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{{Redirect|CIA}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{Infobox Government agency
|agency_name = Central Intelligence Agency
|abbreviation = CIA
|motto = "The Work of a Nation. The Center of Intelligence."{{br}}<small>Slogan tak resmi: "And you shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free." (John 8:32)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/ohb-50th-anniversary.html|title=CIA Observes 50th Anniversary of Original Headquarters Building Cornerstone Laying – Central Intelligence Agency|publisher=Cia.gov|date=|accessdate=September 18, 2012}}</ref>
|nativename_a =
|nativename_r =
|logo = Flag of the United States Central Intelligence Agency.svg
|logo_width = 200px
|logo_caption = Bendera Central Intelligence Agency
|seal = Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency.svg|140px
|seal_width = 200px
|seal_caption = Lambang Central Intelligence Agency
|formed = {{Start date and years ago|1947|9|18}}
|preceding1 = '''[[Office of Strategic Services]]'''<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/history-of-the-cia/index.html ''History of the CIA'', CIA official Web site]</ref>
|preceding2 =
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction =
|headquarters = [[George Bush Center for Intelligence]]<br />{{nowrap|[[Langley, Virginia|Langley]], [[Fairfax County, Virginia]], A.S.}}
|original_hq = CIA Headquarters, Langley, Virginia
[[McLean, Virginia]], United States {{Coord|38.951796|N|77.146586|W|scale:10000}}
|employees = 21.575 (perkiraan)<ref name="wp20130829">{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html |date=August 29, 2013 |accessdate=August 29, 2013 |first=Barton |last=Gellman |author2=Greg Miller |work=[[The Washington Post]]|title=U.S. spy network's successes, failures and objectives detailed in 'black budget' summary}}</ref>
|budget = US$ 15 miliar (per tahun 2013)<ref name="wp20130829"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/cia-budget-unnecessary-secret|title=CIA Budget: An Unnecessary Secret|authorlink=Dave Kopel |first=Dave |last=Kopel|date=July 28, 1997|accessdate=April 15, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/news/1999/11/wp112999.html|title=Cloak Over the CIA Budget|date=November 29, 1999|accessdate=July 4, 2008}}</ref>
|minister2_name =
|minister2_pfo =
|chief1_name = [[Gina Haspel]]
|chief1_position = [[Direktur Central Intelligence Agency|Direktur]]
|chief2_name = [[Vaughn Bishop]]
|chief2_position = [[Wakil Direktur Central Intelligence Agency|Wakil Direktur]]
|chief3_name = [[Courtney Simmons Elwood]]
|chief3_position = Penasihat Umum
|website = {{URL|cia.gov}}
}}
[[Berkas:Nhb-exterior-020.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Pintu masuk CIA New Headquarters Building (NHB) di George Bush Center for Intelligence.]]
 
{{short description|National intelligence agency of the United States}}
'''Badan Intelijen Pusat''' ({{lang-en|Central Intelligence Agency}}, '''CIA''') adalah salah satu [[komunitas intelijen Amerika Serikat#Anggota|badan intelijen]] [[pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat]]. Sebagai lembaga eksekutif, CIA berada di bawah [[Director of National Intelligence]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL34231.pdf |title=Director of National Intelligence Statutory Authorities: Status and Proposals |author=Richard A. Best, Jr. |work=Congressional Research Service |date=December 11, 2012 |accessdate=September 3, 2012}}</ref>
{{Use American English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Badan Intelijen Pusat{{br}}''{{Nobold|{{Lang|en|Central Intelligence Agency}} (CIA)}}''
| motto = "''The Work of a Nation. The Center of Intelligence.''"<br />Slogan tidak resmi: "''And ye shall know the truth and [[Veritas vos liberabit|the truth shall make you free]]''." ({{Yoh|8|32}}, KJV)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/ohb-50th-anniversary.html |title=CIA Observes 50th Anniversary of Original Headquarters Building Cornerstone Laying |website=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=September 18, 2012 |archive-date=2010-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324152925/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/ohb-50th-anniversary.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
| picture = Aerial view of the Central Intelligence Agency headquarters, Langley, Virginia - Corrected and Cropped.jpg
| picture_width =
| picture_caption = Markas CIA, Langley, Virginia
| logo = Flag of the United States Central Intelligence Agency.svg
| logo_width = 200
| logo_caption = Bendera CIA
| seal = Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = Lambang CIA
| formed = {{Start date and years ago|1947|9|18}}
| agency_type = [[Independent agencies of the United States government|Lembaga independen]] dari [[Komunitas Intelijen Amerika Serikat]]
| preceding1 = [[Office of Strategic Services]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/history-of-the-cia/index.html |title=History of the CIA |website=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=March 28, 2014 |archive-date=2020-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222180616/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/history-of-the-cia/index.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
| jurisdiction =
| headquarters = [[George Bush Center for Intelligence]]<br />[[Langley, Virginia]], [[Amerika Serikat]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|38|57|07|N|77|08|46|W}}
| employees = 21,575 (perkiraan){{r|wp20130829}}
| budget = $15 miliar ({{as of|2013|lc=y}})<ref name="wp20130829">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html |date=August 29, 2013 |first1=Barton |last1=Gellman |first2=Greg |last2=Miller |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=U.S. spy network's successes, failures and objectives detailed in 'black budget' summary |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/cia-budget-unnecessary-secret |title=CIA Budget: An Unnecessary Secret |author-link=Dave Kopel |first=Dave |last=Kopel |date=July 28, 1997 |website=[[Cato Institute]] |access-date=April 15, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://fas.org/sgp/news/1999/11/wp112999.html |title=Cloak Over the CIA Budget |date=November 29, 1999 |newspaper=The Washington Post |via=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |access-date=July 4, 2008}}</ref>
| chief1_name = [[William Joseph Burns]]
| chief1_position = [[Direktur Central Intelligence Agency|Direktur]]
| chief2_name = [[David S. Cohen (attorney)|David S. Cohen]]
| chief2_position = [[Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|Deputi Direktur]]
| chief3_name = [[Courtney Simmons Elwood]]
| chief3_position = Penasihat Umum
| chief4_name = [[Venus Allan]]
| chief4_position = [[Leader Of The Central Intelligence Agency| Leader]]
 
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_agency =
| parent_department =
| website = {{url|www.cia.gov}}
}}
'''Badan Intelijen Pusat''' ({{lang-en|Central Intelligence Agency}}, '''CIA''') adalah salah satu [[komunitas intelijen Amerika Serikat#Anggota|badan intelijen]] [[pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat]]. Sebagai lembaga eksekutif, CIA berada di bawah [[Direktur Intelijen Nasional]] ({{Lang-en|[[:en:Director of National Intelligence|Director of National Intelligence]]}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL34231.pdf |title=Director of National Intelligence Statutory Authorities: Status and Proposals |author=Richard A. B, Jr. |work=Congressional Research Service |date=December 11, 2012 |accessdate=September 3, 2012}}</ref>
 
CIA memiliki tiga aktivitas utama, yaitu mengumpulkan informasi seputar pemerintah asing, perusahaan, dan individu; menganalisis informasi tersebut beserta hasil intelijen dari badan intelijen A.S. lainnya untuk menghasilkan [[penilaian intelijen]] [[keamanan nasional]] yang diajukan kepada para [[politikus|pembuat kebijakan]] senior Amerika Serikat; dan melaksanakan atau mengawasi [[operasi tertutup|aktivitas tertutup]] dan beberapa operasi taktis oleh karyawannya sendiri, anggota militer A.S., atau rekan lainnya atas permintaan Presiden Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://people.howstuffworks.com/cia.htm|author=Caroline Wilbert|title=How the CIA Works|publisher=HowStuffWorks|accessdate=2011-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/blog/secrecy/2011/10/brennan_ctr_report.html |title=Reducing Overclassification Through Accountability |last=Aftergood |first=Steven |publisher=Federation of American Scientists Secrecy News |date=October 6, 2011 |accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Bob|last=Woodward|authorlink=Bob Woodward|date=November 18, 2001|title=Secret CIA Units Playing Central Combat Role|work=Washington Post|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/CIA18.html|accessdate=February 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-p/paraguay.html | title = World Leaders-Paraguay | publisher = United States Central Intelligence Agency | accessdate = 2011-04-14 | archive-date = 2010-05-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100528053421/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-p/paraguay.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4289224.stm|title = Spotlight on US troops in Paraguay|accessdate = 2011-04-18|work=BBC News|first=Charlotte|last=Eimer|date=September 28, 2005}}</ref> Misalnya, CIA bisa memiliki pengaruh politik luar negeri melalui divisi-divisi taktisnya seperti [[Special Activities Division]].<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/oct/23/mainsection.tomphillips|title = Paraguay in a spin about Bush's alleged 100,000 acre hideaway|accessdate = 2011-04-18|location=London|work=The Guardian|first=Tom|last=Phillips|date=October 23, 2006}}</ref>
 
[[George Bush Center for Intelligence|Markas CIA]] terletak di [[Langley, Virginia]], beberapa mil di sebelah barat Washington, D.C.<ref name="CDPmap">[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US5148376&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=saff&_lang=en&_sse=on "McLean CDP, Virginia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430122937/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US5148376&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=saff&_lang=en&_sse=on |date=2011-04-30 }}. [[U.S. Census Bureau]]. Retrieved on September 1, 2009.</ref> Karyawan-karyawannya bekerja di kedutaan A.S. dan sejumlah lokasi lain di seluruh dunia.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20061107055655/http://www.afa.org/magazine/Aug2006/0806presence.asp | title = Presence, not Performance | publisher = United States Airforce Magazine Online | accessdate = April 25, 2011 | archive-date = 2006-11-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061107055655/http://www.afa.org/magazine/Aug2006/0806presence.asp | dead-url = unfit }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20061107135112/www.afa.org/magazine/Aug2006/0806presence.pdf | title = PRESENCE, Not Performance | author = Adam J. Hebert | publisher = www.afa.org | accessdate = 2011-04-26 | archive-date = 2006-11-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061107135112/http://www.afa.org/magazine/Aug2006/0806presence.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
 
CIA menggantikan [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) yang dibentuk pada [[Perang Dunia II]] untuk mengoordinasikan aktivitas spionase rahasia [[Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Serikat]] melawan [[kekuatan Poros]]. [[Undang-Undang Keamanan Nasional 1947|National Security Act of 1947]] meresmikan keberadaan CIA dan "menghapus fungsi polisi atau penegakan hukum di dalam maupun luar negeri".<ref name=Kinzer>{{Cite book
|title =All the Shah's men
|first = Stephen
Baris 55 ⟶ 66:
}}</ref>
 
Banyak kritik yang ditujukan kepada CIA terkait kegagalan keamanan dan kontraintelijennya, kegagalan analisis intelijen, masalah hak asasi manusia, investigasiinvigasi luar negeri dan pengungkapan dokumen, memengaruhi opini publik dan penegak hukum, penyelundupan obat-obatan terlarang, dan berbohong kepada Kongres.<ref name=Weiner>{{cite book
|last=Weiner
|first=Tim
|year=2007
|title=Legacy of Ashes
|url=https://archive.org/details/legacyofasheshis00wein
|publisher=[[Doubleday (penerbit)|Doubleday]]
|location=
Baris 92 ⟶ 104:
| Staf dari Operational Groups, [[Operasi Jedburgh]], Morale Operations (propaganda hitam)
|}
Divisi ini hanya bertahan beberapa bulan. Konsep dan istilah "Central Intelligence Agency" pertama kali muncul di sebuah proposal restrukturisasi komando Angkatan Darat dan Laut A.S. yang diajukan [[Jim Forrestal]] dan [[Arthur Radford]] kepada Komite Militer [[Senat A.S.]] pada akhir 1945.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,852560,00.html Army & Navy – Merger: Navy Compromise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826041640/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,852560,00.html |date=2013-08-26 }}, ''[[TIME (magazine)|TIME]]'', December 10, 1945</ref> Meski ditentang oleh militer, [[Departemen Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat]], dan [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI),<ref name=CIAfact /> Presiden Truman mendirikan Central Intelligence Group (CIG) pada bulan Januari 1946 yang kelak menjadi CIA.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol39no5/pdf/v39i5a13p.pdf
|work=cia.gov
|title=The Creation of the Central Intelligence Group
|first=Michael
|last=Warner
|accessdate=2011-09-16
|archive-date=2020-10-17
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017235152/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol39no5/pdf/v39i5a13p.pdf
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref> CIG adalah otoritas interim yang dibentuk atas kewenangan Presiden. Aset-aset SSU, yang sekarang mencakup "nukleus" intelijen rahasia yang baru dilimpahkan ke CIG pada pertengahan 1946 dan dirombak lagi dengan nama Office of Special Operations (OSO).
 
Baris 104 ⟶ 120:
|url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/burkle/news/article.asp?parentid=78595
|title=The CIA's license to fail
|first=Amy B.
|last=Zegart
|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]
|date=September 23, 2007
|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121215042650/http://www.international.ucla.edu/burkle/news/article.asp?parentid=78595
|archiveurl=https://archive.is/B9BJ|archivedate=December 15, 2012}}</ref> Laksamana Muda [[Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter]] ditunjuk sebagai Direktur Central Intelligence pertama. Salah satu operasi rahasia pertama yang berhasil dipimpinnya adalah bantuan bagi Partai [[Demokrat Kristen]] di Italia.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Zh1VtsxRlRAC ''American visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: US foreign policy and Indonesian nationalism, 1920–1949''], Frances Gouda, Thijs Brocades Zaalberg. Amsterdam University Press, 2002. ISBN 90-5356-479-9, ISBN 978-90-5356-479-0. p. 365</ref>
|archivedate=2012-12-15
|access-date=2013-08-01
|dead-url=no
}}</ref> Laksamana Muda [[Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter]] ditunjuk sebagai Direktur Central Intelligence pertama. Salah satu operasi rahasia pertama yang berhasil dipimpinnya adalah bantuan bagi Partai [[Demokrat Kristen]] di Italia.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Zh1VtsxRlRAC ''American visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: US foreign policy and Indonesian nationalism, 1920–1949''], Frances Gouda, Thijs Brocades Zaalberg. Amsterdam University Press, 2002. ISBN 90-5356-479-9, ISBN 978-90-5356-479-0. p. 365</ref>
 
[[Berkas:Cia-lobby-seal.jpg|jmpl|250px|Lambang CIA berdiameter {{convert|16|ft|m|0|sing=on}} di lobi Original Headquarters Building.]]
Baris 116 ⟶ 137:
|at=Document 292, Section 5
|accessdate=2008-07-04
|archiveurl=https://archive.istoday/564n|archivedate=2012-12-14}}<20121214080555/ref>http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/intel/290_300.html
|archivedate=2012-12-14
|dead-url=no
}}</ref>
 
Tahun 1949, [[Central Intelligence Agency Act]] ([[Hukum publik]] 81-110) mengizinkan CIA memakai prosedur fiskal dan administratif rahasia dan mengecualikan lembaganya dari sebagian besar batas pemakaian dana Federal. Peraturan ini juga tidak mewajibkan CIA mengungkap "organisasi, fungsi, pejabat, jabatan, gaji, atau jumlah karyawannya." CIA Act menciptakan program "PL-110" untuk menangani para pembelot dan "orang asing penting" lainnya yang berada di luar prodsedur imigrasi normal, serta memberikan [[penyamaran|kehidupan samaran]] dan bantuan ekonomi kepada mereka.<ref name = "GEORGE">{{cite web
Baris 127 ⟶ 151:
 
=== Stabilisasi struktur, 1952 ===
DCI waktu itu, [[Walter Bedell Smith]], yang mendapatkan kepercayaan khusus dari Presiden dan pernah menjadi Kepala Staf utama [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] saat Perang Dunia II, menegaskan bahwa CIA{{spaced ndash}}atau sedikitnya satu departemen saja{{spaced ndash}}harus mengatur OPC dan OSO. Organisasi-organisasi tersebut, beserta sejumlah fungsi minornya, mendirikan [[National Clandestine Service|Directorate of Plans]] pada tahun 1952.<ref>{{citationCite neededweb|last=Sam|date=June2016-10-20|title=Mengenal 2012Lebih Lebih Dekat Komunitas Intelijen Amerika Serikat|url=https://www.matamatanews.com/mengenal-lebih-lebih-dekat-komunitas-intelijen-amerika-serikat|website=MatamataNews|access-date=2024-01-18}}</ref>
 
Pada tahun yang sama, [[Special Forces (Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat)|Pasukan Khusus Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat]] dibentuk dengan misi-misi yang melampaui misi Department of Plans. Secara umum, polanya adalah CIA bisa meminjam sumber daya dari Pasukan Khusus meski sudah punya operator khusus sendiri.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}
Baris 140 ⟶ 164:
Kekhawatiran seputar Uni Soviet dan kesulitan mendapatkan informasi dari masyarakatnya yang tertutup, yang bisa ditembus beberapa agen, membuahkan sejumlah solusi berbasis teknologi canggih. Salah satu kesuksesan pertamanya adalah pesawat Lockheed U-2 yang mampu mengambil gambar dan mengumpulkan sinyal elektronik dari ketinggian melebihi jangkauan pertahanan udara Soviet. Setelah [[Gary Powers]] ditembak jatuh oleh rudal permukaan-ke-udara SA-2 tahun 1960 dan mengakibatkan [[insiden internasional]], [[SR-71]] dikembangkan untuk mengambil alih tugas ini.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}
 
Pada masa itu, terjadi sejumlah aksi tersembunyi terhadap gerakan-gerakan sayap kiri yang dianggap komunis. CIA menjatuhkan sebuah pemerintahan asing untuk pertama kalinya dalam [[kudeta Iran 1953]] atas permintaan [[Winston Churchill]]. Beberapa operasi terbesarnya ditujukan ke [[Kuba]] selepas penggulingan kediktatoran [[Fulgencio Batista]], termasuk upaya pembunuhan [[Fidel Castro]] dan [[Invasi Teluk Babi]] yang gagal. Beberapa pihak berpendapat bahwa penempatan rudal oleh Soviet di Kuba terjadi secara tidak langsung setelah mereka sadar telah dikhianati oleh seorang pembelot A.S.-Britania sejak awal, [[Oleg Penkovsky]].<ref name=Saved>{{Cite book|title=The Spy Who Saved the World: How a Soviet Colonel Changed the Course of the Cold War|url=https://archive.org/details/spywhosavedworld00jerr|first1 = Jerrold L.|last1 =Schecter|first2= Peter S.|last2 = Deriabin|publisher=Scribner|year=1992|isbn=0-684-19068-0}}</ref>
 
CIA, bekerja sama dengan militer, membentuk National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) untuk mengoperasikan pesawat mata-mata seperti SR-71 dan satelit terbaru. Fakta bahwa Amerika Serikat mengoperasikan sejumlah satelit mata-mata terus dirahasiakan selama beberapa tahun, sama seperti fakta keberadaan NRO.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}
 
Salah satu operasi terbesar yang pernah dilancarkan oleh CIA adalah bantuan untuk [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] di [[Zaïre]].<ref>{{cite journal |last= Gibbs |first= David N. |year= 1995 |title= Let Us Forget Unpleasant Memories: The US State Department's Analysis of the Congo Crisis |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1995-03_33_1/page/175 |journal= [[Journal of Modern African Studies]] |volume= 33 |issue= 1 |pages= 175–180 |jstor= 161559 |quote= There seems little doubt that the Congo was targeted by one of the largest covert operations in the history of the CIA, and its significance has been noted repeatedly by former officers, as well as by scholars. Americans in both the CIA station and the embassy directly intervened in Congolese affairs, bribing parliamentarians, setting up special units of the military, and promoting the career of General Mobutu. In addition to any assassination plots, it is well documented that the United States played an important role in two efforts to overthrow Lumumba, both in September 1960. }}</ref>
 
=== IndocinaIndochina dan Perang Vietnam, 1954–1975 ===
{{See also|Perang Vietnam|Program Phoenix|Operasi Barrel Roll}}
Rombongan Patti dari OSS tiba di [[Vietnam]] menjelang akhir Perang Dunia II. Mereka berinteraksi dengan sejumlah pimpinan faksi Vietnam, termasuk [[Ho Chi Minh]].<ref name=Patti>{{cite book
|title=Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's albatross
|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_e8EpyU3-2zwC
|author=Patti, Archimedes L. A
|publisher=University of California Press
Baris 156 ⟶ 181:
}}</ref> Meski tim patti meneruskan proposal Ho untuk tahapan kemerdekaan yang rekan transisinya adalah Prancis atau Amerika Serikat, kebijakan [[pengurungan]] yang dijalankan AS menentang pembentukan pemerintahan apapun yang bersifat komunis.<!-- {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} -->
 
Misi CIA pertama ke [[IndocinaIndochina]] dengan kode [[Aktivitas CIA di Asia dan Pasifik#Vietnam 1954|Saigon Military Mission]] dilaksanakan pada tahun 1954 di bawah pimpinan [[Edward Lansdale]]. Para pengamat di Amerika Serikat mencoba memperkirakan perubahan kekuatan politik seandainya hasil referendumnya adalah penggabungan Vietnam Utara dan Selatan atau Vietnam Selatan memutuskan merdeka.<!-- {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} --> Awalnya, [[aktivitas CIA di Asia dan Pasifik#Asia Tenggara 1962|fokus AS di Asia Tenggara]] adalah [[Laos]], bukan Vietnam.<!-- {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} -->
 
Selama periode keterlibatan tempur Amerika Serikat dalam Perang Vietnam, muncul perdebatan seputar kemajuannya di internal Departemen Pertahanan pimpinan [[Robert McNamara]], CIA, dan staf intelijen [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam|Military Assistance Command Vietnam]].<ref name=Adams1998>{{cite book
|title=War of Numbers: an Intelligence Memoir
|url=https://archive.org/details/warofnumbersinte00adam
|first=Sam|last=Adams
|publisher=Steerforth Press
Baris 166 ⟶ 192:
 
=== Penyalahgunaan kewenangan CIA, 1970-an–1990-an ===
Suasana mulai memanas pada pertengahan 1970-an, sekitar periode peristiwa [[skandal Watergate|Watergate]].<!-- {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} --> Hal yang paling mendominasi suasana politik saat itu adalah upaya Kongres untuk mendapatkan hak pengawasan terhadap Presiden Amerika Serikat dan cabang eksekutif pemerintah A.S. Pengungkapan aktivitas lampau CIA, seperti pembunuhan dan usaha pembunuhan pemimpin-pemimpin negara asing (termasuk Fidel Castro dan Rafael Trujillo) dan pengintaian dalam negeri yang ilegal terhadap warga A.S., membuka kesempatan untuk meningkatkan pengawasan Kongres terhadap operasi intelijen A.S.<ref name="'70s 49">{{cite book|title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|coauthors=|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|page=|pages=49–51|url= https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum}}</ref>
 
Pamor CIA semakin memburuk setelah insiden perampokan kantor Partai Demokrat di Watergate oleh beberapa mantan agen CIA, serta upaya Presiden [[Richard Nixon]] untuk menghambat investigasinya oleh FBI dengan memanfaatkan CIA.<!-- {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} --> Dalam rekaman utama yang memaksa Presiden Nixon mengundurkan diri, Nixon memerintahkan kepala stafnya, [[H. R. Haldeman]], untuk memberitahu CIA bahwa investigasi lebih lanjut terhadap kasus Watergate akan "''membuka habis-habisan''" Invasi Teluk Babi di Kuba.<ref>{{cite web
Baris 174 ⟶ 200:
|date=June 23, 1972
|accessdate=2008-07-04
|archive-date=2012-01-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112173618/http://www.hpol.org/transcript.php?id=92
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref> Nixon dan Haldemann menjamin agar pejabat nomor satu dan dua CIA, [[Richard Helms]] dan [[Vernon A. Walters|Vernon Walters]], menghubungi Direktur FBI [[L. Patrick Gray]] dan meminta FBI untuk tidak mengikuti jejak uang dari para perampok tersebut sampai ke [[Committee to Re-elect the President]], karena akan membuka kedok informan CIA di Meksiko.<!-- {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} --> FBI awalnya setuju karena sudah terikat perjanjian antara FBI dan CIA bahwa mereka tidak akan mengungkap sumber informasinya satu sama lain, meski beberapa minggu selanjutnya FBI meminta agar permohonan tersebut disampaikan secara tertulis. Karena permohonan resminya tidak kunjung disampaikan, FBI melanjutkan investigasi jejak uang tersebut. Akibatnya, saat rekaman ''smoking gun'' dibuka ke publik, pengaruhnya terhadap persepsi masyarakat atas para petinggi CIA dan seluruh CIA tak dapat dihindari.<ref name="Gray III">{{cite book|title= In Nixon's Web:A Year in the Crosshairs of Watergate|last= Gray III|first= L. Patrick|authorlink= L. Patrick Gray|coauthors= Ed Gray|year= 2008|publisher= Times Books/Henry Holt|isbn= 0-8050-8256-5|page=|pages=|url= http://www.lpatrickgrayiii.com}}</ref>
 
Baris 201 ⟶ 230:
CIA sudah lama berurusan dengan terorisme yang berasal dari luar negeri. Pada tahun 1986, CIA mendirikan [[Counterterrorist Center]] untuk menangani masalah ini. Awalnya, CIA mengurus terorisme sekuler, kemudian merambah ke terorisme [[Islamisme|Islamis]] yang pengaruhnya mulai membesar.
 
Bulan Januari 1996, CIA membuat "stasiun virtual" uji coba bernama [[Bin Laden Issue Station]] yang letaknya di bawah Counterterrorist Center untuk melacak aktivitas-aktivitas Bin Laden. Al-Fadl, yang membelot ke CIA pada musim semi 1996, mulai memberikan informasi terbaru seputar Bin Laden ke stasiun ini. Terungkap bahwa ia bukan sekadar sumber dana teroris, tetapi juga otak di balik serangan teroris. Agen Khusus FBI Dan Coleman (ditugaskan ke Bin Laden Station bersama rekannya, Jack Cloonan) menyebut Bin Laden "[[Batu Rosetta]]"-nya al-Qaeda.<ref>Jane Mayer, [https://archive.istoday/20120905190911/www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060911fa_fact "Junior: The clandestine life of America's top Al Qaeda source"]{{dead link|date=July 2011}}, ''New Yorker'', September 11, 2006.</ref>
 
Tahun 1999, kepala CIA George Tenet membuat rencana besar untuk menangani al-Qaeda. Counterterrorist Center, pimpinan barunya [[Cofer Black]], dan [[Bin Laden Issue Station|unit Bin Laden]] menjadi pengembang dan eksekutor rencana tersebut. Setelah disiapkan, Tenet menugaskan kepala intelijen CIA [[Charles E. Allen]] untuk membentuk "sel Qaeda" yang bertujuan mengawasi pelaksanaan taktisnya.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Tenet|first1= George|authorlink1=George Tenet|title=[[At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA]]|last2= Harlow|first2= Bill|year=2007|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=0-06-114778-8|pages=[http://books.google.com/books?id=F2nSTwbFAh0C&lpg=PA121&pg=PA119#v=onepage&f=false 119, 120]|oclc= 71163669}}</ref> Pada tahun 2000, CIA dan [[Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat|USAF]] mengadakan serangkaian penerbangan di Afghanistan menggunakan pesawat pengintai nirawak kecil, [[MQ-1 Predator|Predator]]. Mereka memperoleh foto potensial Bin Laden. Cofer Black dan rekan-rekannya mendukung pemasangan rudal di Predator sebagai upaya pembunuhan Bin Laden dan pemimpin al-Qaeda lainnya. Setelah rapat terorisme oleh Principals Committee setingkat kabinet diadakan pada 4 September 2001, CIA melanjutkan penerbangan mata-matanya menggunakan pesawat nirawak yang telah dilengkapi senjata.
Baris 214 ⟶ 243:
{{Main|Aktivitas CIA di Irak}}
{{Further|Skandal Plame|Aktivitas CIA di Timur Dekat, Afrika Utara, Asia Selatan dan Barat Daya}}
Keterlibatan intelijen yang membenarkan [[invasi Irak 2003]] atau memungkinkan perencanaan matang, khususnya untuk keperluan pendudukan, masih kontroversial.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/news/20120905/|title=CIA Analysis Acknowledges Intelligence Failure on Iraq's WMDs|last=Blanton|first=Thomas|publisher=[[National Security Archive]]|date=September 5, 2012|accessdate=September 5, 2012|archive-date=2013-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901071836/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/news/20120905/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Akan tetapi, banyak karyawan CIA yang merasa pejabat pemerintahan Bush menekan para analis CIA agar membuat kesimpulan tertentu yang bisa mendukung posisi kebijakan mereka terhadap Irak.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/09/AR2006020902418.html|title=Ex-CIA Official Faults Use of Data on Iraq|last=Pincus|first=Walter|publisher=Washington Post|date=February 10, 2006|accessdate=January 13, 2012}}</ref>
 
Tim paramiliter CIA [[Special Activities Division]] adalah tim pertama di Irak yang tiba pada Juli 2002. Setelah mendarat di sana, mereka mempersiapkan ruang tempur untuk kedatangan pasukan [[militer A.S.]] Tim SAD digabung dengan [[U.S. Army Special Forces]] (dengan nama Northern Iraq Liaison Element atau NILE).<ref name="Attack, Bob Woodward 2004">Woodward, Bob ''Plan of Attack'', Simon and Schuster, 2004.</ref> Tim ini merekrut [[Peshmerga]] [[suku Kurdi|Kurdi]] untuk invasi pimpinan A.S. Mereka bersatu mengalahkan [[Ansar al-Islam]], sekutu Al-Qaeda. Seandainya pertempuran tadi gagal, akan muncul gerilyawan di dalam pasukan A.S./Kurdi dalam serangan terhadap pasukan Saddam. Bagian A.S. dilaksanakan oleh pejabat operasi paramiliter dari SAD/SOG dan [[10th Special Forces Group (Amerika Serikat)|10th Special Forces Group]].<ref name="Attack, Bob Woodward 2004"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Operation Hotel California: The Clandestine War inside Iraq|url=https://archive.org/details/operationhotelca00tuck|first=Mike|last=Tucker|coauthors=Charles Faddis|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-366-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wamu.org/audio/dr/08/10/r2081007-22101.asx |title=An interview on public radio with the author |date= |accessdate=2010-03-16 |archive-date=2011-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930081326/http://wamu.org/audio/dr/08/10/r2081007-22101.asx |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
Tim Sad juga melakukan misi pengintaian khusus berisiko tinggi di balik perbatasan Irak untuk mengidentifikasi target-target petinggi senior. Misi ini berujung pada serangan awal terhadap [[Saddam Hussein]] dan jenderal-jenderal pentingnya. Meski serangan awal terhadap Hussein gagal membunuhnya, serangan ini berhasil mengakhiri kemampuannya untuk memimpin dan mengendalikan pasukannya. Serangan lain terhadap jenderal penting berhasil melumpuhkan kemampuan komando untuk bereaksi dan bermanuver melawan pasukan invasi pimpinan Amerika Serikat.<ref name="Attack, Bob Woodward 2004"/><ref>Behind lines, an unseen war, Faye Bowers, Christian Science Monitor, April 2003.</ref>
 
[[Turki]] yang juga merupakan anggota NATO tidak mengizinkan wilayahnya dipakai oleh Divisi Infanteri ke-4 Angkatan Darat AS untuk kepentingan invasi ini. Akibatnya, SAD, tim gabungan Pasukan Khusus Angkatan Darat A.S. dan Peshmerga Kurdi menjadi pasukan yang melawan tentara Saddam dari kawasan utara. Upaya mereka membuat Korps Angkatan Darat Irak ke-1 dan ke-5 terjebak dan mempertahankan diri melawan pasukan Kurdi alih-alih melawan pasukan koalisi yang bergerak dari selatan. Operasi khusus gabungan pasukan A.S. dan Kurdi ini berhasil mengalahkan pasukan Saddam, suatu keberhasilan militer besar yang sama seperti kemenangan atas Taliban di Afghanistan.<ref name="Attack, Bob Woodward 2004"/> Empat anggota tim SAD/SOG dianugerahi [[Intelligence Star]] dari CIA atas "aksi heroiknya."<ref>{{cite book|title= Operation Hotel California: The Clandestine War inside Iraq|url= https://archive.org/details/operationhotelca00tuck|author=Mike Tucker|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-366-8|unused_data= co author= Chafles Faddis}}</ref>
 
=== Operasi Neptune Spear ===
Baris 226 ⟶ 255:
Pada tanggal 1 Mei 2011, Presiden Barack Obama mengumumkan bahwa [[Osama bin Laden]] telah ditembak mati pada dini hari oleh "satu tim kecil dari Amerika Serikat" di [[Abbottabad]], Pakistan, dalam sebuah operasi CIA.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/osama_bin_laden_killed_in_cia_operation/2011/05/01/AFLiqoVF_gallery.html|title=Osama Bin Laden killed in CIA operation|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 8, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-osama-bin-laden-cia-20110502,0,6466214.story?track=rss|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|first=Ken|last=Dilanian|title=CIA led U.S. special forces mission against Osama bin Laden|date=May 2, 2011}}</ref> Serangan ini dilancarkan dari pangkalan terdepan CIA di Afghanistan oleh sejumlah elemen [[Naval Special Warfare Development Group]] dari Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat dan agen paramiliter CIA.<ref>{{cite news|title=GAFFNEY: Bin Laden’s welcome demise|first=Frank J., Jr.|last= Gaffney|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/2/bin-laden-creates-opportunity-for-fresh-start-on-c|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|date=May 2, 2011|accessdate=August 19, 2011}}</ref>
 
Serangan sekaligus penggeledahan ini mengungkap banyak data intelijen seputar rencana serangan al-Qaeda.<ref>{{cite news|title=Intelligence break led to bin Laden's hide-out|first= Bill|last=Gertz|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/2/intelligence-break-led-to-bin-ladens-hide-out/|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|date=May 2, 2011|accessdate=August 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Schwartz |first1=Mathew J. |date=May 5, 2011 |title=Cracking Bin Laden's Hard Drives |journal=[[InformationWeek]] |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/encryption/229402923 |accessdate=August 20, 2011 |archive-date=2011-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813122132/http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/encryption/229402923 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Osama bin Laden dead: CIA paramilitaries and elite Navy SEAL killed Al Qaeda leader|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-02/news/29496213_1_cargo-planes-last-fall-al-qaida-franchise-bin|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=May 2, 2011|accessdate=August 19, 2011|archiveurl=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:XIkKZ51vRRkJ:http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-02/news/29496213_1_cargo-planes-last-fall-al-qaida-franchise-bin+cargo%20planes%20last%20fall%20al%20qaida%20franchise&hl=en|archivedate=June 29, 2011}}{{Dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>
Operasi ini adalah hasil dari kinerja intelijen selama beberapa tahun yang melibatkan penangkapan dan interogasi Khalid Sheikh Mohammad (KSM) oleh CIA, yang berujung pada pengungkapan identitas kurir Bin Laden,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42859770/ns/world_news-death_of_bin_laden/ |title=Counterterrorism chief declares al-Qaida 'in the past' |date=May 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |accessdate=August 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/8490886/Osama-bin-Laden-dead-trusted-courier-led-US-special-forces-to-hideout.html|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Tim|last=Ross|title=Osama bin Laden dead: trusted courier led US special forces to hideout|date=May 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/05/04/borger.torture.debate/index.html?eref=rss_topstories|work=CNN|title=Debate rages about role of torture|date=May 20, 2011}}</ref> pelacakan kurir tersebut ke rumahnya oleh agen paramiliter [[Special Activities Division]], dan penetapan rumah persembunyian CIA untuk menyediakan intelijen taktis yang kritis demi kelancaran operasi ini.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html?src=ISMR_AP_LO_MST_FB|work=[[The New York Times]]|first1=Mark|last1=Mazzetti|first2=Helene|last2=Cooper|first3=Peter|last3=Baker|title=Clues Gradually Led to the Location of Osama bin Laden|date=May 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20060479-503543.html|publisher=[[CBS News]]|title=Pakistan rattled by news of CIA safe house in Abbottabad|date=May 6, 2011|archiveurl=https://archive.istoday/0L6o20120729040028/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20060479-503543.html|archivedate=July 29, 2012-07-29|access-date=2013-08-01|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news|title=CIA spied on bin Laden from safe house|first=Greg|last= Miller|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/cia-spied-on-bin-laden-from-safe-house/2011/05/05/AFXbG31F_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 5, 2011 (updated May 6, 2011)|accessdate=August 19, 2011}}</ref>
 
== Struktur organisasi ==
Baris 242 ⟶ 271:
[[Direktur Central Intelligence Agency]] (D/CIA) langsung membawahi [[Director of National Intelligence]] (DNI). Pada praktiknya, ia bekerja sama dengan DNI, Kongres (biasanya melalui [[CIA Office of Congressional Affairs|Office of Congressional Affairs]]), dan [[Gedung Putih]], sedangkan Wakil Direkturnya merupakan eksekutif internal. CIA sering diawasi oleh Kongres, meski Kongres hanya menjalankan tugasnya saja.<!-- {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} -->
 
Executive Office juga memfasilitasi bantuan CIA kepada [[militer A.S.]] dengan memberikan informasi yang dimilikinya, menerima informasi dari organisasi [[intelijen militer]], dan bekerja sama di lapangan. Dua eksekutif senior mengemban tugas ini, satu untuk CIA dan satu lagi untuk [[National Clandestine Service]]. Associate Director for Military Support, seorang pejabat militer senior, membangun hubungan antara CIA dan [[Unified Combatant Command]], yang menghasilkan intelijen regional/operasional dan memanfaatkan intelijen nasional. Ia dibantu oleh [[Office of Military Affairs]] saat memberikan bantuan kepada semua cabang militer.<ref name = OMA>{{cite web| title = CIA Support to the US Military During the Persian Gulf War| publisher = Central Intelligence Agency| url = https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/gulfwar/061997/support.htm| date = June 16, 1997| access-date = 2013-07-31| archive-date = 2020-11-12| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011218/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/gulfwar/061997/support.htm| dead-url = yes}}</ref>
 
Di National Clandestine Services, seorang Associate Deputy Director for Operations for Military Affairs<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-of-central-intelligence-as-leaders-of-the-u-s-intelligence-community/glossary.htm |title=CIA Abbreviations and Acronyms |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-02-12 |archive-date=2010-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528104307/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-of-central-intelligence-as-leaders-of-the-u-s-intelligence-community/glossary.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> menangani [[Clandestine HUMINT|intelijen masyarakat rahasia]] (''clandestine HUMINT'') dan aksi tersembunyi tertentu demi membantu berbagai operasi militer.
 
CIA juga menyediakan intelijen tingkat nasional untuk organisasi-organisasi taktis, biasanya kepada grup intelijen segala sumber.<ref name=Reiss>{{Cite journal| title = The C2 puzzle: Space Authority and the Operational Level of War| first = Robert J. Jr.| last = Reiss Jr| journal = Army Space Journal| date = 2006 Summer Edition| url = http://www.smdc-armyforces.army.mil/Pic_Archive/ASJ_PDFs/ASJ_VOL_5_NO_2_Article_1.pdf| format = | access-date = 2013-07-31| archive-date = 2010-11-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101105122524/http://www.smdc-armyforces.army.mil/Pic_Archive/ASJ_PDFs/ASJ_VOL_5_NO_2_Article_1.pdf| dead-url = yes}}</ref>
Baris 276 ⟶ 305:
| work =cia.gov
| url =https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/index.html
| date =July 16, 2006
| access-date =2016-07-28
| archive-date =2010-05-27
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100527090150/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/index.html
| dead-url =yes
}}</ref> Direktorat ini memiliki empat grup analisis regional, enam grup untuk isu transnasional, dan dua unit pembantu.<ref name=CIA-DI-ORG>{{cite web
| author = Central Intelligence Agency
Baris 282 ⟶ 315:
| url = https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/index.html
| accessdate = 2011-07-01
| archive-date = 2010-05-27
}}</ref>
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100527150055/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/index.html
| dead-url = yes
}}</ref>
 
==== Grup regional ====
Baris 294 ⟶ 330:
* Office of Terrorism Analysis,<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/ota.html
| title = Office of Terrorism Analysis
| title = Office of Terrorism Analysis}}</ref> membantu National Counterterrorism Center di Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Lihat [[aktivitas anti-terorism transnasional CIA]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zok8yMxXEwk | title = Antiterrorism intelligence at work in Iraq (Youtube: Collateral Murder) | publisher = WikiLeaks | accessdate = 2011-04-14}}</ref>
| access-date = 2016-07-28
| archive-date = 2009-04-17
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090417083701/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/ota.html
| dead-url = yes
}}</ref> membantu National Counterterrorism Center di Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Lihat [[aktivitas anti-terorism transnasional CIA]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zok8yMxXEwk | title = Antiterrorism intelligence at work in Iraq (Youtube: Collateral Murder) | publisher = WikiLeaks | accessdate = 2011-04-14}}</ref>
 
* Office of Transnational Issues,<ref name="Officeof">{{cite web
| url= https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/oti.html
| title= Office of Transnational Issues
| title =Office of Transnational Issues}}</ref> menilai persepsi ancaman yang sudah ada dan akan datang terhadap keamanan nasional AS dan memberikan analisis, peringatan, dan bantuan krisis kepada para pembuat kebijakan senior, perencana militer, dan penegak hukum.
| access-date= 2013-07-31
* CIA Crime and Narcotics Center,<ref name="Crimeand">{{cite web | url = https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/the-cia-crime-and-narcotics-center.html
| archive-date= 2009-04-17
| title = CIA Crime and Narcotics Center}}</ref> mencari informasi seputar kejahatan internasional untuk kepentingan pembuat kebijakan dan penegak hukum. Karena CIA tidak memegang otoritas polisi dalam negeri yang sah, mereka biasanya mengirimkan analisisnya ke FBI dan organisasi penegak hukum lainnya, seperti [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] dan [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms]].
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090417083647/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/oti.html
| dead-url= yes
}}</ref> menilai persepsi ancaman yang sudah ada dan akan datang terhadap keamanan nasional AS dan memberikan analisis, peringatan, dan bantuan krisis kepada para pembuat kebijakan senior, perencana militer, dan penegak hukum.
* CIA Crime and Narcotics Center,<ref name="Crimeand">{{cite web
| url = https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/the-cia-crime-and-narcotics-center.html
| title = CIA Crime and Narcotics Center
| access-date = 2013-07-31
| archive-date = 2009-04-17
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090417083609/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/the-cia-crime-and-narcotics-center.html
| dead-url = yes
}}</ref> mencari informasi seputar kejahatan internasional untuk kepentingan pembuat kebijakan dan penegak hukum. Karena CIA tidak memegang otoritas polisi dalam negeri yang sah, mereka biasanya mengirimkan analisisnya ke FBI dan organisasi penegak hukum lainnya, seperti [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] dan [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms]].
* Weapons Intelligence, [[Kontra-proliferasi|Nonproliferation]], and Arms Control Center,<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/winpac.html
| title = Weapons Intelligence, Nonproliferation, and Arms Control Center}}</ref> memberikan bantuan intelijen terkait ancaman nasional dan non-nasional, serta mendukung pengurangan ancaman dan pengendalian senjata. Unit ini menerima data dari "[[national technical means of verification]]".
| access-date = 2016-07-28
| archive-date = 2009-04-17
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090417083710/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/winpac.html
| dead-url = yes
}}</ref> memberikan bantuan intelijen terkait ancaman nasional dan non-nasional, serta mendukung pengurangan ancaman dan pengendalian senjata. Unit ini menerima data dari "[[national technical means of verification]]".
* Counterintelligence Center Analysis Group,<ref>{{cite web
| url =https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/cic-ag.html
| title = Counterintelligence Center Analysis Group
| access-date =2016-07-28
| archive-date =2009-04-17
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090417083706/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/cic-ag.html
| dead-url =yes
}}</ref> mengidentifikasi, mengawasi, dan menganalisis upaya badan-badan intelijen asing, baik nasional maupun non-nasional, yang bertentangan dengan kepentingan pemerintah AS. Unit ini bekerja sama dengan personel FBI di National Counterintelligence Executive of the Director of National Intelligence.
* Information Operations Center Analysis Group,<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/ioc-ag.html
| title = Information Operations Center Analysis Group}}</ref> menangani ancaman terhadap sistem komputer AS. Unit ini mendukung segala aktivitas DNI.
| access-date = 2016-07-28
| archive-date = 2009-04-17
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090417083657/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/ioc-ag.html
| dead-url = yes
}}</ref> menangani ancaman terhadap sistem komputer AS. Unit ini mendukung segala aktivitas DNI.
 
==== Unit pembantu dan umum ====
Baris 359 ⟶ 426:
| publisher=Central Intelligence Agency, with permission from the Defense Intelligence Journal
| accessdate=2011-07-01
| archive-date=2008-03-11
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311223852/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/additional-publications/in-q-tel/index.html
| dead-url=yes
}}</ref> Komunitas intelijen sudah biasa mengontrak perusahaan untuk melaksanakan pengembangan berskala besar seperti pesawat terbang dan satelit mata-mata.
 
Baris 370 ⟶ 440:
== Pelatihan ==
{{further|CIA University|Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis|Camp Peary|Harvey Point|Warrenton Training Center}}
CIA mendirikan fasilitas pelatihan pertamanya, Office of Training and Education, pada tahun 1950. Setelah [[Perang Dingin]] berakhir, anggaran pelatihan CIA dipotong dan berdampak buruk terhadap kinerja karyawan.<ref name=campus>{{cite news|last=Wendt|first=Jeff|title=A feature interview with Frans Bax, President, CIA University|newspaper=Today's Campus|url=http://www.todayscampus.com/articles/load.aspx?art=1638|access-date=2013-07-30|archive-date=2013-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531065445/http://www.todayscampus.com/articles/load.aspx?art=1638|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=npr>{{cite episode |title=Inside CIA University: Higher Ed for Operatives |series=Morning Edition |serieslink=Morning Edition |credits=Host: [[Mary Louise Kelly]] |network=[[NPR]] |airdate=May 28, 2004 |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1914175}}</ref> Menanggapi pengaruh buruk tersebut, Direktur Central Intelligence [[George Tenet]] mendirikan [[CIA University]] pada tahun 2002.<ref name=campus /><ref name=history>{{cite web |title=History |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=January 23, 2013 |url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/history.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430083353/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/history.html |archivedate=2013-04-30 |deadurl=no |access-date=2013-07-30 }}</ref> CIA University mengadakan 200 sampai 300 kursus setiap tahunnya, melatih karyawan baru, agen intelijen yang sudah berpengalaman, dan staf pembantu CIA.<ref name=campus /><ref name=npr /> Fasilitas ini bekerja sama dengan [[National Intelligence University]] yang mencakup [[Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis]], komponen Directorate of Intelligence di universitas ini.<ref name=history /><ref name=learning>{{cite web |title=Life in HR: Learning Resources |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=February 12, 2013 |url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/human-resources/learning-resources.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429131704/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/human-resources/learning-resources.html |archivedate=2013-04-29 |deadurl=no |access-date=2013-07-30 }}</ref><ref name=training>{{cite web |title=Training Resources |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=January 23, 2013 |url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/training-resources.html |accessdate=April 3, 2013 |archive-date=2013-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817233140/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/training-resources.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
Untuk tahap terakhir pelatihan agen operasi, sedikitnya ada satu tempat latihan rahasia di [[Camp Peary]], dekat [[Williamsburg, Virginia]]. Anggota-anggotanya dipilih dan kemajuan mereka terus dinilai sesuai standar OSS yang diterbitkan di buku ''Assessment of Men, Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services''.<ref name=AOM>{{Cite book
Baris 381 ⟶ 451:
Pelatihan misi tambahan dilakukan di [[Harvey Point]], [[North Carolina]].<ref name=nyt88>{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=Tim|authorlink=Tim Weiner|title=Is the Explosion-Noisy Base a C.I.A. Spy School? What Base?|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=March 20, 1998|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/20/world/is-the-explosion-noisy-base-a-cia-spy-school-what-base.html}}</ref>
 
Fasilitas latihan utama Office of Communications adalah [[Warrenton Training Center]], terletak dekat [[Warrenton, Virginia]]. Fasilitas ini didirikan tahun 1951 dan telah digunakan oleh CIA sejak 1955.<ref name=fasB>{{cite web |last=Pike |first=John |title=Warrenton Station B |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |year=2001 |url=http://www.fas.org/irp/facility/warrenton_b.htm |accessdate=March 18, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605143410/http://www.fas.org/irp/facility/warrenton_b.htm |archivedate=2009-06-05 |deadurl=no }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=CIA-RDP86B00269R000100110003-5 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=October 31, 1954 |url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/5829/CIA-RDP86B00269R000100110003-5.pdf |accessdate=March 27, 2013 |archive-date=2013-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526171137/http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/5829/CIA-RDP86B00269R000100110003-5.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
== Anggaran ==
Baris 429 ⟶ 499:
|first=Richard J.
|title=The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence
|url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhandbritai0000aldr
|year= 2001
|publisher=John Murray
Baris 441 ⟶ 512:
|year=1996
|title=For the President's Eyes Only
|url=https://archive.org/details/forpresidentseye0000andr_w6t7
|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]
|isbn=0-00-638071-9
Baris 460 ⟶ 532:
|year=2003
|title=The Main Enemy: The Inside Story of the CIA's Final Showdown With the KGB
|url=https://archive.org/details/mainenemyinsides00bear
|publisher=Random House
|location=
Baris 470 ⟶ 543:
|year=1991
|title=America's Secret Power: The CIA in a Democratic Society
|url=https://archive.org/details/americassecretpo0000john
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|location=
Baris 481 ⟶ 555:
|year=2010
|title=The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture
|url=https://archive.org/details/humanfactorinsid0000jone
|publisher=Encounter Books
|isbn=978-1-59403-223-3
Baris 522 ⟶ 597:
|year=2003
|title=The CIA at War: Inside the Secret Campaign Against Terror
|url=https://archive.org/details/ciaatwarinsidese00kess
|publisher=St. Martin's Press
|location=
Baris 531 ⟶ 607:
|year=2004
|title=Denial and Deception: An Insider's View of the CIA from Iran-Contra to 9/11
|url=https://archive.org/details/denialdeceptioni00mahl
|publisher=Nation Books
|isbn=1-56025-649-4
Baris 558 ⟶ 635:
|year=1993
|title=Tower of Secrets
|url=https://archive.org/details/towerofsecretsre00shey
|publisher=U.S. Naval Institute Press
|isbn=978-1-55750-764-8
Baris 568 ⟶ 646:
|year=2003
|title=Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency
|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofce0000smit
|publisher=Facts on File
|isbn=0-8160-4667-0
Baris 577 ⟶ 656:
|year=2006
|title=Burn Before Reading: Presidents, CIA Directors, and Secret Intelligence
|url=https://archive.org/details/burnbeforereadin00turn
|publisher=Hyperion
|location=
Baris 610 ⟶ 690:
{{Wikinews category|CIA}}
* [https://www.cia.gov/ CIA official site]
* [http://www.foia.cia.gov/ CIA official Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527211431/http://www.foia.cia.gov/ |date=2010-05-27 }}
* [http://arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ExternalIdSearch?id=590 Records of the Central Intelligence Agency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821105559/http://arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ExternalIdSearch?id=590 |date=2013-08-21 }} at the National Archives and Records Administration
* [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/index.html George Washington University National Security Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022214500/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/index.html |date=2008-10-22 }}
* [http://openregs.com/agencies/view/191/central_intelligence_agency Proposed and finalized federal regulations from the Central Intelligence Agency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430235924/http://openregs.com/agencies/view/191/central_intelligence_agency |date=2011-04-30 }}
* [http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/research/landscapes/ Landscapes of Secrecy: The CIA and the Contested Record of US Foreign Policy, 1947–2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813043727/http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/research/landscapes/ |date=2011-08-13 }}
* [http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000947692/DOC_0000947692.pdf Managing and Teaching New Analysts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120064918/http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000947692/DOC_0000947692.pdf |date=2013-01-20 }} by Martin Petersen
* [http://thefederalregister.com/b.p/department/CENTRAL_INTELLIGENCE_AGENCY/ Central Intelligence Agency Meeting Notices and Rule Changes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725012629/http://www.thefederalregister.com/b.p/department/CENTRAL_INTELLIGENCE_AGENCY/ |date=2010-07-25 }} from The Federal Register [http://thefederalregister.com/rss/department/CENTRAL_INTELLIGENCE_AGENCY/ RSS Feed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725014658/http://www.thefederalregister.com/rss/department/CENTRAL_INTELLIGENCE_AGENCY/ |date=2010-07-25 }}
* [http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/website-reviews/14700 Review of CIA web resource ''CIA Electronic Reading Room'']
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no3/legacy-of-ashes-the-history-of-cia.html CIA Responds to a Critic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714113531/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no3/legacy-of-ashes-the-history-of-cia.html |date=2020-07-14 }}
 
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