Edmund Husserl: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl''' ({{lahirmati|[[Prostějov]] (''[[Prossnitz]]''), [[Moravia]], [[Ceko]]|8|4|1859|[[Freiburg]], [[Jerman]]|26|4|1938}}) adalah seorang [[filsuf]] [[Jerman]], yang dikenal sebagai bapak [[fenomenologi]]. Karyanya meninggalkan orientasi yang murni [[positivis]] dalam sains dan filsafat pada masanya, dan mengutamakan pengalaman [[subyektivitas|subyektif]] sebagai sumber dari semua pengetahuan kita tentang fenomena obyektif.
Husserl dilahirkan dalam sebuah keluarga [[Yahudi]] di [[Prostějov]] (''[[Proßnitz]]''), [[Moravia]], [[Ceko]] (yang saat itu merupakan bagian dari [[Kekaisaran Austria]]).
Husserl adalah murid [[Franz Brentano]] dan [[Carl Stumpf]]; karya filsafatnya memengaruhi, antara lain, [[Edith Stein]] (St. Teresa Benedicta dari Salib), Eugen Fink, [[Max Scheler]], [[Martin Heidegger]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Emmanuel Lévinas]], [[Rudolf Carnap]], [[Hermann Weyl]], [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]], dan [[Roman Ingarden]]. Pada 1887 Husserl berpindah agama menjadi [[Kristen]] dan bergabung dengan [[Gereja Lutheran]]. Ia mengajar filsafat di Halle sebagai seorang tutor (''Privatdozent'') dari 1887, lalu di Göttingen sebagai [[profesor]] dari 1901, dan di Freiburg im Breisgau dari 1916 hingga ia pensiun pada 1928. Setelah itu, ia melanjutkan penelitiannay dan menulis dengan menggunakan perpustakaan di Freiburg, hingga kemudian dilarang menggunakannya - karena ia keturunan Yahudi - yang saat itu dipimpin oleh rektor, dan sebagian karena pengaruh dari bekas muridnya, yang juga anak emasnya, [[Martin Heidegger]].
<!--==Life and works==
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In [[1884]], he began to attend [[Franz Brentano]]'s lectures on [[psychology]] and [[philosophy]] at the University of Vienna. Brentano so impressed Husserl that he decided to dedicate his life to philosophy. In [[1886]] Husserl went to the [[University of Halle]] to obtain his [[habilitation]] with [[Carl Stumpf]], a former student of Brentano. Under his supervision he wrote ''Über den Begriff der Zahl'' (On the concept of Number; [[1887]]) which would serve later as the base for his first major work, ''[[Philosophy of Arithmetic|Philosophie der Arithmetik]]'' ([[1891]]).
In these first works he tries to combine mathematics, psychology and philosophy with a main goal to provide a sound foundation for mathematics. He analyzes the psychological process needed to obtain the concept of number and then tries to build up a systematical theory on this analysis. To achieve this he uses several methods and concepts taken from his teachers. From Weierstrass he derives the idea that we generate the concept of number by counting a certain collection of objects. From Brentano and Stumpf he takes over the distinction between ''proper'' and ''improper'' presenting. In an example Husserl explains this in the following way: if you are standing in front of a house, you have a proper, direct presentation of that house, but if you are looking for it and ask for directions, then these directions (e.g. the house on the corner of this and that street) are an indirect, improper presentation. In other words, you can have a proper presentation of an object if it is actually present, and an improper (or symbolic as he also calls it) if you only can indicate that object through signs, symbols, etc. Husserl's 1901 ''[[Edmund Husserl/Logical Investigations|Logical Investigations]]'' is considered the starting point for the formal theory of wholes and their parts known as [[mereology]] <ref>{{citation|
Another important element that Husserl took over from Brentano is [[intentionality]], the notion that the main characteristic of [[consciousness]] is that it is always [[Intentionality|intentional]]. While often simplistically summarised as "aboutness" or the relationship between mental acts and the external world, Brentano defined it as the main characteristic of ''mental phenomena'', by which they could be distinguished from ''physical phenomena''. Every mental phenomenon, every psychological act has a content, is directed at an object (the ''[[intentional object]]''). Every belief, desire etc. has an object that they are about: the believed, the wanted. Brentano used the expression "intentional inexistence" to indicate the status of the objects of thought in the mind. The property of being intentional, of having an intentional object, was the key feature to distinguish mental phenomena and physical phenomena, because physical phenomena lack intentionality altogether.
===Gottlob Frege and Husserl's Anti-Psychologist Turn===
It has been suggested by some analytic philosophers that Edmund Husserl after obtaining his PhD in mathematics, began analysing the foundations of mathematics from a rather psychological point of view, as Brentano's disciple. In his professorship doctoral dissertation called "On the Concept of Number" (1886) and his ''Philosophy of Arithmetic'' (1891) Husserl enhanced the approach taken by Weierstrass and other mathematicians of the time in defining the natural numbers by counting with Brentano's methods of descriptive psychology. Later, when attacking the psychologistic point of view of logic and mathematics in the first volume of his ''Logical Investigations'' called "The Prolegomena of Pure Logic", he appears to reject much of his early work, though the forms of psychologism analysed and refuted in the ''Prolegomena'' do not apply directly to his ''Philosophy of Arithmetic''. While some scholars point to [[Gottlob Frege]]'s negative review of the ''Philosophy of Arithmetic'', this did not turn Husserl towards Platonism, as he had already discovered the work of [[Bernhard Bolzano]] around 1890/91 and explicitly mentions Bolzano, Leibniz and Lotze as inspirations for his newer position.
{{quote|The Frege industry routinely informs us that the review quite transformed poor Husserl's philosophy; but elementary attention to chronology and sources (Hill 1991a, pt. 1) shows that this claim refers far more to the False than to the True.|Grattann-Guinness "The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870-1948", p. 204}}
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For example, the review falsely attributes to Husserl the view that he subjectivizes everything so no objectivity is possible, and also falsely attributed to him a notion of abstraction whereby the objects disappear until we are left with the number (or at least with two ghosts). Contrary to what Frege states, already in Husserl's ''Philosophy of Arithmetic'' we find two different kinds of representations: a subjective representation and objective representation. Objectivity is clearly stated in that work. Frege's attack seems rather to be addressed at the ides on the foundations of mathematics current in the Berlin School of Weierstrass, of which Husserl and Cantor, however, can not be said to be orthodox representatives.
Furthermore, from various sources it is quite clear that Husserl changed his mind about psychologism as early as 1890, a year before his ''Philosophy of Arithmetic'' was published. Husserl stated that when it was published, he had already changed his mind. In fact, he says that he had doubts about psychologism from the very beginning. He attributed his change of mind to [[Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz]], [[Bernard Bolzano]], [[Rudolf Hermann Lotze]], and [[David Hume]].<ref>''Husserl-Chronik'', p. 25-26</ref> He makes no mention of Frege as being decisive for the change. In his ''Logical Investigations'', Husserl mentions Frege only twice, one of them in a footnote to point out that he retracted three pages of his criticim of Frege's ''The Foundations of Arithmetic'', and the other one was to question Frege's use of the word ''Bedeutung'' to designate reference rather than meaning (sense).
About the difference of sense and reference, Frege thanked Husserl in a letter dated May 24, 1891 for sending him a copy of ''Philosophy of Arithmetic'' and Husserl's review of E. Schröder's ''Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik'', and in that same letter, he takes Husserl's review of Schröder's book to compare both his and Husserl's notion of sense of reference of concept words. In other words, Frege ''did'' recognize, as early as 1891, that Husserl made the difference between sense and reference. The inevitable conclusion is that Gottlob Frege and Edmund Husserl, before 1891, independently reached a theory of sense and reference.
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==Philosophers influenced by Husserl==
[[Hermann Weyl]]'s interest in [[intuitionistic logic]] and [[impredicativity]] appears to have resulted from contacts with Husserl.
[[Rudolf Carnap]] was also influenced by Husserl, not only concerning Husserl's notion of essential insight that Carnap used in his ''Der Raum'', but also his notion of "formation rules" and "transformation rules" is founded on Husserl's philosophy of logic.
[[Max Scheler]] met Husserl in Halle and found in his phenomenology a methodological breakthrough for his own philosophical endeavors. Even though Scheler later criticised Husserl's idealistic logical approach and proposed instead a "phenomenology of love", he states that he remained "deeply indebted" to Husserl throughout his work. Husserl also had some influence on Pope [[John-Paul II]], which appears strongly in a work by the latter, ''The Acting Person'', or ''Person and Act''. It was originally published in polish in 1969 under his pre-papal name Karol Wojtyla and combined phenomenological work with [[Thomas Aquinas|Thomistic]] Ethics.<ref>{{citation |
[[Wilfrid Sellars]], an influential figure in the so-called "Pittsburgh school" ([[Robert Brandom]], [[John McDowell]]) had been a student of [[Marvin Farber]], a pupil of Husserl, and was influenced by phenomenology through him:
{{quote|Marvin Farber led me through my first careful reading of the Critique of Pure Reason and introduced me to Husserl. His combination of utter respect for the structure of Husserl's thought with the equally firm conviction that this structure could be given a naturalistic interpretation was undoubtedly a key influence on my own subsequent philosophical strategy.<ref>{{citation |
Husserl's formal analysis of language also inspired [[Stanisław Leśniewski]] and [[Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz]] in the development of [[categorial grammar]].<ref> Cf. {{citation |
== Bibliografi ==
=== Karya-karya Husserl ===
* 1887. ''Über den Begriff der Zahl. Psychologische Analysen''.
* 1891. ''Philosophie der Arithmetik. Psychologische und logische Untersuchungen''. [1970, Philosophy of Arithmetic]
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=== Karya-karya tentang Husserl ===
* Derrida, Jacques, 1976 (Inggris). ''Undecidables and old names: Derrida's deconstruction and Introduction to Husserl's'' The Origin of Geometry.
* Derrida, Jacques, 1967 (
* {{cite book
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* Hill, C. O., 1991. ''Word and Object in Husserl, Frege, and Russell: The Roots of Twentieth-Century Philosophy''. Ohio Uni. Press.
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* Simons, Peter, 1987. ''Parts: A Study in Ontology''. Oxford Uni. Press.
* Smith, B. and Woodruff Smith, D., eds., 1995. ''The Cambridge Companion to Husserl''. Cambridge Uni. Press. ISBN 0-521-43616-8
* Tieszen, Richard, ''Mathematics,'' in David Smith and Barry Smith, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Husserl ([[Cambridge University Press]], circa 2005).
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Fenomenologi]]
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== Pranala luar ==
=== Arsip Husserl ===
** [http://www.hiw.kuleuven.be/hiw/eng/husserl/
** [http://www.hiw.kuleuven.be/hiw/eng/husserl/
** [http://www.hiw.kuleuven.be/hiw/eng/husserl/Collected.php Edmund Husserl Collected Works] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722022601/http://www.hiw.kuleuven.be/hiw/eng/husserl/Collected.php |date=2012-07-22 }} Terjemahan karya Husserl dalam bahasa Inggris
* [http://www.husserl.uni-koeln.de/ Husserl-Archives Cologne] di [[Universitas]] [[Köln]]
* [http://www.husserlarchiv.uni-freiburg.de/husserl.html Arsip Husserl, Freiburg]
* [http://www.newschool.edu/gf/phil/husserl/ Arsip Husserl di New School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414081441/http://www.newschool.edu/gf/phil/husserl/ |date=2006-04-14 }} ([[New York]])
* [http://www.umr8547.ens.fr/fonds-d'Archives.html Archives Husserl de Paris]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030201224341/http://www.umr8547.ens.fr/fonds-d%27Archives.html |date=2003-02-01 }} di ''École normale supérieure'', [[Paris]].
* [http://www.library.duq.edu/silverman/collections.htm Arsip Husserl di Univsersitas Duquesne, Pittsburgh, PA, AS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701004153/http://www.library.duq.edu/silverman/collections.htm |date=2007-07-01 }}
=== Halaman tentang Husserl ===
* [http://www.husserlpage.com/ www.husserlpage.com] "Aim: To provide easy access to those net resources pertaining to the life and work of the 20th century philosopher, Edmund Husserl."
* [http://www.husserl.net Husserl.net] Open Content Project on Husserl.
* [http://www.husserl.info Husserl.info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310213134/http://www.husserl.info/guides.html |date=2005-03-10 }} Articles, Phenomenological [http://www.husserl.info/directory.html Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310202210/http://www.husserl.info/directory.html |date=2005-03-10 }} and Bibliographies [http://www.husserl.info/bibliobase.html Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305052128/http://www.husserl.info/bibliobase.html |date=2005-03-05 }}, [http://www.husserl.info/guides.html Guides] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310213134/http://www.husserl.info/guides.html |date=2005-03-10 }}, [http://www.wesenschau.com Wesenschau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928170838/http://www.wesenschau.com/ |date=2007-09-28 }} e-Journal for Transcendental Logic and Comparative Philosophy, Phenomenological [http://www.husserl.info/encyclopedia.html Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219102251/http://husserl.info/encyclopedia.html |date=2005-02-19 }} and [http://www.wesenschau.com/forums.html Forums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928170844/http://www.wesenschau.com/forums.html |date=2007-09-28 }}
* [http://www.ontology.co/husserle.htm Ontology. A resource guide for philosophers] Edmund Husserl's Formal Ontology.
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/husserl/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry]
* [http://www.husserlcircle.org/ The Husserl Circle]
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