La Soufrière: Perbedaan antara revisi

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|last_eruption=27 Desember 2020 – Present22 April 2021<ref>{{cite gvp

'''Gunung Api La Soufrière''' atau '''Soufrière Saint Vincent''' ( {{IPA-fr|sufʁjɛʁ sɛ̃ vɛ̃sɑ̃}} ; Vincentian : ''Soufra'' ) adalah sebuah gunung [[Gununggunung berapi kerucut|stratovolcano]] aktif di [[Kepulauan Karibia]], pulau [[Saint Vincent (pulau)|Saint Vincent]], [[Saint Vincent dan Grenadine|Saint Vincent dan Grenadine]]. Pulau ini merupakan puncak tertinggi di Saint Vincent dan telah mencatat lima letusan eksplosif sejak 1718. Aktivitas letusan tercatat pada Desember 2020 dan serangkaian peristiwa eksplosif terjadi pada April 2021.<ref name=ap12ap21>{{Cite news |title='Huge' explosion rocks St. Vincent as volcano keeps erupting|last1=Deane |first1=Kristin |last2=Coto |first2=Dánica|agency=AP NEWS |date=12 April 2021 |url= https://apnews.com/article/la-soufriere-volcano-eruption-st-vincent-caribbean-2c26166fa05e0ec6840669972ea1aaf0}}</ref>

Dengan ketinggian 1.234 m (4.049 kaki), menjadikan gunung La Soufrière sebagai titik tertinggi di Pulau [[Saint Vincent (pulau)|Saint Vincent]] serta di [[Saint Vincent dan Grenadines]].<ref name="pb">[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8265 "La Soufrière" on Peakbagger.com] Retrieved 1 October 2011</ref> Soufrière adalah sebuah gunung api stratovolcano dengan [[Danau kawah|danau kawah]] dan merupakan [[gunung berapi]] termuda dan yang paling utara di pulau itu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title=Science news - Why the volcano erupting in the Caribbean has such a deadly reputation |last=Andrews |first=Robin George |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/why-st-vincent-volcano-erupting-in-caribbean-has-such-a-deadly-reputation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/JmVCv20210410090847/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/why-st-vincent-volcano-erupting-in-caribbean-has-such-a-deadly-reputation |archive-date=2021-04-10 |website=National Geographic |language=en |access-date=2022-01-03 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Selama periode tidak aktif, pengunjung dapat melihat kawah gunung berapi dengan mengikuti jalur pendakian melalui hutan hujan di lerengnya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2001-05-13|title=St. Vincent sparkles in the Caribbean (2001)|pages=199|work=Arizona Republic|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75775617/st-vincent-sparkles-in-the-caribbean/|access-date=2021-04-15}}</ref>

La Soufrière mengalami lima kali letusan cukup besar selama periode sejarah yang tercatat. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite web|last=Tatiana Arias|last2=Anne Claire Stapleton|date=April 9, 2021|title=St. Vincent on red alert for 'imminent' volcanic eruption|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/08/americas/st-vincent-volcano-intl/index.html|website=CNN|access-date=April 9, 2021|last3=Steve Almasy}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=8 April 2021|title=La Soufriѐre Eruption 2020/2021 - Media Fact Sheet|url=http://uwiseismic.com/Downloads/LS_2021_Media%20Fact%20Sheet_Final_08042021.pdf|publisher=SEISMIC RESEARCH CENTRE, THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES|location=ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2021-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409114742/http://uwiseismic.com/Downloads/LS_2021_Media%20Fact%20Sheet_Final_08042021.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Gunung api ini meletus hebat pada tahun 1718, 1812, <ref>{{Cite book|year=1822|title=The Edinburgh Gazetteer, or Geographical Dictionary, Volume 5|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Printed for Archibald Constable & Co., Hurst, Robinson & Co., London, and Thomas Ward, Philadelphia|pages=680–682|chapter=Souffrier Mountain|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZkvAAAAYAAJ&q=Souffrier&pg=PA680}}</ref> 1902, 1979, dan 2021. Sebuah lukisan terkenal milik [[Joseph Mallord William Turner|JMW Turner]] yang menggambarkan letusan Gunung La Soufrière pada 30 April 1812 disimpan di Victoria Gallery & Museum, [[Universitas Liverpool]] . <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-the-eruption-of-the-souffrier-mountains-in-the-island-of-st-vincent-at-midnight-on-tw0352 |title=‘The Eruption of the Souffrier Mountains, in the Island of St Vincent, at Midnight, on the 30th of April, 1812, from a Sketch Taken at the Time by Hugh P. Keane, Esqre’, Joseph Mallord William Turner, exhibited 1815 {{!}} Tate BROKEN LINK |access-date=2021-04-11 |archive-date=2019-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707160612/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-the-eruption-of-the-souffrier-mountains-in-the-island-of-st-vincent-at-midnight-on-tw0352 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <ref>[https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/the-eruption-of-the-soufriere-mountains-in-the-island-of-st-vincent-30-april-1812-67007 The Eruption of the Soufrière Mountains in the Island of St Vincent, 30 April 1812 | Art UK]</ref> Letusan pada 6 Mei 1902 menewaskan 1.680 orang, hanya beberapa jam sebelum letusan [[Gunung Mont Pelee|Gunung Pelée]] di [[Martinik]] yang menewaskan 29.000 orang.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1902-05-26|title=St. Vincent volcano is now less active (1902)|pages=1|work=The Fort Wayne Sentinel|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75773599/st-vincent-volcano-is-now-less-active/|access-date=2021-04-15}}</ref>

Gunung ini menjadi zona kematian di mana banyak orang yang terbunuh akibat dari gunung ini, dan sebagian besar berasal dari [[Suku Karib]], penduduk asli [[Antillen Kecil|Lesser Antilles]] di Karibia. Sebagian besar kebudayaan Karib terakhir telah hancur akibat dari letusan gunung berapi. <ref name="Ober1907">{{Cite book|last=Ober|first=Frederick Albion|year=1907|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28U_UY_1jdoC&pg=PA375|title=Our West Indian Neighbors: The Islands of the Caribbean Sea, " America's Mediterranean": Their Picturesque Features, Fascinating History, and Attractions for the Traveler, Nature-lover, Settler and Pleasure-seeker|publisher=J. Pott|pages=375–}}</ref>

Letusan pada bulan April tahun 1979 tidak menimbulkan korban jiwa karena adanya peringatan dini sehingga ribuan penduduk setempat dapat mengungsi ke pantai terdekat. <ref name="Nature">{{Cite web|date=1 November 1979|title=The eruption of Soufrière volcano, St Vincent April–June 1979|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/282024a0}}</ref> <ref name="NYT1">{{Cite web|last=Ernesto Cooke|last2=Oscar Lopez|date=April 9, 2021|title=Volcano Erupts in Southern Caribbean|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/09/world/americas/volcano-St-Vincent-eruption-caribbean.html|website=[[New York Times]]|access-date=April 9, 2021}}</ref> Letusan tahun 1979 menciptakan gumpalan abu besar yang mencapai [[Barbados]], {{Convert|100|miles|km|-1|abbr=on|disp=flip}} di sebelah timur gunung berapi.

[[Berkas:2021-04-09_09 -_La_Soufrière_ La Soufrière (Saint_VincentSaint Vincent)_volcanic_ash_ volcanic ash -_Sentinel Sentinel-3.jpg|kiri|jmpl| Gumpalan vulkanik terlihat pada 9 April 2021 oleh satelit Sentinel-3B]]

Peningkatan aktivitas vulkanik telah diamati pada Desember 2020; Letusan efusif membentuk [[kubah lava]] baru di dalam kawah puncak pada 27 Desember. <ref name="2912News784">{{Cite web|date=29 December 2020|title=New Dome Forms At La Soufriere, Experts Cannot Predict Eruption|url=https://news784.com/2020/12/29/experts-cannot-predict-a-major-eruption-at-la-soufriere/|website=News784|access-date=30 December 2020|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410043433/https://news784.com/2020/12/29/experts-cannot-predict-a-major-eruption-at-la-soufriere/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref name="2912iWitness">{{Cite web|date=29 December 2020|title=Alert raised as SVG's volcano oozes magma|url=https://www.iwnsvg.com/2020/12/29/alert-raised-as-svgs-volcano-oozes-magma/|website=iWitness News.|access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> Pejabat pemerintah mulai menggencarkan upaya penjangkauan ke penduduk di daerah tersebut sepanjang Bulan Desember dan Januari, untuk meninjau rencana evakuasi jika aktivitas vulkanik di gunung berapi meningkat. <ref name="NYT1">{{Cite web|last=Ernesto Cooke|last2=Oscar Lopez|date=April 9, 2021|title=Volcano Erupts in Southern Caribbean|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/09/world/americas/volcano-St-Vincent-eruption-caribbean.html|website=[[New York Times]]|access-date=April 9, 2021}}</ref> Letusan efusif berlanjut hingga Januari, selama waktu itu kubah lava tumbuh antara {{Convert|100|and|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} lebar dan {{Convert|900|m|ft|abbr=on}} panjangnya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-25|title=Scientists warn of possible La Soufriere eruption|url=https://www.nationnews.com/2021/03/25/scientists-warn-possible-la-soufriere-eruption/|publisher=NationNews}}</ref> Pada Februari 2021, kubah lava masih aktif melepaskan gas dan uap dari puncaknya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title=Soufrière St. Vincent volcano (West Indies, St. Vincent): activity remains unchanged; growing lava dome continues in lateral direction|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/soufriere-st-vincent/news/121651/Soufriere-St-Vincent-volcano-West-Indies-St-Vincent-activity-remains-unchanged-growing-lava-dome-con.html|publisher=VolcanoDiscovery}}</ref> Pada 22 Maret 2021, kubah lava pada gunung ini berukuran {{Convert|105|m|ft|abbr=on}} tinggi, {{Convert|243|m|ft|abbr=on}} lebar dan {{Convert|921|m|ft|abbr=on}} panjangnya. [[Belerang dioksida|Emisi belerang dioksida]] dihasilkan dari bagian atas kubah. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=Soufrière St. Vincent volcano (West Indies, St. Vincent): twice length and volume of new lava dome since last update|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/soufriere-st-vincent/news/125255/Soufriere-St-Vincent-volcano-West-Indies-St-Vincent-twice-length-and-volume-of-new-lava-dome-since-l.html|publisher=VolcanoDiscovery}}</ref> Pada 8 April 2021, setelah peningkatan berkelanjutan aktivitas vulkanik dan seismik selama beberapa hari sebelumnya, "''Red Alert''" diumumkan dan peringatan untuk evakuasi yang dikeluarkan sebagai fase letusan gunung yang dianggap akan segera terjadi. <ref name="08042021News784">{{Cite web|date=8 April 2021|title=Evacuation Order Given As La Soufriere Could Erupt In Hours Or Days|url=https://news784.com/2021/04/08/evacuation-order-given-as-la-soufriere-could-erupt-in-hours-or-days/|website=News784|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410043432/https://news784.com/2021/04/08/evacuation-order-given-as-la-soufriere-could-erupt-in-hours-or-days/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hodgson|first=Martin|date=8 April 2021|title=St Vincent orders evacuations as volcanic eruption appears imminent|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/08/st-vincent-evacuation-volcano-la-soufriere|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

Letusan terjadi pada pukul 8:41 pagi waktu setempat pada keesokan harinya, dengan semburan [[abu vulkanik]] mencapai sekitar {{Cvt|32000|ft|m}} dan mengarah ke timur menuju [[Samudra Atlantik]]. <ref name="Guardian09april">{{Cite news|last=Hodgson|first=Martin|date=9 April 2021|title=St Vincent rocked by explosive eruptions at La Soufrière volcano|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/09/st-vincent-volcano-eruption|work=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref> <ref name="AP">{{Cite news|last=COTO|first=DÁNICA|date=<!--"Updated as the situation changes." After the 4/2021 eruption a fixed, final date can be used.-->|title=Explosive eruption rocks volcano on Caribbean's St. Vincent|url=https://apnews.com/article/la-soufriere-volcano-explosive-eruption-st-vincent-caribbean-1430a41cbaa02f20222b6b3e37dc2c05|agency=AP NEWS}}</ref> Saat itu, sekitar 20.000 orang telah mengevakuasi diri menjauhi daerah sekitar gunung berapi tersebut. <ref name="NYT1">{{Cite web|last=Ernesto Cooke|last2=Oscar Lopez|date=April 9, 2021|title=Volcano Erupts in Southern Caribbean|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/09/world/americas/volcano-St-Vincent-eruption-caribbean.html|website=[[New York Times]]|access-date=April 9, 2021}}</ref> Pada hari yang sama, telah diperingatkan bahwa letusan tersebut kemungkinan akan berlanjut selama berhari-hari bahkan mungkin berminggu-minggu, <ref>{{Cite news|date=9 April 2021|title=Volcano threat forces evacuation on Caribbean island|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2021/0409/1208737-caribbean-volcano-warning/|work=[[RTÉ]]|access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref> dan letusan eksplosif lainnya, yang disebabkan oleh beberapa gelombang abu, dilaporkan pada sore hari tanggal 9 April. <ref name="09042021News784">{{Cite web|date=9 April 2021|title=La Soufriere Volcano Erupts On The Caribbean Island Of St Vincent|url=https://news784.com/2021/04/09/la-soufriere-volcano-erupts-on-the-caribbean-island-of-st-vincent/|website=News784|access-date=2021-04-11|archive-date=2021-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409224903/https://news784.com/2021/04/09/la-soufriere-volcano-erupts-on-the-caribbean-island-of-st-vincent/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada malam hari tanggal 9 April pukul 18:45 waktu setempat, letusan eksplosif ketiga sedang berlangsung, menurut Pusat Penelitian Seismik Universitas Hindia Barat.

Negara [[Saint Lucia]], [[Grenada]], [[Antigua]] dan [[Barbados]], semuanya setuju untuk menerima pengungsi. Perdana Menteri [[Ralph Gonsalves]] mendorong orang-orang yang mengungsi ke tempat penampungan di tempat lain di Saint Vincent untuk mengambil [[vaksin COVID-19]] . <ref name="AP">{{Cite news|last=COTO|first=DÁNICA|date=<!--"Updated as the situation changes." After the 4/2021 eruption a fixed, final date can be used.-->|title=Explosive eruption rocks volcano on Caribbean's St. Vincent|url=https://apnews.com/article/la-soufriere-volcano-explosive-eruption-st-vincent-caribbean-1430a41cbaa02f20222b6b3e37dc2c05|agency=AP NEWS}}</ref> Menteri Luar Negeri Venezuela Jorge Arreaza mengumumkan melalui [[Twitter]] bahwa negaranya akan mengirimkan bantuan kemanusiaan dan pakar risiko. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite web|last=Tatiana Arias|last2=Anne Claire Stapleton|date=April 9, 2021|title=St. Vincent on red alert for 'imminent' volcanic eruption|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/08/americas/st-vincent-volcano-intl/index.html|website=CNN|access-date=April 9, 2021|last3=Steve Almasy}}</ref>

Bantuan dan dukungan keuangan darurat diberikan oleh beberapa pulau terdekat serta [[Inggris]] dan badan-badan seperti [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]. Tawaran signifikan pertama untuk pendanaan jangka panjang, sebesar US$20 juta, diumumkan pada 13 April 2021 oleh [[Bank Dunia]].<ref name=twenty>{{cite web |url=https://www.nycaribnews.com/articles/us20m-for-st-vincent-volcano-response-from-world-bank/|title=US$20m for St. Vincent volcano response from World Bank |website=NY Carib News|date=13 April 2021|access-date=2022-01-03|archive-date=2022-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711181514/https://www.nycaribnews.com/articles/us20m-for-st-vincent-volcano-response-from-world-bank/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

* [http://www.nemo.gov.vc/nemo/ Organisasi Manajemen Darurat Nasional] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410094620/http://www.nemo.gov.vc/nemo/ |date=2021-04-10 }} St. Vincent dan Grenadines (dalam Bahasa Inggris)

[[Kategori:Category:Erupsi gunungGunung berapi di Saint Vincent dan Grenadines]]