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{{infobox spesies
{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Valanginian|0|Valanginium–Sekarang}}
| color = pink
| categoria_subdivisio = Subfamilia dan genera
| name = Nephropidae
| subdivisio =
| image = Lobster.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''[[American lobster|Homarus americanus]]''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| subphylum = [[Crustacea]]
| classis = [[Malacostraca]]
| ordo = [[Decapoda]]
| subordo = [[Pleocyemata]]
| infraordo = [[Astacidea]]
| familia = '''Nephropidae'''
| familia_authority = [[James Dwight Dana|Dana]], 1852
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamily|Subfamilies]] and [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
* [[Neophoberinae]]
** ''[[Acanthacaris]]''
Baris 31 ⟶ 18:
** ''[[Thymopides]]''
}}
[[Berkas:Lobster traps.jpg|thumbjmpl|rightka|Jaring lobster]]
{{nutritional value |name=Lobster Amerika, kukus |image=[[FileBerkas:SteamedLobster.jpg|240px]] |caption=Lobster uutuhutuh yang dikukus |kJ=372 |protein=19.0 g |fat=0.86 g |satfat=0.208 g |monofat=0.253 g |polyfat=0.340 g |carbs=0 g |fibre=0 g |sugars=0 g |iron_mg=0.29 |calcium_mg=96 |magnesium_mg=43 |phosphorus_mg=185 |potassium_mg=230 |zinc_mg=4.05 |vitC_mg=0 |pantothenic_mg=1.667 |vitB6_mg=0.119 |folate_ug=11 |thiamin_mg=0.023 |riboflavin_mg=0.017 |niacin_mg=1.830 |right=1 |source=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4588?max=25&qlookup=lobster&format=Full |title=Nutrient data for 15148, Crustaceans, lobster, northern, cooked, moist heat |work=National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24 |publisher=USDA [[Agricultural Research Service]] |date=March 30, 2012 |accessdate=July 17, 2012 |archive-date=2014-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218014634/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4588?max=25&qlookup=lobster&format=Full |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}}
'''Lobster''' bercapit membentuk sebuah keluarga ('''Nephropidae''', kadangkalakadang kala juga ''Homaridae'') dari [[crustaceankrustasea]] besar laut. MerekaLobster pentingjuga sebagaibiasa hewandisebut sebagai, bisnis'''bekara''', dan'''udang makanankarang''' atau '''udang barong'''.
 
== Biologi ==
Lobster bercapit jangan dibingungkan dengan [[lobster spiny]], yang tidak memiliki capit (''chelae'') dan tidak berhubungan dekat. Hubungan terdekat dari lobster bercapit adalah [[lobster reef]] ''Enoplometopus'' dan tiga keluarga dari [[crayfish]]lobster air tawar]].
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Smaller varieties are sometimes called "lobsterettes". Lobsters are [[invertebrate]]s, and have a tough [[exoskeleton]], which protects them. Like all [[arthropod]]s, lobsters must [[molt]] in order to grow, leaving them vulnerable during this time. Lobsters are considered a food [[delicacy]] around the world. In [[Europe]], they are extremely expensive; in some parts of [[North America]], much less so.
 
== Spesies ==
Lobsters live on rocky, sandy, or muddy bottoms from the shoreline to beyond the edge of the [[continental shelf]]. They generally live singly in crevices or in burrows under rocks.
 
Although many studies suggested that lobsters are primarily [[scavengers]], feeding on [[mollusc]]s and decaying animal matter, recent studies have shown that they primarily feed on live [[fish]], dig for [[clam]]s, [[sea urchin]]s, and feed on [[algae]] and [[Zostera|eel-grass]]. They occasionally eat other lobsters, too. An average adult lobster is about 230 [[millimetre|mm]] (9 [[inch]]es) long and weighs 700 to 900 [[gramme|g]] (1.5 to 2 [[Pound (weight)|pound]]s). Lobsters grow throughout their lives, though, and are long-lived. They can thus reach impressive sizes. According to the [[Guinness World Records]], the largest lobster was caught in [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] and weighed 20.14 [[kilogram|kg]] (44.4 lb).
 
The environmental conditions of the lobsters can vary from ocean to ocean, but the lobster's temperature environment does not fluctuate much since their home is a large mass of water, the ocean.
 
Like all arthropods, lobsters are largely bilaterally symmetrical; clawed lobsters often possess unequal, specialized claws, like the [[king crab]]. The anatomy of the lobster includes the [[cephalothorax]] which is the head fused with the [[thorax]], both of which are covered by the [[Carapace|carapace]], and the abdomen. The lobster's head consists of [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]], antennules, [[mandible]]s, the first and second [[maxilla]]e, and the first, second, and third [[maxilliped]]s. Because a lobster lives in a murky environment at the bottom of the ocean, its vision is poor and it mostly uses its antennae as sensors. The abdomen of the lobster includes [[decapod anatomy|swimmerets]] and its tail is composed of [[uropod]]s and the [[telson]].
-->
 
== Jenis lobster ==
Spesies lobster diantaranya:
** ''[[Acanthacaris]]''
* [[Atlantic deep-sea lobster]] (''Acanthacaris caeca'')
*:* ''[[Acanthacaris caeca]]'' <small>A. Milne-Edwards, 1881</small>
* [[Prickly deep-sea lobster]] (''Acanthacaris tenuimana'')
*:* ''[[Acanthacaris tenuimana]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small>
* [[Red lobster]] (''Eunephrops bairdii'')
** ''[[Dinochelus]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chan & Bouchet, 2010</small>
* [[Sculptured lobster]] (''Eunephrops cadenasi'')
*:* ''[[Dinochelus ausubeli]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chan & Bouchet, 2010</small>
* [[Banded lobster]] (''Eunephrops manningi'')
** ''[[Eunephrops]]'' <small>Smith, 1885</small>
* [[Cape lobster]] (''Homarinus capensis'')
*:* ''[[Eunephrops bairdii]]'' <small>Smith, 1885</small>
* [[American lobster]] (''Homarus americanus'')
*:* ''[[Eunephrops cadenasi]]'' <small>Chace, 1939</small>
* [[European lobster]] (''Homarus gammarus'')
*:* ''[[Eunephrops luckhursti]]'' <small>Manning, 1997</small>
* [[Andaman lobster]] (''Metanephrops andamanicus'')
*:* ''[[Eunephrops manningi]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>
* [[Arafura lobster]] (''Metanephrops arafurensis'')
** ''[[Homarinus]]'' <small>Kornfield, Williams & Steneck, 1995</small>
* [[Armored lobster]] (''Metanephrops armatus'')
*:* ''[[Cape lobster|Homarinus capensis]]'' <small>(Herbst, 1792)</small>–Lobster tanjung
* [[Northwest lobster]] (''Metanephrops australensis'')
** ''[[Homarus]]'' <small>Weber, 1795</small>
* [[Caribbean lobsterette]] (''Metanephrops binghami'')
*:* ''[[Lobster amerika|Homarus americanus]]'' <small>H. Milne-Edwards, 1837</small>–Lobster Amerika
* [[New Zealand lobster]] (''Metanephrops challengeri'')
*:* ''[[Homarus gammarus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>–Lobster Eropa
* [[Formosa lobster]] (''Metanephrops formosanus'')
** ''[[Metanephrops]]'' <small>Jenkins, 1972</small>
* [[Japanese lobster]] (''Metanephrops japonicus'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops andamanicus]]'' <small>(Wood-Mason, 1892)</small>–Lobster Andaman
* [[African lobster]] (''Metanephrops mozambicus'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops arafurensis]]'' <small>(De Man, 1905)</small>
* [[Neptune lobster]] (''Metanephrops neptunus'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops armatus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1991</small>
* [[Urugavian lobster]] (''Metanephrops rubellus'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops australiensis]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1966)</small>–Lobster Australia
* [[Sculpted lobster]] (''Metanephrops sagamiensis'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops binghami]]'' <small>(Boone, 1927)</small>–Lobster Karibia
* [[Siboga lobster]] (''Metanephrops sibogae'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops boschmai]]'' <small>(Holthuis, 1964)</small>–Lobster Bight
* [[China lobster]] (''Metanephrops sinensis'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops challengeri]]'' <small>(Balss, 1914)</small>–Lobster New Zealand
* [[Red-banded lobster]] (''Metanephrops thomsoni'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops formosanus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1987</small>
* [[Velvet lobster]] (''Metanephrops velutinus'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops japonicus]]'' <small>(Tapparone-Canefri, 1873)</small>–Lobster Jepang
* [[Bight lobster]] (''Metanephrops boschmai'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops mozambicus]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small>
* [[Mitten lobsterette]] (''Nephropides caribaeus'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops neptunus]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1965)</small>
* [[Norway lobster]] (''Nephrops norvegicus'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops rubellus]]'' <small>(Moreira, 1903)</small>
* [[Spinetail lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis acanthura'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops sagamiensis]]'' <small>(Parisi, 1917)</small>
* [[Florida lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis aculeata'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops sibogae]]'' <small>(De Man, 1916)</small>
* [[Prickly lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis agassizii'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops sinensis]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1966)</small>–Lobster Tiongkok
* [[Scarlet lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis atlantica'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops taiwanicus]]'' <small>(Hu, 1983)</small>
* [[Ridge-back lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis carpenteri'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops thomsoni]]'' <small>(Bate, 1888)</small>
* [[Gladiator lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis ensirostris'')
*:* ''[[Metanephrops velutinus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1991</small>
* [[Saya de Malha lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis malhaensis'')
** ''[[Nephropides]]'' <small>Manning, 1969</small>
* [[Ruby lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis neglecta'')
*:* ''[[Nephropides caribaeus]]'' <small>Manning, 1969</small>
* [[Pacific lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis occidentalis'')
** ''[[Nephrops]]'' <small>Leach, 1814</small>
* [[Rosy lobsterette|Rosy (or two-toned) lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis rosea'')
*:* ''[[Nephrops norvegicus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>–Lobster Norway, Udang Dublin Bay, langoustine
* [[Indian Ocean lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis stewarti'')
** ''[[Nephropsis]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1872</small>
* [[Red and white lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis suhmi'')
*:* ''[[Nephropsis acanthura]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small>
* [[Grooved lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis sulcata'')
*:* ''[[Nephropsis aculeata]]'' <small>Smith, 1881</small>–Lobster Florida
* [[Bellator lobster]] (''Thymopides grobovi'')
*:* ''[[Nephropsis agassizii]]'' <small>A. Milne-Edwards, 1880</small>
* [[Patagonian lobsterette]] (''Thymops birsteini'')
*:* ''[[Nephropsis atlantica]]'' <small>Norman, 1882</small>
* [[Nilenta lobsterette]] (''Thymopsis nilenta'')
*:* ''[[Nephropsis carpenteri]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1885</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis ensirostris]]'' <small>Alcock, 1901</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis holthuisii]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1993</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis malhaensis]]'' <small>Borradaile, 1910</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis neglecta]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis occidentalis]]'' <small>Faxon, 1893</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis rosea]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis serrata]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1993</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis stewarti]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1872</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis suhmi]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis sulcata]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small>
** ''[[Thaumastocheles]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1874</small>
*:* ''[[Thaumastocheles dochmiodon]]'' <small>Chan & Saint Laurent, 1999</small>
*:* ''[[Thaumastocheles japonicus]]'' <small>Calman, 1913</small>
*:* ''[[Thaumastocheles zaleucus]]'' <small>(Thomson, 1873)</small>
** ''[[Thaumastochelopsis]]'' <small>Bruce, 1988</small>
*:* ''[[Thaumastochelopsis brucei]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chu & Chan, 2007</small>
*:* ''[[Thaumastochelopsis wardi]]'' <small>Bruce, 1988</small>
** ''[[Thymopides]]'' <small>Burukovsky & Averin, 1977</small>
*:* ''[[Thymopides grobovi]]'' <small>(Burukovsky & Averin, 1976)</small>
*:* ''[[Thymopides laurentae]]'' <small>Segonzac & Macpherson, 2003</small>
** ''[[Thymops]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>
*:* ''[[Thymops birsteini]]'' <small>(Zarenkov & Semenov, 1972)</small>
** ''[[Thymopsis nilenta|Thymopsis]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>
*:* ''[[Thymopsis nilenta]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>
 
== Industri lobster ==
Baris 99 ⟶ 100:
Lobster kebanyakan datang dari pesisir timur laut Amerika Utara dengan [[Canadian Maritimes]] dan negara bagian [[Amerika Serikat]] [[Maine]] sebagai produsen terbesar. Mereka ditangkap dengan menggunakan [[jebakan lobster]]. Alat tersebut diberi umpan dan diturunkan ke dasar laut. Alat ini membiarkan lobster masuk, namun tidak mungkin bagi lobster besar untuk keluar. Alat ini membuat lobster kecil dapat keluar sehingga bisa mecegah penangkapan lobster yang berlebihan.
 
== Sebagai makanan ==
 
Lobster baru populer di pertengahan abad ke 19 (sebelum tahun 2000), diperkenalkan oleh penduduk New York dan Boston.<ref>{{cite book |author=Colin Woodard |url=http://www.colinwoodard.com/lobstercoast |title=The Lobster Coast |publisher=New York: Viking/Penguin |isbn=0-670-03324-3 |year=2004 |pages=170–180|access-date=2014-04-27|archive-date=2012-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219044647/http://www.colinwoodard.com/lobstercoast|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ketika itu, kapal khusus juga dibangun untuk menjaga agar lobster yang ditangkap tetap hidup selama transportasi<ref>{{cite web | title=The Lobster Institute: History | work=The Lobster Institute at the University of Maine | url=http://www.lobster.um.maine.edu/index.php?page=52 | accessdate=2012-06-11 | archive-date=2006-09-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907212957/http://www.lobster.um.maine.edu/index.php?page=52 | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ketika itu lobster merupakan makanan orang miskin di [[Maine]], [[Massachusetts]], dan penduduk pinggir pantai Kanada.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article581926.ece |title=How lobster went up in the world |publisher=The Times |date=October 24, 2005 |location=London |author=Mark Henderson |accessdate=May 11, 2010}}</ref> Lobster ketika itu juga disajikan kepada [[narapidana]] untuk mengganggu selera makan mereka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maine.gov/sos/kids/about/lobster.htm |work=All About Maine |title=Lobster |publisher=[[Secretary of State of Maine]] |accessdate=July 29, 2013 |archive-date=2014-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423221309/http://www.maine.gov/sos/kids/about/lobster.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pemanfaatan lainnya dari lobster ketika itu adalah sebagai bahan pupuk dan umpan ikan, dan baru [[pengalengan ikan|dikalengkan]] pada awal abad ke 20.<ref name="Fish Forever">{{cite book|first=Paul |last=Johnson |title=Fish Forever: The Definitive Guide to Understanding, Selecting, and Preparing Healthy, Delicious, and Environmentally Sustainable Seafood |url=https://archive.org/details/fishforeverdefin0000john|chapter=Lobster |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7645-8779-5|pages=163–175[https://archive.org/details/fishforeverdefin0000john/page/163 163]–175}}</ref>
 
Lobster umumnya dimasak dengan dikukus atau direbus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atwoodlobster.com/site/cookinglobster.asp |title=Cooking lobsters |publisher=Atwood Lobster Company |accessdate=June 30, 2007 |archiveurl=httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20070607114042/http://www.atwoodlobster.com/site/cookinglobster.asp |archivedate=June2007-06-07 7,|dead-url=yes 2007}}</ref> Kadar [[merkuri]] dari lobster Amerika sekitar 0.31 ppm.<ref name=mercury>{{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/Seafood/FoodbornePathogensContaminants/Methylmercury/ucm115644.htm |title=Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |accessdate=December 25, 2009 |archiveurl=httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20130306184953/http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/Seafood/FoodbornePathogensContaminants/Methylmercury/ucm115644.htm |archivedate=March 6, 2013-03-06 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>
 
== Lihat pula ==
 
==Lihat pula==
{{portal|Pertanian}}
* [[JebakanUdang lobsterKarang|Udang karang]]
 
== Referensi ==
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[[Kategori:Hewan]]
[[Kategori:BogaMakanan baharilaut]]
[[Kategori:Kemunculan pertama Valanginium yang masih hidup]]
 
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Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Lobster"