Lobster: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{infobox spesies
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Valanginian|0|Valanginium–Sekarang}}
| categoria_subdivisio = Subfamilia dan genera
| subdivisio =
* [[Neophoberinae]]
** ''[[Acanthacaris]]''
Baris 31 ⟶ 18:
** ''[[Thymopides]]''
}}
[[Berkas:Lobster traps.jpg|jmpl|ka|Jaring lobster]]
{{nutritional value |name=Lobster Amerika, kukus |image=[[Berkas:SteamedLobster.jpg|240px]] |caption=Lobster utuh yang dikukus |kJ=372 |protein=19.0 g |fat=0.86 g |satfat=0.208 g |monofat=0.253 g |polyfat=0.340 g |carbs=0 g |fibre=0 g |sugars=0 g |iron_mg=0.29 |calcium_mg=96 |magnesium_mg=43 |phosphorus_mg=185 |potassium_mg=230 |zinc_mg=4.05 |vitC_mg=0 |pantothenic_mg=1.667 |vitB6_mg=0.119 |folate_ug=11 |thiamin_mg=0.023 |riboflavin_mg=0.017 |niacin_mg=1.830 |right=1 |source=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4588?max=25&qlookup=lobster&format=Full |title=Nutrient data for 15148, Crustaceans, lobster, northern, cooked, moist heat |work=National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24 |publisher=USDA [[Agricultural Research Service]] |date=March 30, 2012 |accessdate=July 17, 2012 |archive-date=2014-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218014634/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4588?max=25&qlookup=lobster&format=Full |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}}
'''Lobster''' bercapit membentuk sebuah keluarga (''Nephropidae'', kadang kala juga ''Homaridae'') dari [[krustasea]] besar laut. Lobster juga biasa disebut sebagai, '''bekara''', '''udang karang''' atau '''udang barong'''.
== Biologi ==
Lobster bercapit jangan dibingungkan dengan [[lobster spiny]], yang tidak memiliki capit (''chelae'') dan tidak berhubungan dekat. Hubungan terdekat dari lobster bercapit adalah [[lobster reef]] ''Enoplometopus'' dan tiga keluarga dari [[
== Spesies ==
Spesies lobster diantaranya:
** ''[[Acanthacaris]]''
*:* ''[[Acanthacaris caeca]]'' <small>A. Milne-Edwards, 1881</small>
*:* ''[[Acanthacaris tenuimana]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small>
** ''[[Dinochelus]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chan & Bouchet, 2010</small>
*:* ''[[Dinochelus ausubeli]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chan & Bouchet, 2010</small>
** ''[[Eunephrops]]'' <small>Smith, 1885</small>
*:* ''[[Eunephrops bairdii]]'' <small>Smith, 1885</small>
*:* ''[[Eunephrops cadenasi]]'' <small>Chace, 1939</small>
*:* ''[[Eunephrops luckhursti]]'' <small>Manning, 1997</small>
*:* ''[[Eunephrops manningi]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>
** ''[[Homarinus]]'' <small>Kornfield, Williams & Steneck, 1995</small>
*:* ''[[Cape lobster|Homarinus capensis]]'' <small>(Herbst, 1792)</small>–Lobster tanjung
** ''[[Homarus]]'' <small>Weber, 1795</small>
*:* ''[[Lobster amerika|Homarus americanus]]'' <small>H. Milne-Edwards, 1837</small>–Lobster Amerika
*:* ''[[Homarus gammarus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>–Lobster Eropa
** ''[[Metanephrops]]'' <small>Jenkins, 1972</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops andamanicus]]'' <small>(Wood-Mason, 1892)</small>–Lobster Andaman
*:* ''[[Metanephrops arafurensis]]'' <small>(De Man, 1905)</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops armatus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1991</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops australiensis]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1966)</small>–Lobster Australia
*:* ''[[Metanephrops binghami]]'' <small>(Boone, 1927)</small>–Lobster Karibia
*:* ''[[Metanephrops boschmai]]'' <small>(Holthuis, 1964)</small>–Lobster Bight
*:* ''[[Metanephrops challengeri]]'' <small>(Balss, 1914)</small>–Lobster New Zealand
*:* ''[[Metanephrops formosanus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1987</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops japonicus]]'' <small>(Tapparone-Canefri, 1873)</small>–Lobster Jepang
*:* ''[[Metanephrops mozambicus]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops neptunus]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1965)</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops rubellus]]'' <small>(Moreira, 1903)</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops sagamiensis]]'' <small>(Parisi, 1917)</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops sibogae]]'' <small>(De Man, 1916)</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops sinensis]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1966)</small>–Lobster Tiongkok
*:* ''[[Metanephrops taiwanicus]]'' <small>(Hu, 1983)</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops thomsoni]]'' <small>(Bate, 1888)</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops velutinus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1991</small>
** ''[[Nephropides]]'' <small>Manning, 1969</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropides caribaeus]]'' <small>Manning, 1969</small>
** ''[[Nephrops]]'' <small>Leach, 1814</small>
*:* ''[[Nephrops norvegicus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>–Lobster Norway, Udang Dublin Bay, langoustine
** ''[[Nephropsis]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1872</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis acanthura]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis aculeata]]'' <small>Smith, 1881</small>–Lobster Florida
*:* ''[[Nephropsis agassizii]]'' <small>A. Milne-Edwards, 1880</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis atlantica]]'' <small>Norman, 1882</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis carpenteri]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1885</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis ensirostris]]'' <small>Alcock, 1901</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis holthuisii]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1993</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis malhaensis]]'' <small>Borradaile, 1910</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis neglecta]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis occidentalis]]'' <small>Faxon, 1893</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis rosea]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis serrata]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1993</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis stewarti]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1872</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis suhmi]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis sulcata]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small>
** ''[[Thaumastocheles]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1874</small>
*:* ''[[Thaumastocheles dochmiodon]]'' <small>Chan & Saint Laurent, 1999</small>
*:* ''[[Thaumastocheles japonicus]]'' <small>Calman, 1913</small>
*:* ''[[Thaumastocheles zaleucus]]'' <small>(Thomson, 1873)</small>
** ''[[Thaumastochelopsis]]'' <small>Bruce, 1988</small>
*:* ''[[Thaumastochelopsis brucei]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chu & Chan, 2007</small>
*:* ''[[Thaumastochelopsis wardi]]'' <small>Bruce, 1988</small>
** ''[[Thymopides]]'' <small>Burukovsky & Averin, 1977</small>
*:* ''[[Thymopides grobovi]]'' <small>(Burukovsky & Averin, 1976)</small>
*:* ''[[Thymopides laurentae]]'' <small>Segonzac & Macpherson, 2003</small>
** ''[[Thymops]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>
*:* ''[[Thymops birsteini]]'' <small>(Zarenkov & Semenov, 1972)</small>
** ''[[Thymopsis nilenta|Thymopsis]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>
*:* ''[[Thymopsis nilenta]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>
== Industri lobster ==
Lobster kebanyakan datang dari pesisir timur laut Amerika Utara dengan [[Canadian Maritimes]] dan negara bagian [[Amerika Serikat]] [[Maine]] sebagai produsen terbesar. Mereka ditangkap dengan menggunakan [[jebakan lobster]]. Alat tersebut diberi umpan dan diturunkan ke dasar laut. Alat ini membiarkan lobster masuk, namun tidak mungkin bagi lobster besar untuk keluar. Alat ini membuat lobster kecil dapat keluar sehingga bisa mecegah penangkapan lobster yang berlebihan.
== Sebagai makanan ==
Lobster baru populer di pertengahan abad ke 19 (sebelum tahun 2000), diperkenalkan oleh penduduk New York dan Boston.<ref>{{cite book|author=Colin Woodard|url=http://www.colinwoodard.com/lobstercoast|title=The Lobster Coast|publisher=New York: Viking/Penguin|isbn=0-670-03324-3|year=2004|pages=170–180|access-date=2014-04-27|archive-date=2012-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219044647/http://www.colinwoodard.com/lobstercoast|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ketika itu, kapal khusus juga dibangun untuk menjaga agar lobster yang ditangkap tetap hidup selama transportasi<ref>{{cite web | title=The Lobster Institute: History | work=The Lobster Institute at the University of Maine | url=http://www.lobster.um.maine.edu/index.php?page=52 | accessdate=2012-06-11 | archive-date=2006-09-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907212957/http://www.lobster.um.maine.edu/index.php?page=52 | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ketika itu lobster merupakan makanan orang miskin di [[Maine]], [[Massachusetts]], dan penduduk pinggir pantai Kanada.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article581926.ece|title=How lobster went up in the world|publisher=The Times|date=October 24, 2005|location=London|author=Mark Henderson|accessdate=May 11, 2010}}</ref> Lobster ketika itu juga disajikan kepada [[narapidana]] untuk mengganggu selera makan mereka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maine.gov/sos/kids/about/lobster.htm |work=All About Maine |title=Lobster |publisher=[[Secretary of State of Maine]] |accessdate=July 29, 2013 |archive-date=2014-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423221309/http://www.maine.gov/sos/kids/about/lobster.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pemanfaatan lainnya dari lobster ketika itu adalah sebagai bahan pupuk dan umpan ikan, dan baru [[pengalengan ikan|dikalengkan]] pada awal abad ke 20.<ref name="Fish Forever">{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Johnson|title=Fish Forever: The Definitive Guide to Understanding, Selecting, and Preparing Healthy, Delicious, and Environmentally Sustainable Seafood|url=https://archive.org/details/fishforeverdefin0000john|chapter=Lobster|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7645-8779-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fishforeverdefin0000john/page/163 163]–175}}</ref>
Lobster umumnya dimasak dengan dikukus atau direbus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atwoodlobster.com/site/cookinglobster.asp |title=Cooking lobsters |publisher=Atwood Lobster Company |accessdate=June 30, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607114042/http://www.atwoodlobster.com/site/cookinglobster.asp |archivedate=2007-06-07 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Kadar [[merkuri]] dari lobster Amerika sekitar 0.31 ppm.<ref name=mercury>{{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/Seafood/FoodbornePathogensContaminants/Methylmercury/ucm115644.htm |title=Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |accessdate=December 25, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306184953/http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/Seafood/FoodbornePathogensContaminants/Methylmercury/ucm115644.htm |archivedate=2013-03-06 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
{{portal|Pertanian}}
* [[Udang Karang|Udang karang]]
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
{{sumberdaya perikanan}}
{{Makanan laut}}
{{daging}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1038113}}
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[[Kategori:Makanan laut]]
[[Kategori:Kemunculan pertama Valanginium yang masih hidup]]
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