Teks Alexandria: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Teks Alexandria''' (atau '''Teks Aleksandria'''; {{lang-en|Alexandrian text-type}}, juga disebut jenis teks '''Neutral''' atau '''Egyptian'''), berkaitan dengan salah satu pusat [[Kekristenan]] kuno, kota [[Aleksandria]] di [[Mesir]], adalah salah satu jenis teks dari naskah-naskah kuno [[Perjanjian Baru]] menurut kritisisme tekstual. Teks Alexandria dianggap kelompok naskah yang predominan di daerah Afrika yang juga digunakan sebagai dasar naskah-naskah [[bahasa Koptik]]. Sedangkan [[Teks Bizantin]] lebih dominan di [[Asia]] dan [[Eropa]], serta (terutama sejak abad ke-9) menjadi bentuk teks standar [[Gereja Ortodoks]] [[Yunani]] dan mendasari terjemahan-terjemahan [[Protestan]] pada era Reformasi.

 

 

== Naskah-naskah Teks Alexandria ==

|style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Papirus 72|Bodmer VII/VIII]]

|style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 3rd/4th

|-

|style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Papirus 75|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁷⁵]]

|style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Papirus 75|Bodmer XIV-XV]]

|style="background:#EBE" align="center"| abad ke-3

|-

|style="background:#EBE" align="center"| א

|style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Uncial 0220]]

|style="background:#EBE" align="center"| abad ke-6

|-

|style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 33

=== Naskah-naskah lain ===

 

[[Papirus 1|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹]], [[Papirus 4|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁴]], [[Papirus Oxyrhynchus 208 + 1781|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁵]], [[Papirus 6|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁶]], [[Papirus 8|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁸]], [[Papirus 9|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁹]], [[Papirus 10|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹⁰]], [[Papirus 11|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹¹]], [[Papirus 12|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹²]], [[Papirus 13|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹³]], [[Papirus 14|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹⁴]], [[Papirus 15|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹⁵]], [[Papirus 16|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹⁶]], [[Papirus 17|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹⁷]], [[Papirus 18|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹⁸]], [[Papirus 19|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹⁹]], [[Papirus 20|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>²⁰]], [[Papirus 22|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>²²]], [[Papirus 23|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>²³]], [[Papirus 24|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>²⁴]], [[Papirus 26|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>²⁶]], [[Papirus 27|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>²⁷]], [[Papirus 28|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>²⁸]], [[Papirus 29|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>²⁹]], [[Papirus 30|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>³⁰]], [[Papirus 31|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>³¹]], [[Papirus 32|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>³²]], [[Papirus 33|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>³³]], [[Papirus 34|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>³⁴]], [[Papirus 35|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>³⁵]], [[Papirus 37|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>³⁷]], [[Papirus 39|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>³⁹]], [[Papirus 40|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁴⁰]], [[Papirus 43|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁴³]], [[Papirus 44|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁴⁴]], [[Papirus 45|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁴⁵]], [[Papirus 47|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁴⁷]], [[Papirus 49|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁴⁹]], [[Papirus 51|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁵¹]], [[Papirus 53|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁵³]], [[Papirus 55|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁵⁵]], [[Papirus 56|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁵⁶]], [[Papirus 57|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁵⁷]], [[Papirus 61|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁶¹]], [[Papirus 62|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁶²]], [[Papirus 64|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁶⁴]], [[Papirus 65|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁶⁵]], [[Papirus 70|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁷⁰]], [[Papirus 71|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁷¹]], [[Papirus 72|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁷²]], [[Papirus 74|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁷⁴]], [[Papirus 77|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁷⁷]], [[Papirus 78|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁷⁸]], [[Papirus 79|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁷⁹]], [[Papirus 80|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁸⁰]] (?), [[Papirus 81|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁸¹]], [[Papirus 82|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁸²]], [[Papirus 85|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁸⁵]] (?), [[Papirus 86|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁸⁶]], [[Papirus 87|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁸⁷]], [[Papirus 90|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁹⁰]], [[Papirus 91|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁹¹]], [[Papirus 92|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁹²]], [[Papirus 95|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁹⁵]], [[Papirus 100|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹⁰⁰]], [[Papirus 104|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹⁰⁴]], [[Papirus 106|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹⁰⁶]], [[Papirus 107|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹⁰⁷]], [[Papirus 108|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹⁰⁸]], [[Papirus 110|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹¹⁰]], [[Papirus 111|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹¹¹]], [[Papirus 115|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹¹⁵]], [[Papirus 122|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹²²]].

 

[[Codex Coislinianus]], [[Codex Porphyrianus|Porphyrianus]] (kecuali [[Kisah Para Rasul]], [[Wahyu kepada Yohanes]]), [[Codex Dublinensis|Dublinensis]], [[Codex Sangallensis 48|Sangallensis]] (hanya Injil Markus), [[Codex Zacynthius|Zacynthius]], [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Athous Lavrensis]] (hanya Injil Markus dan surat-surat umum), [[Codex Vaticanus 2061|Vaticanus 2061]], [[Uncial 059|059]], [[Uncial 068|068]], [[Uncial 071|071]], [[Uncial 073|073]], [[Uncial 076|076]], [[Uncial 077|077]], [[Uncial 081|081]], [[Uncial 083|083]], [[Uncial 085|085]], [[Uncial 087|087]], [[Uncial 088|088]], [[Uncial 089|089]], [[Uncial 091|091]], [[Uncial 093|093]] (kecuali [[Kisah Para Rasul]]), [[Uncial 094|094]], [[Uncial 096|096]], [[Uncial 098|098]], [[Uncial 0101|0101]], [[Uncial 0102|0102]], [[Uncial 0108|0108]], [[Uncial 0111|0111]], [[Uncial 0114|0114]], [[Uncial 0129|0129]], [[Uncial 0142|0142]], [[Uncial 0155|0155]], [[Uncial 0156|0156]], [[Uncial 0162|0162]], [[Uncial 0167|0167]], [[Uncial 0172|0172]], [[Uncial 0173|0173]], [[Uncial 0175|0175]], [[Uncial 0181|0181]], [[Uncial 0183|0183]], [[Uncial 0184|0184]], [[Uncial 0185|0185]], [[Uncial 0189|0189]], [[Uncial 0201|0201]], [[Uncial 0204|0204]], [[Uncial 0205|0205]], [[Uncial 0207|0207]], [[Uncial 0223|0223]], [[Uncial 0225|0225]], [[Uncial 0232|0232]], [[Uncial 0234|0234]], [[Uncial 0240|0240]], [[Uncial 0243|0243]], [[Uncial 0244|0244]], [[Uncial 0245|0245]], [[Uncial 0247|0247]], [[Uncial 0254|0254]], [[Uncial 0270|0270]], [[Uncial 0271|0271]], [[Uncial 0274|0274]].

 

 

Menurut para kritik saat ini, kodeks [[Papirus 75|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁷⁵]] dan [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]] dianggap merupakan saksi Teks Alexandria yang terbaik dan paling murni. Saksi-saksi lain digolongkan menurut pelestarian baris-baris naskah <math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁷⁵-B. Saksi-saksi primer Teks Alexandria termasuk [[Papirus 66|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁶⁶]] dan kutipan-kutipan [[Origen]]. Saksi-saksi sekunder meliputi naskah-naskah [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]], [[Codex Regius (Perjanjian Baru)|L]], [[Minuscule 33|33]], serta tulisan-tulisan [[Didymus Si Buta]].<ref>[[Bruce M. Metzger]], [[Bart D. Ehrman]], ''The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration'', Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 278.</ref>

== Ciri-ciri Teks Alexandria ==

 

 

Jika dibandingkan dengan Teks Bizantin, Teks Alexandria cenderung (pada naskah-naskah berbeda; tidak secara seragam):

* Memiliki sejumlah bacaan yang berakhir mendadak - misalnya akhiran pendek [[Injil Markus]], yang berakhir pada Teks Alexandria pada {{Alkitab|Markus 16:8}} (".. karena mereka takut.") menghilangkan {{Alkitab|Mark 16:9-20}}; {{Alkitab|Matius 16:2b–3}}, {{Alkitab|Yohanes 5:4}}; [[Yesus dan perempuan yang berzinah|Yohanes 7:53-8:11]];

* Menghilangkan sejumlah ayat: {{Alkitab|Matius 12:47; 17:21; 18:11}}; {{Alkitab|Markus 9:44.46; 11:26; 15:28}}; {{Alkitab|Lukas 17:36}}; {{Alkitab|Kisah Para Rasul 8:37; 15:34; 24:7; 28:29}}.<ref>Bruce M. Metzger, ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' (Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft: Stuttgart 2001), pp. 315, 388, 434, 444.</ref>

* Dalam {{Alkitab|Matius 15:6}} menghilangkan {{Unicode|η την μητερα}} (αυτου) (''atau ibu(-nya)'') — א B D [[Alkitab bahasa Koptik|cop^sa]];<ref>NA26, p. 41.</ref>

* Dalam {{Alkitab|Markus 10:7}} menghilangkan frasa {{Unicode|και προσκολληθησεται προς την γυναικα αυτου}} (''dan bersatu dengan istrinya''), dalam kodeks-kodesk Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, Athous Lavrensis, 892, [[Leksionari 48|'''ℓ''' ''48'']], [[Syriac Sinaiticus|syr^s]], [[Alkitab bahasa Goth|goth]].<ref>UBS3, p. 164.</ref>

* {{Alkitab|Markus 10:37}} {{Unicode|αριστερων}} ("kiri") bukannya {{Unicode|ευωνυμων}} (juga berarti "kiri"), dalam frasa εξ αριστερων (B Δ 892^v.l.) atau σου εξ αριστερων (L Ψ 892*); meskipun di ayat {{Alkitab|Markus 10:40}} semua menggunakan {{Unicode|ευωνυμων}}.<ref>NA26, p. 124.</ref>

* Dalam {{Alkitab|Lukas 9:55-56}} hanya ada {{Unicode|στραφεις δε επετιμησεν αυτοις}} (''tetapi Ia berpaling dan menegur mereka'') — p⁴⁵ p⁷⁵ א B C L W X Δ Ξ Ψ 28 33 565 892 1009 1010 1071 Byz^pt Lect

* Menunjukkan lebih banyak variasi antara bagian-bagian paralel [[Injil Sinoptik]] — misalnya versi [[Injil Lukas]] untuk [[Doa Bapa Kami]] ({{Alkitab|Lukas 11:2}}), pada Teks Alexandria dibuka dengan kata "Bapa" saja, sedangkan pada [[Teks Bizantin]] tertulis (sebagaimana pada bagian paralel {{Alkitab|Matius 6:9}}) "Bapa kami di sorga.. ";

* Memiliki lebih banyak proporsi "bacaan sulit" — misalnya {{Alkitab|Matius 24:36}} pada Teks Alexandria tertulis "Tetapi tentang hari dan saat itu tidak seorangpun yang tahu, malaikat-malaikat di sorga tidak, dan Anakpun tidak, hanya Bapa sendiri."; sedangkan pada Teks Bizantin tidak ada frasa "dan Anakpun tidak", sehingga menghindari implikasi bahwa [[Yesus]] kurang memiliki pengetahuan ilahi. Bacaan sulit lainnya adalah: {{Alkitab|Lukas 4:44}}.

 

: τη προσευχη (''prayer'') – [[Papirus 11|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math>¹¹]], <math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁴⁶, א*, A, B, C, D, F, G, P, Ψ, 6, 33, 81, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth

: τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (''fasting and prayer'') – א^c, K, L, 88, 326, 436, 614, 1241, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, syr^p,h, goth

 

1 Korintus 7:14

: δευτερος ανθρωπος — א*, B, C, D, F, G, [[Uncial 0243|0243]], 33, 1739, it, vg, cop^bo eth

: δευτερος ανθρωπος ο κυριος — א^c, A, D^c, K, P, Ψ, 81, 104, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 1241, 1739^mg, 1877, 1881, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect<ref>UBS3, p. 616.</ref>

 

 

 

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== History of research ==

 

 

[[Johann Leonhard Hug]] (1765–1846) suggested that the Alexandrian recension was to be dated about the middle of the 3rd century, and it was the purification of a wild text, which was similar to the text of [[Codex Bezae]]. In result of this recension interpolations were removed and some grammar refinements were made. The result was the text of the codices B, C, L, and the text of [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]] and [[Cyril of Alexandria]].<ref>J. L. Hug, ''Einleitung in die Schriften des Neuen Testaments'' (Stuttgart 1808), 2nd edition from Stuttgart-Tübingen 1847, p. 168 ff.</ref><ref>John Leonard Hug, ''Writings of the New Testament'', translated by Daniel Guildford Wait (London 1827), p. 198 ff.</ref>

 

After discovering the manuscripts <math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁶⁶ <math>\mathfrak{P}</math>⁷⁵ the ''Neutral text'' and ''Alexandrian text'' were unified.<ref>Gordon D. Fee, ''P⁷⁵, P⁶⁶, and Origen: The Myth of Early Textual Recension in Alexandria'', in: E. J. Epp & G. D. Fee, ''Studies in the Theory & Method of NT Textual Criticism'', Wm. Eerdmans (1993), pp. 247-273.</ref>

 

== Lihat pula ==

* [[Kategori Naskah Perjanjian Baru]]

* [[Teks Bizantin]]