] predominance. In Sweden and England and Wales a sex ratio of 1:1 has been reported. In the most recent incidence data from Sweden there is a slight male [to female] predominance among the group consisting of all applicants for sex reassignment, while in the group of primary [early onset] transsexuals there is no difference in incidence between men and women.}}</ref>