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Revisi per 16 April 2018 09.40 sunting Greybutt (bicara \| kontrib) 128 suntingan Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: VisualEditor-alih ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi per 18 Juni 2024 09.48 sunting balikkan Aleirezkiette (bicara \| kontrib) 13.841 suntingan Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: VisualEditor Revisi selanjutnya →
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Baris 1: {{infobox spesies ~~{{Taxobox~~ \| fossil_range = {{fossil range\|Valanginian\|0\|Valanginium–Sekarang}} ~~\| color = pink~~ \| categoria_subdivisio = Subfamilia dan genera ~~\| name = Nephropidae~~ \| subdivisio = ~~\| image = Lobster.jpg~~ ~~\| image_width = 250px~~ ~~\| image_caption = ''[[American lobster\|Homarus americanus]]''~~ ~~\| regnum = [[Animalia]]~~ ~~\| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a~~ ~~\| subphylum = [[Crustacea]]~~ ~~\| classis = [[Malacostraca]]~~ ~~\| ordo = [[Decapoda]]~~ ~~\| subordo = [[Pleocyemata]]~~ ~~\| infraordo = [[Astacidea]]~~ ~~\| familia = '''Nephropidae'''~~ ~~\| familia_authority = [[James Dwight Dana\|Dana]], 1852~~ ~~\| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamily\|Subfamilies]] and [[Genus\|Genera]]~~ ~~\| subdivision =~~ * [[Neophoberinae]] ''[[Acanthacaris]]'' Baris 32 ⟶ 19: }} [[Berkas:Lobster traps.jpg\|jmpl\|ka\|Jaring lobster]] {{nutritional value \|name=Lobster Amerika, kukus \|image=[[Berkas:SteamedLobster.jpg\|240px]] \|caption=Lobster utuh yang dikukus \|kJ=372 \|protein=19.0 g \|fat=0.86 g \|satfat=0.208 g \|monofat=0.253 g \|polyfat=0.340 g \|carbs=0 g \|fibre=0 g \|sugars=0 g \|iron_mg=0.29 \|calcium_mg=96 \|magnesium_mg=43 \|phosphorus_mg=185 \|potassium_mg=230 \|zinc_mg=4.05 \|vitC_mg=0 \|pantothenic_mg=1.667 \|vitB6_mg=0.119 \|folate_ug=11 \|thiamin_mg=0.023 \|riboflavin_mg=0.017 \|niacin_mg=1.830 \|right=1 \|source=<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4588?max=25&qlookup=lobster&format=Full \|title=Nutrient data for 15148, Crustaceans, lobster, northern, cooked, moist heat \|work=National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24 \|publisher=USDA [[Agricultural Research Service]] \|date=March 30, 2012 \|accessdate=July 17, 2012 \|archive-date=2014-12-18 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218014634/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4588?max=25&qlookup=lobster&format=Full \|dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} '''Lobster''' bercapit membentuk sebuah keluarga ('''Nephropidae''', ~~kadangkala~~kadang kala juga ''Homaridae'') dari [[~~crustacean~~krustasea]] besar laut. ~~Mereka~~Lobster ~~penting~~juga ~~sebagai~~biasa ~~hewan~~disebut sebagai, ~~bisnis~~'''bekara''', ~~dan~~'''udang ~~makanan~~karang''' atau '''udang barong'''. == Biologi == Lobster bercapit jangan dibingungkan dengan [[lobster spiny]], yang tidak memiliki capit (''chelae'') dan tidak berhubungan dekat. Hubungan terdekat dari lobster bercapit adalah [[lobster reef]] ''Enoplometopus'' dan tiga keluarga dari [[~~crayfish]]~~lobster air tawar]]. ~~<!--~~ Smaller varieties are sometimes called "lobsterettes". Lobsters are [[invertebrate]]s, and have a tough [[exoskeleton]], which protects them. Like all [[arthropod]]s, lobsters must [[molt]] in order to grow, leaving them vulnerable during this time. Lobsters are considered a food [[delicacy]] around the world. In [[Europe]], they are extremely expensive; in some parts of [[North America]], much less so. == Spesies == ~~Lobsters live on rocky, sandy, or muddy bottoms from the shoreline to beyond the edge of the [[continental shelf]]. They generally live singly in crevices or in burrows under rocks.~~ Although many studies suggested that lobsters are primarily [[scavengers]], feeding on [[mollusc]]s and decaying animal matter, recent studies have shown that they primarily feed on live [[fish]], dig for [[clam]]s, [[sea urchin]]s, and feed on [[algae]] and [[Zostera\|eel-grass]]. They occasionally eat other lobsters, too. An average adult lobster is about 230 [[millimetre\|mm]] (9 [[inch]]es) long and weighs 700 to 900 [[gramme\|g]] (1.5 to 2 [[Pound (weight)\|pound]]s). Lobsters grow throughout their lives, though, and are long-lived. They can thus reach impressive sizes. According to the [[Guinness World Records]], the largest lobster was caught in [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] and weighed 20.14 [[kilogram\|kg]] (44.4 lb). ~~The environmental conditions of the lobsters can vary from ocean to ocean, but the lobster's temperature environment does not fluctuate much since their home is a large mass of water, the ocean.~~ Like all arthropods, lobsters are largely bilaterally symmetrical; clawed lobsters often possess unequal, specialized claws, like the [[king crab]]. The anatomy of the lobster includes the [[cephalothorax]] which is the head fused with the [[thorax]], both of which are covered by the [[Carapace\|carapace]], and the abdomen. The lobster's head consists of [[Antenna (biology)\|antennae]], antennules, [[mandible]]s, the first and second [[maxilla]]e, and the first, second, and third [[maxilliped]]s. Because a lobster lives in a murky environment at the bottom of the ocean, its vision is poor and it mostly uses its antennae as sensors. The abdomen of the lobster includes [[decapod anatomy\|swimmerets]] and its tail is composed of [[uropod]]s and the [[telson]]. ~~-->~~ ~~== Jenis lobster ==~~ Spesies lobster diantaranya: ''[[Acanthacaris]]'' * [[Atlantic deep-sea lobster]] (''Acanthacaris caeca'') : ''[[Acanthacaris caeca]]'' <small>A. Milne-Edwards, 1881</small> * [[Prickly deep-sea lobster]] (''Acanthacaris tenuimana'') : ''[[Acanthacaris tenuimana]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small> * [[Red lobster]] (''Eunephrops bairdii'') ** ''[[Dinochelus]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chan & Bouchet, 2010</small> * [[Sculptured lobster]] (''Eunephrops cadenasi'') : ''[[Dinochelus ausubeli]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chan & Bouchet, 2010</small> * [[Banded lobster]] (''Eunephrops manningi'') ** ''[[Eunephrops]]'' <small>Smith, 1885</small> * [[Cape lobster]] (''Homarinus capensis'') : ''[[Eunephrops bairdii]]'' <small>Smith, 1885</small> * [[American lobster]] (''Homarus americanus'') : ''[[Eunephrops cadenasi]]'' <small>Chace, 1939</small> * [[European lobster]] (''Homarus gammarus'') : ''[[Eunephrops luckhursti]]'' <small>Manning, 1997</small> * [[Andaman lobster]] (''Metanephrops andamanicus'') : ''[[Eunephrops manningi]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small> * [[Arafura lobster]] (''Metanephrops arafurensis'') ** ''[[Homarinus]]'' <small>Kornfield, Williams & Steneck, 1995</small> * [[Armored lobster]] (''Metanephrops armatus'') : ''[[Cape lobster\|Homarinus capensis]]'' <small>(Herbst, 1792)</small>–Lobster tanjung * [[Northwest lobster]] (''Metanephrops australensis'') ** ''[[Homarus]]'' <small>Weber, 1795</small> * [[Caribbean lobsterette]] (''Metanephrops binghami'') : ''[[Lobster amerika\|Homarus americanus]]'' <small>H. Milne-Edwards, 1837</small>–Lobster Amerika * [[New Zealand lobster]] (''Metanephrops challengeri'') : ''[[Homarus gammarus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>–Lobster Eropa * [[Formosa lobster]] (''Metanephrops formosanus'') ** ''[[Metanephrops]]'' <small>Jenkins, 1972</small> * [[Japanese lobster]] (''Metanephrops japonicus'') : ''[[Metanephrops andamanicus]]'' <small>(Wood-Mason, 1892)</small>–Lobster Andaman * [[African lobster]] (''Metanephrops mozambicus'') : ''[[Metanephrops arafurensis]]'' <small>(De Man, 1905)</small> * [[Neptune lobster]] (''Metanephrops neptunus'') : ''[[Metanephrops armatus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1991</small> * [[Urugavian lobster]] (''Metanephrops rubellus'') : ''[[Metanephrops australiensis]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1966)</small>–Lobster Australia * [[Sculpted lobster]] (''Metanephrops sagamiensis'') : ''[[Metanephrops binghami]]'' <small>(Boone, 1927)</small>–Lobster Karibia * [[Siboga lobster]] (''Metanephrops sibogae'') : ''[[Metanephrops boschmai]]'' <small>(Holthuis, 1964)</small>–Lobster Bight * [[China lobster]] (''Metanephrops sinensis'') : ''[[Metanephrops challengeri]]'' <small>(Balss, 1914)</small>–Lobster New Zealand * [[Red-banded lobster]] (''Metanephrops thomsoni'') : ''[[Metanephrops formosanus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1987</small> * [[Velvet lobster]] (''Metanephrops velutinus'') : ''[[Metanephrops japonicus]]'' <small>(Tapparone-Canefri, 1873)</small>–Lobster Jepang * [[Bight lobster]] (''Metanephrops boschmai'') : ''[[Metanephrops mozambicus]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small> * [[Mitten lobsterette]] (''Nephropides caribaeus'') : ''[[Metanephrops neptunus]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1965)</small> * [[Norway lobster]] (''Nephrops norvegicus'') : ''[[Metanephrops rubellus]]'' <small>(Moreira, 1903)</small> * [[Spinetail lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis acanthura'') : ''[[Metanephrops sagamiensis]]'' <small>(Parisi, 1917)</small> * [[Florida lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis aculeata'') : ''[[Metanephrops sibogae]]'' <small>(De Man, 1916)</small> * [[Prickly lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis agassizii'') : ''[[Metanephrops sinensis]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1966)</small>–Lobster Tiongkok * [[Scarlet lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis atlantica'') : ''[[Metanephrops taiwanicus]]'' <small>(Hu, 1983)</small> * [[Ridge-back lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis carpenteri'') : ''[[Metanephrops thomsoni]]'' <small>(Bate, 1888)</small> * [[Gladiator lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis ensirostris'') : ''[[Metanephrops velutinus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1991</small> * [[Saya de Malha lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis malhaensis'') ** ''[[Nephropides]]'' <small>Manning, 1969</small> * [[Ruby lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis neglecta'') : ''[[Nephropides caribaeus]]'' <small>Manning, 1969</small> * [[Pacific lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis occidentalis'') ** ''[[Nephrops]]'' <small>Leach, 1814</small> * [[Rosy lobsterette\|Rosy (or two-toned) lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis rosea'') : ''[[Nephrops norvegicus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>–Lobster Norway, Udang Dublin Bay, langoustine * [[Indian Ocean lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis stewarti'') ** ''[[Nephropsis]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1872</small> * [[Red and white lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis suhmi'') : ''[[Nephropsis acanthura]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small> * [[Grooved lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis sulcata'') : ''[[Nephropsis aculeata]]'' <small>Smith, 1881</small>–Lobster Florida * [[Bellator lobster]] (''Thymopides grobovi'') : ''[[Nephropsis agassizii]]'' <small>A. Milne-Edwards, 1880</small> * [[Patagonian lobsterette]] (''Thymops birsteini'') : ''[[Nephropsis atlantica]]'' <small>Norman, 1882</small> * [[Nilenta lobsterette]] (''Thymopsis nilenta'') : ''[[Nephropsis carpenteri]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1885</small> : ''[[Nephropsis ensirostris]]'' <small>Alcock, 1901</small> : ''[[Nephropsis holthuisii]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1993</small> : ''[[Nephropsis malhaensis]]'' <small>Borradaile, 1910</small> : ''[[Nephropsis neglecta]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small> : ''[[Nephropsis occidentalis]]'' <small>Faxon, 1893</small> : ''[[Nephropsis rosea]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small> : ''[[Nephropsis serrata]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1993</small> : ''[[Nephropsis stewarti]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1872</small> : ''[[Nephropsis suhmi]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small> : ''[[Nephropsis sulcata]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small> ** ''[[Thaumastocheles]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1874</small> : ''[[Thaumastocheles dochmiodon]]'' <small>Chan & Saint Laurent, 1999</small> : ''[[Thaumastocheles japonicus]]'' <small>Calman, 1913</small> : ''[[Thaumastocheles zaleucus]]'' <small>(Thomson, 1873)</small> ** ''[[Thaumastochelopsis]]'' <small>Bruce, 1988</small> : ''[[Thaumastochelopsis brucei]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chu & Chan, 2007</small> : ''[[Thaumastochelopsis wardi]]'' <small>Bruce, 1988</small> ** ''[[Thymopides]]'' <small>Burukovsky & Averin, 1977</small> : ''[[Thymopides grobovi]]'' <small>(Burukovsky & Averin, 1976)</small> : ''[[Thymopides laurentae]]'' <small>Segonzac & Macpherson, 2003</small> ** ''[[Thymops]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small> : ''[[Thymops birsteini]]'' <small>(Zarenkov & Semenov, 1972)</small> ** ''[[Thymopsis nilenta\|Thymopsis]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small> : ''[[Thymopsis nilenta]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small> == Industri lobster == Baris 101 ⟶ 102: == Sebagai makanan == Lobster baru populer di pertengahan abad ke 19 (sebelum tahun 2000), diperkenalkan oleh penduduk New York dan Boston.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Colin Woodard\|url=http://www.colinwoodard.com/lobstercoast\|title=The Lobster Coast\|publisher=New York: Viking/Penguin\|isbn=0-670-03324-3\|year=2004\|pages=170–180\|access-date=2014-04-27\|archive-date=2012-02-19\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219044647/http://www.colinwoodard.com/lobstercoast\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ketika itu, kapal khusus juga dibangun untuk menjaga agar lobster yang ditangkap tetap hidup selama transportasi<ref>{{cite web \| title=The Lobster Institute: History \| work=The Lobster Institute at the University of Maine \| url=http://www.lobster.um.maine.edu/index.php?page=52 \| accessdate=2012-06-11 \| archive-date=2006-09-07 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907212957/http://www.lobster.um.maine.edu/index.php?page=52 \| dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ketika itu lobster merupakan makanan orang miskin di [[Maine]], [[Massachusetts]], dan penduduk pinggir pantai Kanada.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article581926.ece\|title=How lobster went up in the world\|publisher=The Times\|date=October 24, 2005\|location=London\|author=Mark Henderson\|accessdate=May 11, 2010}}</ref> Lobster ketika itu juga disajikan kepada [[narapidana]] untuk mengganggu selera makan mereka.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.maine.gov/sos/kids/about/lobster.htm \|work=All About Maine \|title=Lobster \|publisher=[[Secretary of State of Maine]] \|accessdate=July 29, 2013 \|archive-date=2014-04-23 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423221309/http://www.maine.gov/sos/kids/about/lobster.htm \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pemanfaatan lainnya dari lobster ketika itu adalah sebagai bahan pupuk dan umpan ikan, dan baru [[pengalengan ikan\|dikalengkan]] pada awal abad ke 20.<ref name="Fish Forever">{{cite book\|first=Paul\|last=Johnson\|title=Fish Forever: The Definitive Guide to Understanding, Selecting, and Preparing Healthy, Delicious, and Environmentally Sustainable Seafood\|url=https://archive.org/details/fishforeverdefin0000john\|chapter=Lobster\|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]\|year=2007\|isbn=978-0-7645-8779-5\|pages=~~163–175~~[https://archive.org/details/fishforeverdefin0000john/page/163 163]–175}}</ref> Lobster umumnya dimasak dengan dikukus atau direbus.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.atwoodlobster.com/site/cookinglobster.asp \|title=Cooking lobsters \|publisher=Atwood Lobster Company \|accessdate=June 30, 2007 \|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070607114042/http://www.atwoodlobster.com/site/cookinglobster.asp \|archivedate=June 7, 2007}}</ref> Kadar [[merkuri]] dari lobster Amerika sekitar 0.31 ppm.<ref name=mercury>{{cite web \|url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/Seafood/FoodbornePathogensContaminants/Methylmercury/ucm115644.htm \|title=Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish \|publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]] \|accessdate=December 25, 2009 \|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130306184953/http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/Seafood/FoodbornePathogensContaminants/Methylmercury/ucm115644.htm \|archivedate=March 6, 2013 \|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Lobster umumnya dimasak dengan dikukus atau direbus.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.atwoodlobster.com/site/cookinglobster.asp \|title=Cooking lobsters \|publisher=Atwood Lobster Company \|accessdate=June 30, 2007 \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607114042/http://www.atwoodlobster.com/site/cookinglobster.asp \|archivedate=2007-06-07 \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> Kadar [[merkuri]] dari lobster Amerika sekitar 0.31 ppm.<ref name=mercury>{{cite web \|url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/Seafood/FoodbornePathogensContaminants/Methylmercury/ucm115644.htm \|title=Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish \|publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]] \|accessdate=December 25, 2009 \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306184953/http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/Seafood/FoodbornePathogensContaminants/Methylmercury/ucm115644.htm \|archivedate=2013-03-06 \|deadurl=yes }}</ref> == Lihat pula == {{portal\|Pertanian}} * [[~~Jebakan~~Udang ~~lobster~~Karang\|Udang karang]] == Referensi == Baris 114: {{sumberdaya perikanan}} {{~~templat:Boga~~Makanan ~~bahari~~laut}} {{daging}} {{Taxonbar\|from=Q1038113}} [[Kategori:Hewan]] [[Kategori:~~Boga~~Makanan ~~bahari~~laut]] [[Kategori:Kemunculan pertama Valanginium yang masih hidup]]