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{{infobox spesies
{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Valanginian|0|Valanginium–Sekarang}}
| color = pink
| categoria_subdivisio = Subfamilia dan genera
| name = Nephropidae
| subdivisio =
| image = Lobster.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''[[American lobster|Homarus americanus]]''
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| subphylum = [[Crustacea]]
| classis = [[Malacostraca]]
| ordo = [[Decapoda]]
| subordo = [[Pleocyemata]]
| infraordo = [[Astacidea]]
| familia = '''Nephropidae'''
| familia_authority = [[James Dwight Dana|Dana]], 1852
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamily|Subfamilies]] and [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
* [[Neophoberinae]]
** ''[[Acanthacaris]]''
Baris 31 ⟶ 18:
** ''[[Thymopides]]''
}}
[[Berkas:Lobster traps.jpg|jmpl|ka|Jaring lobster]]
'''Lobster''' bercapit membentuk sebuah keluarga ('''Nephropidae''', kadangkala juga Homaridae) dari [[crustacean]] besar laut. Mereka penting sebagai hewan, bisnis, dan makanan.
{{nutritional value |name=Lobster Amerika, kukus |image=[[Berkas:SteamedLobster.jpg|240px]] |caption=Lobster utuh yang dikukus |kJ=372 |protein=19.0 g |fat=0.86 g |satfat=0.208 g |monofat=0.253 g |polyfat=0.340 g |carbs=0 g |fibre=0 g |sugars=0 g |iron_mg=0.29 |calcium_mg=96 |magnesium_mg=43 |phosphorus_mg=185 |potassium_mg=230 |zinc_mg=4.05 |vitC_mg=0 |pantothenic_mg=1.667 |vitB6_mg=0.119 |folate_ug=11 |thiamin_mg=0.023 |riboflavin_mg=0.017 |niacin_mg=1.830 |right=1 |source=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4588?max=25&qlookup=lobster&format=Full |title=Nutrient data for 15148, Crustaceans, lobster, northern, cooked, moist heat |work=National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24 |publisher=USDA [[Agricultural Research Service]] |date=March 30, 2012 |accessdate=July 17, 2012 |archive-date=2014-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218014634/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4588?max=25&qlookup=lobster&format=Full |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}}
'''Lobster''' bercapit membentuk sebuah keluarga (''Nephropidae'', kadang kala juga ''Homaridae'') dari [[krustasea]] besar laut. Lobster juga biasa disebut sebagai, '''bekara''', '''udang karang''' atau '''udang barong'''.
 
== Biologi ==
Lobster bercapit jangan dibingungkan dengan [[lobster spiny]], yang tidak memiliki capit (''chelae'') dan tidak berhubungan dekat. Hubungan terdekat dari lobster bercapit adalah [[lobster reef]] ''Enoplometopus'' dan tiga keluarga dari [[crayfish]]lobster air tawar]].
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Smaller varieties are sometimes called "lobsterettes". Lobsters are [[invertebrate]]s, and have a tough [[exoskeleton]], which protects them. Like all [[arthropod]]s, lobsters must [[molt]] in order to grow, leaving them vulnerable during this time. Lobsters are considered a food [[delicacy]] around the world. In [[Europe]], they are extremely expensive; in some parts of [[North America]], much less so.
 
== Spesies ==
Lobsters live on rocky, sandy, or muddy bottoms from the shoreline to beyond the edge of the [[continental shelf]]. They generally live singly in crevices or in burrows under rocks.
Spesies lobster diantaranya:
** ''[[Acanthacaris]]''
*:* ''[[Acanthacaris caeca]]'' <small>A. Milne-Edwards, 1881</small>
*:* ''[[Acanthacaris tenuimana]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small>
** ''[[Dinochelus]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chan & Bouchet, 2010</small>
*:* ''[[Dinochelus ausubeli]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chan & Bouchet, 2010</small>
** ''[[Eunephrops]]'' <small>Smith, 1885</small>
*:* ''[[Eunephrops bairdii]]'' <small>Smith, 1885</small>
*:* ''[[Eunephrops cadenasi]]'' <small>Chace, 1939</small>
*:* ''[[Eunephrops luckhursti]]'' <small>Manning, 1997</small>
*:* ''[[Eunephrops manningi]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>
** ''[[Homarinus]]'' <small>Kornfield, Williams & Steneck, 1995</small>
*:* ''[[Cape lobster|Homarinus capensis]]'' <small>(Herbst, 1792)</small>–Lobster tanjung
** ''[[Homarus]]'' <small>Weber, 1795</small>
*:* ''[[Lobster amerika|Homarus americanus]]'' <small>H. Milne-Edwards, 1837</small>–Lobster Amerika
*:* ''[[Homarus gammarus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>–Lobster Eropa
** ''[[Metanephrops]]'' <small>Jenkins, 1972</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops andamanicus]]'' <small>(Wood-Mason, 1892)</small>–Lobster Andaman
*:* ''[[Metanephrops arafurensis]]'' <small>(De Man, 1905)</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops armatus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1991</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops australiensis]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1966)</small>–Lobster Australia
*:* ''[[Metanephrops binghami]]'' <small>(Boone, 1927)</small>–Lobster Karibia
*:* ''[[Metanephrops boschmai]]'' <small>(Holthuis, 1964)</small>–Lobster Bight
*:* ''[[Metanephrops challengeri]]'' <small>(Balss, 1914)</small>–Lobster New Zealand
*:* ''[[Metanephrops formosanus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1987</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops japonicus]]'' <small>(Tapparone-Canefri, 1873)</small>–Lobster Jepang
*:* ''[[Metanephrops mozambicus]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops neptunus]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1965)</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops rubellus]]'' <small>(Moreira, 1903)</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops sagamiensis]]'' <small>(Parisi, 1917)</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops sibogae]]'' <small>(De Man, 1916)</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops sinensis]]'' <small>(Bruce, 1966)</small>–Lobster Tiongkok
*:* ''[[Metanephrops taiwanicus]]'' <small>(Hu, 1983)</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops thomsoni]]'' <small>(Bate, 1888)</small>
*:* ''[[Metanephrops velutinus]]'' <small>Chan & Yu, 1991</small>
** ''[[Nephropides]]'' <small>Manning, 1969</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropides caribaeus]]'' <small>Manning, 1969</small>
** ''[[Nephrops]]'' <small>Leach, 1814</small>
*:* ''[[Nephrops norvegicus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>–Lobster Norway, Udang Dublin Bay, langoustine
** ''[[Nephropsis]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1872</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis acanthura]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis aculeata]]'' <small>Smith, 1881</small>–Lobster Florida
*:* ''[[Nephropsis agassizii]]'' <small>A. Milne-Edwards, 1880</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis atlantica]]'' <small>Norman, 1882</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis carpenteri]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1885</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis ensirostris]]'' <small>Alcock, 1901</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis holthuisii]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1993</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis malhaensis]]'' <small>Borradaile, 1910</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis neglecta]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis occidentalis]]'' <small>Faxon, 1893</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis rosea]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis serrata]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1993</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis stewarti]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1872</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis suhmi]]'' <small>Bate, 1888</small>
*:* ''[[Nephropsis sulcata]]'' <small>Macpherson, 1990</small>
** ''[[Thaumastocheles]]'' <small>Wood-Mason, 1874</small>
*:* ''[[Thaumastocheles dochmiodon]]'' <small>Chan & Saint Laurent, 1999</small>
*:* ''[[Thaumastocheles japonicus]]'' <small>Calman, 1913</small>
*:* ''[[Thaumastocheles zaleucus]]'' <small>(Thomson, 1873)</small>
** ''[[Thaumastochelopsis]]'' <small>Bruce, 1988</small>
*:* ''[[Thaumastochelopsis brucei]]'' <small>Ahyong, Chu & Chan, 2007</small>
*:* ''[[Thaumastochelopsis wardi]]'' <small>Bruce, 1988</small>
** ''[[Thymopides]]'' <small>Burukovsky & Averin, 1977</small>
*:* ''[[Thymopides grobovi]]'' <small>(Burukovsky & Averin, 1976)</small>
*:* ''[[Thymopides laurentae]]'' <small>Segonzac & Macpherson, 2003</small>
** ''[[Thymops]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>
*:* ''[[Thymops birsteini]]'' <small>(Zarenkov & Semenov, 1972)</small>
** ''[[Thymopsis nilenta|Thymopsis]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>
*:* ''[[Thymopsis nilenta]]'' <small>Holthuis, 1974</small>
 
== Industri lobster ==
Although many studies suggested that lobsters are primarily [[scavengers]], feeding on [[mollusc]]s and decaying animal matter, recent studies have shown that they primarily feed on live [[fish]], dig for [[clam]]s, [[sea urchin]]s, and feed on [[algae]] and [[Zostera|eel-grass]]. They occasionally eat other lobsters, too. An average adult lobster is about 230 [[millimetre|mm]] (9 [[inch]]es) long and weighs 700 to 900 [[gramme|g]] (1.5 to 2 [[Pound (weight)|pound]]s). Lobsters grow throughout their lives, though, and are long-lived. They can thus reach impressive sizes. According to the [[Guinness World Records]], the largest lobster was caught in [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] and weighed 20.14 [[kilogram|kg]] (44.4 lb).
 
Lobster kebanyakan datang dari pesisir timur laut Amerika Utara dengan [[Canadian Maritimes]] dan negara bagian [[Amerika Serikat]] [[Maine]] sebagai produsen terbesar. Mereka ditangkap dengan menggunakan [[jebakan lobster]]. Alat tersebut diberi umpan dan diturunkan ke dasar laut. Alat ini membiarkan lobster masuk, namun tidak mungkin bagi lobster besar untuk keluar. Alat ini membuat lobster kecil dapat keluar sehingga bisa mecegah penangkapan lobster yang berlebihan.
The environmental conditions of the lobsters can vary from ocean to ocean, but the lobster's temperature environment does not fluctuate much since their home is a large mass of water, the ocean.
 
== Sebagai makanan ==
Like all arthropods, lobsters are largely bilaterally symmetrical; clawed lobsters often possess unequal, specialized claws, like the [[king crab]]. The anatomy of the lobster includes the [[cephalothorax]] which is the head fused with the [[thorax]], both of which are covered by the [[Carapace|carapace]], and the abdomen. The lobster's head consists of [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]], antennules, [[mandible]]s, the first and second [[maxilla]]e, and the first, second, and third [[maxilliped]]s. Because a lobster lives in a murky environment at the bottom of the ocean, its vision is poor and it mostly uses its antennae as sensors. The abdomen of the lobster includes [[decapod anatomy|swimmerets]] and its tail is composed of [[uropod]]s and the [[telson]].
-->
 
Lobster baru populer di pertengahan abad ke 19 (sebelum tahun 2000), diperkenalkan oleh penduduk New York dan Boston.<ref>{{cite book|author=Colin Woodard|url=http://www.colinwoodard.com/lobstercoast|title=The Lobster Coast|publisher=New York: Viking/Penguin|isbn=0-670-03324-3|year=2004|pages=170–180|access-date=2014-04-27|archive-date=2012-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219044647/http://www.colinwoodard.com/lobstercoast|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ketika itu, kapal khusus juga dibangun untuk menjaga agar lobster yang ditangkap tetap hidup selama transportasi<ref>{{cite web | title=The Lobster Institute: History | work=The Lobster Institute at the University of Maine | url=http://www.lobster.um.maine.edu/index.php?page=52 | accessdate=2012-06-11 | archive-date=2006-09-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907212957/http://www.lobster.um.maine.edu/index.php?page=52 | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ketika itu lobster merupakan makanan orang miskin di [[Maine]], [[Massachusetts]], dan penduduk pinggir pantai Kanada.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article581926.ece|title=How lobster went up in the world|publisher=The Times|date=October 24, 2005|location=London|author=Mark Henderson|accessdate=May 11, 2010}}</ref> Lobster ketika itu juga disajikan kepada [[narapidana]] untuk mengganggu selera makan mereka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maine.gov/sos/kids/about/lobster.htm |work=All About Maine |title=Lobster |publisher=[[Secretary of State of Maine]] |accessdate=July 29, 2013 |archive-date=2014-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423221309/http://www.maine.gov/sos/kids/about/lobster.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pemanfaatan lainnya dari lobster ketika itu adalah sebagai bahan pupuk dan umpan ikan, dan baru [[pengalengan ikan|dikalengkan]] pada awal abad ke 20.<ref name="Fish Forever">{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Johnson|title=Fish Forever: The Definitive Guide to Understanding, Selecting, and Preparing Healthy, Delicious, and Environmentally Sustainable Seafood|url=https://archive.org/details/fishforeverdefin0000john|chapter=Lobster|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7645-8779-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fishforeverdefin0000john/page/163 163]–175}}</ref>
== Industri lobster ==
[[Berkas:Lobster traps.jpg|thumb|left|Jaring lobster]]
Lobster kebanyakan datang dari pesisir timur laut Amerika Utara dengan [[Canadian Maritimes]] dan negara bagian [[Amerika Serikat]] [[Maine]] sebagai produsen terbesar. Mereka ditangkap dengan menggunakan [[jebakan lobster]]. Alat tersebut diberi umpan dan diturunkan ke dasar laut. Alat ini membiarkan lobster masuk, namun tidak mungkin bagi lobster besar untuk keluar. Alat ini membuat lobster kecil dapat keluar sehingga bisa mecegah penangkapan lobster yang berlebihan.
 
Lobster umumnya dimasak dengan dikukus atau direbus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atwoodlobster.com/site/cookinglobster.asp |title=Cooking lobsters |publisher=Atwood Lobster Company |accessdate=June 30, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607114042/http://www.atwoodlobster.com/site/cookinglobster.asp |archivedate=2007-06-07 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Kadar [[merkuri]] dari lobster Amerika sekitar 0.31 ppm.<ref name=mercury>{{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/Seafood/FoodbornePathogensContaminants/Methylmercury/ucm115644.htm |title=Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |accessdate=December 25, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306184953/http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/Seafood/FoodbornePathogensContaminants/Methylmercury/ucm115644.htm |archivedate=2013-03-06 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>
== Jenis lobster ==
 
Spesies lobster termasuk:
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Atlantic deep-sea lobster]] (''Acanthacaris caeca'')
{{portal|Pertanian}}
* [[Prickly deep-sea lobster]] (''Acanthacaris tenuimana'')
* [[Udang Karang|Udang karang]]
* [[Red lobster]] (''Eunephrops bairdii'')
 
* [[Sculptured lobster]] (''Eunephrops cadenasi'')
== Referensi ==
* [[Banded lobster]] (''Eunephrops manningi'')
{{reflist}}
* [[Cape lobster]] (''Homarinus capensis'')
 
* [[American lobster]] (''Homarus americanus'')
{{sumberdaya perikanan}}
* [[European lobster]] (''Homarus gammarus'')
{{Makanan laut}}
* [[Andaman lobster]] (''Metanephrops andamanicus'')
{{daging}}
* [[Arafura lobster]] (''Metanephrops arafurensis'')
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1038113}}
* [[Armored lobster]] (''Metanephrops armatus'')
* [[Northwest lobster]] (''Metanephrops australensis'')
* [[Caribbean lobsterette]] (''Metanephrops binghami'')
* [[New Zealand lobster]] (''Metanephrops challengeri'')
* [[Formosa lobster]] (''Metanephrops formosanus'')
* [[Japanese lobster]] (''Metanephrops japonicus'')
* [[African lobster]] (''Metanephrops mozambicus'')
* [[Neptune lobster]] (''Metanephrops neptunus'')
* [[Urugavian lobster]] (''Metanephrops rubellus'')
* [[Sculpted lobster]] (''Metanephrops sagamiensis'')
* [[Siboga lobster]] (''Metanephrops sibogae'')
* [[China lobster]] (''Metanephrops sinensis'')
* [[Red-banded lobster]] (''Metanephrops thomsoni'')
* [[Velvet lobster]] (''Metanephrops velutinus'')
* [[Bight lobster]] (''Metanephrops boschmai'')
* [[Mitten lobsterette]] (''Nephropides caribaeus'')
* [[Norway lobster]] (''Nephrops norvegicus'')
* [[Spinetail lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis acanthura'')
* [[Florida lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis aculeata'')
* [[Prickly lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis agassizii'')
* [[Scarlet lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis atlantica'')
* [[Ridge-back lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis carpenteri'')
* [[Gladiator lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis ensirostris'')
* [[Saya de Malha lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis malhaensis'')
* [[Ruby lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis neglecta'')
* [[Pacific lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis occidentalis'')
* [[Rosy lobsterette|Rosy (or two-toned) lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis rosea'')
* [[Indian Ocean lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis stewarti'')
* [[Red and white lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis suhmi'')
* [[Grooved lobsterette]] (''Nephropsis sulcata'')
* [[Bellator lobster]] (''Thymopides grobovi'')
* [[Patagonian lobsterette]] (''Thymops birsteini'')
* [[Nilenta lobsterette]] (''Thymopsis nilenta'')
 
[[Kategori:Hewan]]
[[Kategori:Makanan laut]]
[[Kategori:Kemunculan pertama Valanginium yang masih hidup]]
 
[[ang:Loppestre]]
[[ar:كركند]]
[[bcl:Banagan]]
[[be:Амары]]
[[be-x-old:Амары]]
[[bg:Омар]]
[[bn:গলদা-চিংড়ি]]
[[ca:Nefròpid]]
[[cs:Humrovití]]
[[de:Hummerartige]]
[[diq:Kerkence]]
[[el:Αστακός (μαλακόστρακο)]]
[[en:Lobster]]
[[eo:Omaro]]
[[es:Langosta (crustáceo)]]
[[fa:لابستر]]
[[fi:Hummerit]]
[[fr:Nephropidae]]
[[hak:Liùng-hâ]]
[[he:לובסטר]]
[[hi:झींगा मछली (लॉब्स्टर)]]
[[is:Humrar]]
[[it:Nephropidae]]
[[ja:ロブスター]]
[[jv:Lobster]]
[[lt:Omaras]]
[[ml:കൊഞ്ച്]]
[[ms:Udang karang]]
[[nl:Zeekreeften]]
[[nn:Hummarfamilien]]
[[no:Hummere]]
[[pl:Homary]]
[[pt:Nephropidae]]
[[ru:Омары]]
[[simple:Lobster]]
[[sv:Hummer]]
[[te:ఎండ్రకాయ]]
[[tl:Ulang]]
[[tr:Istakoz]]
[[uk:Омар]]
[[ur:کَر کند]]
[[war:Tapusok]]
[[wuu:龙虾]]
[[zh:海螯蝦]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Lobster"