Konstantinos Karamanlis: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{about|the former Greek president who lived from 1907 to 1998|his nephew|Kostas Karamanlis}}
{{Refimprove|date=March 2009}}
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|image = Karamanlis-konstantinos2.jpg
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|office1 = [[
|primeminister1 = [[Konstantinos Mitsotakis]]<br>[[Andreas Papandreou]]
|term_start1 =5 Mei 1990
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|successor6 =[[Konstantinos Georgakopoulos]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|3|8|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Proti, Serres|Proti]],<ref name="Wilsford, David 1995 217">{{cite book
|death_date = {{death date and age|1998|4|23|1907|3|8|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Athena]], Yunani
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'''Konstantínos G. Karamanlís''' ({{lang-el|Κωνσταντίνος Γ. Καραμανλής}})<ref>{{cite web|title=Karamanlis Foundation|url=http://www.modus.gr/site2/gr/|access-date=2011-11-19|archive-date=2009-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925180123/http://www.modus.gr/site2/gr/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> (8 Maret 1907 – 23 April 1998), umumnya [[Anglicisation|Inggris]] untuk '''Constantine Karamanlis''' atau '''Caramanlis''' adalah Perdana Menteri selama empat kali masa jabatan, yaitu [[Presiden Yunani|Kepala Negara Republik Hellenik III ke-3 dan 5]] [[Republik Hellenik III]] dan sosok populer dalam politik Yunani sepanjang
== Kehidupan awal ==
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=== European vision ===
Karamanlis as early as 1958 pursued an aggressive policy toward Greek membership in the EEC. He considered Greece's entry into the EEC a personal dream because he saw it as the fulfillment of what he called "Greece's European Destiny".<ref name="Greece">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,922355,00.html Greece's Gain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222082717/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,922355,00.html |date=2011-12-22 }} Time Magazine Archives Quote: "While it was Rallis who hailed the new membership and its promise, much of the credit belonged to former Prime Minister and now President Constantine Caramanlis. For him, entry into the Communiy was the fulfillment of a dream, a sealing of what he calls "Greece's European destiny." In his view, being part of the democratic Western European family of nations should help ensure political stability for a country crushed by military dictatorship from 1967 to 1974."</ref> He personally lobbied European leaders, such as Germany's [[Konrad Adenauer]] and France's [[Charles de Gaulle]] followed by two years of intense negotiations with [[Brussels]].<ref name="Destination Europe">
This had the profound effect of ending Greece's economic isolation and breaking its political and economic dependence on US economic and military aid, mainly through [[NATO]].<ref name="Destination Europe"/> Greece became the first European country to acquire the status of associate member of the EEC outside the six nation EEC group. In November 1962 the association treaty came into effect and envisaged the country's full membership at the EEC by 1984, after the gradual elimination of all Greek tariffs on EEC imports.<ref name="Destination Europe"/> A financial protocol clause included in the treaty provided for loans to Greece subsidised by the community of about $300 million between 1962 and 1972 to help increase the competitiveness of the Greek economy in anticipation of Greece's full membership. The Community's financial aid package as well as the protocol of accession were suspended during the 1967–74 junta years and Greece was expelled from the EEC.<ref name="Destination Europe"/><ref name="Karamanlis Time"/> As well, during the dictatorship, Greece resigned its membership in the [[Council of Europe]] fearing embarrassing investigations by the Council, following torture allegations.<ref name="Karamanlis Time">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879413-2,00.html Time magazine archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081213130517/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879413-2,00.html |date=2008-12-13 }}
"I Am with You, Democracy Is with You"
Soon after returning to Greece during [[metapolitefsi]] Karamanlis reactivated his push for the country's full EEC membership in 1975 citing political and economic reasons.<ref name="Greece"/><ref name="Destination Europe"/> Karamanlis was convinced that Greece's membership in the EEC would ensure political stability in a nation having just undergone a transition from dictatorship to Democracy.<ref name="Greece"/>
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Sulzberger's account, which unlike that of the former King was delivered during the lifetime of those implicated (Karamanlis and Norstad), rested solely on the authority of his and Norstad's word.
When in 1997 the former King reiterated Sulzberger's allegations, Karamanlis stated that he "will not deal with the former king's statements because both their content and attitude are unworthy of comment."<ref name="Karamanlis reaction from Ta Nea">[http://ta-nea.dolnet.gr/print_article.php?e=A&f=15832&m=N07&aa=2 Karamanlis reaction from Ta Nea]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The deposed King's adoption of Sulzberger's claims against Karamanlis was castigated by left-leaning media, typically critical of Karamanlis, as "shameless" and "brazen".<ref name="Reaction from the Left: Ta Nea">[http://ta-nea.dolnet.gr/print_article.php?e=A&f=15832&m=N07&aa=2 Reaction from the Left: Ta Nea]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It bears noting that, at the time, the former King referred exclusively to Sulzberger's account, to support the theory of a planned coup by Karamanlis, and made no mention of the alleged 1966 meeting with Bitsios, which he would refer to only after both participants had died and could not respond.
On 21 April 1967, constitutional order was usurped by a coup d'état led by officers around Colonel [[George Papadopoulos]]. The King accepted to swear in the military-appointed government as the legitimate government of Greece, but launched an abortive counter-coup to overthrow the [[Greek military junta of 1967-1974|junta]] eight months later. Constantine and his family then fled the country.
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== Second Premiership ==
<!--[[Image:Karamanlisarrivesinathens.jpg|left|thumb|Konstantinos Karamanlis arrives in Athens on the French Presidential jet, courtesy of French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, to assume the leadeship of government of national unity that would lead to free elections. He is greeted by a jubilant crowd of supporters craving for the restoration of democratic rule.]]-->
Following the invasion of Cyprus by the Turks, the dictators finally abandoned Ioannides and his disastrous policies. On 23 July 1974, President Phaedon Gizikis called a meeting of old guard politicians, including [[Panagiotis Kanellopoulos]], [[Spiros Markezinis]], [[Stephanos Stephanopoulos]], [[Evangelos Averoff]] and others. The heads of the armed forces also participated in the meeting. The agenda was to appoint a national unity government that would lead the country to elections.<ref name="Averoff">
Former Prime Minister Panagiotis Kanellopoulos was originally suggested as the head of the new interim government. He was the interim Prime Minister originally deposed by the dictatorship in 1967 and a distinguished politician who had repeatedly criticized Papadopoulos and his successor. Raging battles were still taking place in Cyprus' north when Greeks took to the streets in all the major cities, celebrating the junta's decision to relinquish power before the war in Cyprus could spill all over the Aegean.<ref name="Averoff"/> But talks in Athens were going nowhere with Gizikis' offer to Panagiotis Kanellopoulos to form a government.<ref name="Averoff"/>
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Nonetheless, after all the other politicians departed without reaching a decision, [[Evangelos Averoff]] remained in the meeting room and further engaged Gizikis. He insisted that Karamanlis was the only political personality who could lead a successful transition government, taking into consideration the new circumstances and dangers both inside and outside the country. Gizikis and the heads of the armed forces initially expressed reservations, but they finally became convinced by Averoff's arguments.<ref name="Averoff"/> Admiral Arapakis was the first, among the participating military leaders, to express his support for Karamanlis.
After Averoff's decisive intervention, Gizikis decided to invite Karamanlis to assume the premiership. Throughout his stay in France, Karamanlis was a vocal opponent of the [[Greek military junta of 1967-1974|Regime of the Colonels]], the military [[military dictatorship|junta]] that seized power in Greece in April 1967. Now he was called to end his self imposed exile and restore Democracy to the place that originally created it: [[Greece]].<ref name="Averoff"/> Upon news of his impending arrival cheering Athenian crowds took to the streets chanting: Έρχεται! Έρχεται! ''He is coming! He is coming!''<ref name="Averoff"/> Similar celebrations broke out all over Greece. Athenians in their thousands also went to the airport to greet him.<ref name="Airport">
During the inherently unstable first weeks of the [[metapolitefsi]], Karamanlis was forced to sleep aboard a yacht watched over by a destroyer for the fear of a new coup. Karamanlis attempted to defuse the tension between [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]], which were on the brink of war over the [[Greco-Turkish relations#The 1974 crisis and after|Cyprus]] crisis, through the diplomatic route. Two successive conferences in Geneva, where the Greek government was represented by [[George Mavros]], failed to avert a full-scale invasion and occupation of 37 percent of Cyprus by Turkey on 14 August 1974.
The steadfast process of transition from military rule to a pluralist democracy proved successful. During this transition period of the [[metapolitefsi]], Karamanlis legalized the [[Communist Party of Greece]] (KKE) that was banned decades ago. The legalization of the communist party was considered by many as a gesture of political [[inclusionism]] and [[rapprochement]]. At the same time he also freed all political prisoners and pardoned all political crimes against the junta.<ref name="Rise and decline of Democracy">
In the [[Greek legislative election, 1974|1974 elections]], Karamanlis with his newly formed conservative party, named ''[[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]]'' obtained a massive parliamentary majority and was elected Prime Minister. The elections were soon followed by the 1974 [[plebiscite]] on the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the [[Hellenic Republic]], the televised 1975 trials of the former dictators (who received death sentences for high treason and mutiny that were later commuted to life incarceration) and the writing of the 1975 constitution.
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In 1977, ''[[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]]'' again won the elections, and Karamanlis continued to serve as Prime Minister until 1980.
Under Karamanlis's premiership, his government undertook numerous nationalizations in several sectors, including banking and transportation. Karamanlis's policies of economic [[statism]], which fostered a large state-run sector, have been described by many as ''socialmania''.<ref name="Socialmania">
== First and Second Presidency ==
Following his signing of the [[EU treaties#Accession treaties|Accession Treaty]] with the [[European Economic Community]] (now the [[European Union]]) in 1979, Karamanlis relinquished the Premiership and was elected [[President of the Hellenic Republic|President of the Republic]] in 1980 by the Parliament,<ref name="Constantine Karamanlis President">
In 1990 he was re-elected President by a conservative parliamentary majority (under the conservative government of then Prime Minister [[Konstantinos Mitsotakis]]) and served until 1995, when he was succeeded by [[Kostis Stephanopoulos]].
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== Legacy ==
His nephew [[Kostas Karamanlis]] later became the leader of the New Democracy party (Nea Demokratia) and Prime Minister of Greece from 2004 to 2009.
Karamanlis has been praised for presiding over an early period of fast economic growth for Greece (1955–63) and for being the primary [[Political engineering|engineer]] of Greece's successful bid for membership in the [[European Union]].
His supporters came to laud him as the charismatic ''[[Ethnarches]]'' (National Leader).<ref name="Karamanlis Patriarch">
Karamanlis is acknowledged for his successful restoration of Democracy during [[metapolitefsi]] and the repair of the two great national schisms by first legalising the communist party and by establishing the system of presidential democracy in Greece.<ref name="Kouloumbis">[http://news.kathimerini.gr/4Dcgi/4Dcgi/_w_articles_civ_12_05/01/2008_254501
== Tributes ==
On 29 June 2005 an audio-visual tribute celebrating Konstantinos Karamanlis' contribution to [[Culture of Greece|Greek culture]] took place at the [[Odeon of Herodes Atticus]]. [[George Remoundos]] was the stage director and [[Stavros Xarhakos]] conducted and selected the music. The event under the title of ''Cultural Memories'' was organised by the [[Konstantinos G. Karamanlis Foundation]].<ref name="Wayback tribute">
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== Lihat juga ==
* [[Daftar Presiden Yunani]]
* [[Politik Yunani]]
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== Referensi ==
{{Ibid|date=April 2010}}
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== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.idkaramanlis.gr/ Karamanlis Institute] Institute for the Advacement of Democracy
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