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|nickname=The March King
|allegiance= Amerika Serikat
|branch= [[Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat]]<br />[[Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat]]
|serviceyears=Marinir: 1868–1875, 1880–1892; AL: 1917–1918
|rank=Pembantu Letnan Dua (Marinir)<br />Mayor (Angkatan Laut)
|commands=Korps Musik Marinir Amerika Serikat, Korps Musik Pangkalan Angkatan Laut Great Lakes Amerika Serikat
|unit=
Baris 25:
 
== Biografi ==
John Philip Sousa dilahirkan di Washington, D.C., 6 November 1854, dari pasangan John Antonio Sousa dan Maria Elisabeth Trinkhaus. Ia keturunan Portugis dan Bavaria.<ref name="JPSOUSA">{{cite web|title = The [[Library of Congress]] Biography: John Philip Sousa|url = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200152755/default.html|accessdate = January 10, 2008|archiveurl = httphttps://www.webcitation.org/5uqnlwPmL ?url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200152755/default.html|archivedate = December 9, 2010-12-09|deadurl = no}}</ref> [[Pendidikan musik]] dimulainya dari kecil dengan belajar biola dari John Esputa dan belajar [[harmoni]] dan [[komposisi musik]] dari George Felix Benkert (lahir: 1831) pada usia 6 tahun. Sousa memiliki kemampuan [[tala mutlak]]. Ketika berusia 13 tahun, ia dimasukkan oleh ayahnya ke [[Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat]] sebagai perantis untuk mencegah putranya bergabung dengan sebuah band sirkus.
 
[[Berkas:John Philip Sousa cph.3b35816.jpg|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|250px|John Philip Sousa, 1911]]
Pada 30 Desember 1879, Sousa menikahi Jane van Middlesworth Bellis (1862–1944). Keduanya dikaruniai tiga orang anak: John Philip, Jr. (1 April 1881 – 18 Mei 18, 1937), Jane Priscilla (7 Agustus 1882 – 28 Oktober 1958), dan Helen (21 Januari 1887 – 14 Oktober 1975). Ketiganya dimakamkan di kompleks pemakaman keluarga John Philip Sousa di [[Congressional Cemetery]]. Istri Sousa bergabung dengan Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) pada tahun 1907. Kedua putri mereka, Jane Priscilla dan Helen Abert juga bergabung dengan DAR pada tahun 1907.
 
Sousa berdinas di [[Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat]] dari tahun 1868 hingga 1875 sebagai pemusik magang, dan kemudian sebagai pemimpin Korps Musik Marinir dari tahun 1880 hingga 1892. Ia berpangkat [[sersan mayor]] hampir sepanjang kariernya di marinir, dan sebagai [[pembantu letnan dua]] pada saat mengundurkan diri.
 
Setelah beberapa tahun magang di Korps Marinir, Sousa bergabung dengan sebuah orkestra teater, tempatnya belajar menjadi dirigen. Ia kembali bergabung dengan [[Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat]] sebagai pemimpin pada tahun 1880, dan berdinas sebagai dirigen hingga tahun 1892. Sousa memimpin "Korps Musik Kepresidenan" di bawah pemerintahan lima presiden, mulai dari [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] hingga [[Benjamin Harrison]]. Marching band pimpinan Sousa bermain di dua Resepsi Pelantikan Presiden, [[James A. Garfield]] (1881) dan [[Benjamin Harrison]] (1889).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres36.html|title=Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States|author=James A. Garfield|4=Inaugural Address|year=1989|archiveurl = httphttps://www.webcitation.org/5uqnmfU7z ?url=http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres36.html|archivedate = December 9, 2010-12-09|deadurl=no|access-date=2012-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres38.html|title=Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States|author=Benjamin Harrison|4=Inaugural Address|year=1989|archiveurl = httphttps://www.webcitation.org/5uqnodW2G ?url=http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres38.html|archivedate = December 9, 2010-12-09|deadurl=no|access-date=2012-07-08}}</ref>
 
{{listen|filename=Washington Post.ogg|title=The Washington Post|description=[[Korps Musik Marinir Amerika Serikat]] memainkan ''[[The Washington Post (lagu mars)|The Washington Post]]'' yang merupakan salah satu lagu mars paling terkenal ciptaan Sousa|format=[[OGG]]}}
Sousa mendirikan marching band sendiri setelah keluar dari korps musik Marinir. The Sousa Band mengadakan tur keliling Amerika dari tahun 1892 hingga 1931, tampil di sejumlah 15.623 konser.<ref name="INCREDIBLEBAND">Bierley, Paul Edmund, “The Incredible Band of John Philip Sousa”. [[University of Illinois Press]], 2006.</ref> Pada tahun 1900, band yang dipimpinnya mewakili Amerika Serikat di [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris Exposition]] sebelum kemudian mengadakan tur keliling Eropa. Di Paris, Sousa Band memainkan lagu mars di jalan-jalan, termasuk dari [[Champs-Élysées]] hingga ke [[Arc de Triomphe]]. Parade di Paris tersebut merupakan satu dari delapan parade yang pernah dilakukan oleh Sousa Band selama lebih dari 40 tahun. <ref>http://www.amazon.com/Incredible-Philip-Sousa-Music-American/dp/0252031474, p46</ref> Pada tahun 1911, Sousa Band pergi ke Australia dan bermain di Sydney dan Melbourne (ibu kota Australia waktu itu).
 
Semasa [[Perang Dunia I]], ia berdinas di [[Cadangan Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat]] dengan pangkat mayor, dan memimpin korps musik angkatan laut di Pangkalan Angkatan Laut dekat [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]]. Sousa berkecukupan secara keuangan, ia mendermakan seluruh gaji di angkatan laut minus satu dolar per tahunnya untuk Dana Tunjangan Pelaut dan Marinir. Setelah kembali ke band miliknya seusai perang, ia terus memakai seragam angkatan laut pada sebagian besar konser dan penampilan di depan publik.
 
Sousa Band menciptakan alat musik unik yang disebut [[sousafon]], hasil modifikasi dari [[Helicon (alat musik)|helicon]]. Sousafon dibuat oleh pabrik alat musik [[J. W. Pepper & Son, Inc.|J. W. Pepper]] di Philadelphia pada tahun 1893 atas permintaan Sousa berdasarkan desain yang dibuatnya sendiri. Ia menginginkan sebuah [[tuba]] yang dapat mengeluarkan suara ke atas ketika pemainnya sedang duduk atau melakukan mars. Sousaphone didesain kembali pada tahun 1898 oleh [[C.G. Conn]], dan model inilah yang lebih disukai Sousa.
 
[[Berkas:John Philip Sousa 1940 Issue-2c.jpg|thumbjmpl|<center>'''''John Philip Sousa'''''</center><Center><font size="0"><Center>Prangko Amerika Serikat, terbitan tahun 1940</Center></font>]]
Sousa tinggal di [[Sands Point, New York]]. Namanya diabadikan untuk nama sekolah (John Philip Sousa Elementary) dan sebatang pohon peringatan ditanam di [[Port Washington, New York|Port Washington]] yang berdekatan. Rumah pinggir laut ''[[John Philip Sousa House|Wild Bank]]'' di Hicks Lane telah ditetapkan sebagai [[Markah Tanah Bersejarah Nasional]], meskipun rumah tersebut dipertahankan sebagai rumah pribadi dan tidak dibuka untuk umum.<ref>{{citation|title={{PDFlink|[http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/66000532.pdf National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: John Philip Sousa Home]|351&nbsp;KB}}|author=Richard Greenwood|date=May 30, 1975|publisher=National Park Service}} and {{PDFlink|[http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/66000532.pdf ''Accompanying photos, exterior, from 1975'']|1.09&nbsp;MB}}</ref>
 
Sousa meninggal dunia akibat gagal jantung pada usia 77 tahun, di kamar Hotel Abraham Lincoln di [[Reading, Pennsylvania]], 6 Maret 1932. Sehari sebelumnya, ia memimpin latihan lagu "[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]" bersama Ringgold Band. Ia dimakamkan di [[Congressional Cemetery]], Washington, D.C..<ref>[http://www.congressionalcemetery.org/ Congressionalcemetery.org]</ref>
 
== Musik ==
=== Lagu mars ===
Sousa menulis 136 lagu mars, diterbitkan oleh [[Sam Fox Publishing Company]] mulai tahun 1917 hingga ia meninggal dunia.<ref>"Sam Fox, 89, Dies; Music Publisher", ''New York Times'', December 1, 1971</ref> Beberapa komposisinya yang penting dan populer:
Baris 91:
* "[[Manhattan Beach (lagu mars)|Manhattan Beach March]]" (1893)
* "[[King Cotton (lagu mars)|King Cotton]]" (1895)
* "[[Stars and Stripes Forever]]" (1896) (mars nasional Amerika Serikat)<ref name="national march">{{cite web |title=US Code: Title 36, 304 |publisher=Cornell Law School |date=October 30, 2006 |url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode36/usc_sec_36_00000304----000-.html |accessdate=November 2, 2006 |archiveurl = httphttps://www.webcitation.org/5uqnqkSvz?url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode36/usc_sec_36_00000304----000-.html |archivedate =2010-12-09 December 9, 2010|deadurl=no }}</ref>
* "[[El Capitan (operetta)|El Capitan]]" (1896)
* "[[Hands Across the Sea]]" (diciptakan untuk [[Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets]] – the [[Highty-Tighties]]) (1899)
Baris 102:
* "[[The Gallant Seventh]]" (1922)
* "Nobles of the Mystic Shrine" (1923)
* "The Black Horse Troop" (1924) (Diciptakan untuk menghormati Troop A, 107th Cavalry, Ohio National Guard.<ref>[http://ech.case.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=TA Troop A - The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History]</ref>
* "Pride of the Wolverines" (1926)
* "[[Minnesota March]]" (1927)
* "[[New Mexico]] March" (1928)
* "Salvation Army March" (1930) (diciptakan untuk peringatan 50 tahun Bala Keselamatan di Amerika Serikat)
 
=== Operet ===
 
* ''The Smugglers'' (1882)
* ''[[Désirée]]'' (1883)
Baris 120 ⟶ 121:
 
== Referensi ==
 
{{Reflist}}
 
Baris 126 ⟶ 128:
'''''Buku/Koleksi'''''
 
* J. P. Sousa Collection. Washington D.C.: Archives of the U.S. Marine Band, 2011.
* The Sousa Archives and Center for American Music. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011.
* Berger, Kenneth W. The March King and His Band : The Story of John Philip Sousa. New York: Exposition Press, 1957.
* Bierley, Paul E. John Philip Sousa: A Descriptive Catalog of His Works. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973.
* Bierley, Paul E. John Philip Sousa: American Phenomenon. Miami, FL: Warner Bros. Publications, 2001.
* Bierley, Paul E. The Incredible Band of John Philip Sousa. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006.
* Bierley, Paul E. The Works of John Philip Sousa. Columbus, OH: Integrity Press, 1984.
* Delaplaine, Edward S. John Philip Sousa and the National Anthem. Frederick, MD: Great Southern Press, 1983.
* Heslip, Malcolm. Nostalgic Happenings in the Three Bands of John Philip Sousa. Westerville, OH: Integrity Press, 1992.
* Lingg, Ann M. John Philip Sousa. New York: Holt, 1954.
* Newsom, Jon, ed. Perspectives on John Philip Sousa. Washington: Library of Congress, 1983.
* Sousa, John Philip. Marching Along: Recollections of Men, Women and Music. Edited by Paul E. Bierley. Boston: Hale, Cushman & Flint, 1928, rev. 1994.
* Sousa, John Philip. National, Patriotic and Typical Airs of All Lands. N.Y.: [[Da Capo Press]], 1977.
* Sousa, John Philip. Through the Year with Sousa: Excerpts from the Operas, Marches, Miscellaneous Compositions, Novels, Letters, Magazine Articles, Songs, Sayings and Rhymes of John Philip Sousa. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell &, 1910.
 
'''''Artikel'''''
 
* Bennett, Jeb. "John Philip Sousa: 100th Anniversary." Marine Corps Gazzette 64, no. 10 (1980): 31-34.
* Bierley, Paul E. "Sousa: America's Greatest Composer?" Musical Journal 25, no. 1 (1967): 83-87.
* Bierley, Paul E. "Sousa on Programming." Instrumentalist, December 1973.
* Bierley, Paul E. "Sousa's Mystery March." Instrumentalist, February 1966.
* Dvorak, Raymond F. "Recollections of Sousa's March Performances." School Musician, Director and Teacher, December 1969.
* Evenson, Orville. "The March Style of Sousa." Instrumentalist, November 1954.
* Fennell, Frederick. "Sousa: Still a Somebody." Instrumentalist, March 1982.
* Gaydos, Jeff. "Stars and Stripes and Sousa Forever!" Bandwagon, June 1980.
* Goldberg, Isaac. "Sousa." American Mercury 27 (1932): 193-200.
* Goldman, Richard Franko. "John Philip Sousa." HiFi/Stereo Review 19, no. 1 (1967): 35-47.
* Gordon, Marjorie M. "John Philip Sousa: A Centennial-Year Salute to the March King." Musical Journal 11, no. 11 (1954): 28-34.
* Heney, John J. "On the Road with the Sousa Band." School Musician, Director and Teacher, 1976.
* Howard, George S. "A New Era for Brass: Sousa's Role." Music Journal, January 1966.
* Interavia, Lawrence. "Wind Band Scoring Practices of Gilmore and Sousa." Instrumentalist, March 1965.
* Larson, Cedric. "John Philip Sousa as an Author." Etude, August 1941.
* Mangrum, Mary Gailey. "I Remember Sousa." Instrumentalist 24, no. 5 (1969): 38-41.
* Mangrum, Mary Gailey. "Sousa the Patriot." Instrumentalist 24, no. 6 (1970): 33-35.
* Marek, George Richard. "John Philip Sousa." HiFi/Musical America 23, no. 11 (1973): 57-61.
* Mathews, William Smith Babcock. "An Interview with John Philip Sousa." Music: A Monthly Magazine 9 (1896): 487-92.
* Mayer, Francis N. "John Philip Sousa: His Instrumentation and Scoring." Music Educator's Journal, January 1960.
* Peterson, O. A. "The Human Side of Sousa." Musical Messenger, May 1916.
* Pleasants, Henry. "A Look at Sousa: Ormandy and Critics." International Herald Tribune (Paris Edition), December 1969.
* "Sousa and His Mission." Music: A Monthly Magazine 16 (July 1899): 272-76.
* "Sousa as He Is." Music: A Monthly Magazine 14 (May 1899).
* "Sousa's New Marine Band." Musical Courier, November 9, 1892.
* Stoddard, Hope. "Sousa: Symbol of an Era." International Musician, December 1948.
* Thomson, Grace F. "Memories of the March King." Musical Journal 22, no. 5 (1964): 27-49.
* Trimborn, Thomas J. "In the Footsteps of Sousa." Instrumentalist 35, no. 4 (1980): 10-13.
* Wimbush, Roger. "Sousa at the "Proms"" Monthly Musical Record 68:238-40.
 
'''''Disertasi'''''
 
* Bly, Leon Joseph. “The March in American Society.” Diss., University of Miami, 1977.
* Bowie, Gordon W. “R. B. Hall and the Community Bands of Maine.” Diss., University of Maine, 1993.
* Carpenter, Kenneth William. “A History of the United States Marine Band.” Diss., University of Iowa, 1971.
* Church, Charles Fremont. “The Life and Influence of John Philip Sousa.” Diss., Ohio State University, 1942.
* Darling, Matthew H. “A Study and Catalogue of the Solos Composed, Arranged, and Transcribed for Xylophone and Band by John Joseph Heney (1902-1978), Percussionist (1926-31) and Xylophone Soloist (1931) with the John Philip Sousa Band.” Diss., University of Arizona, 1998.
* Hemberger, Glen J. “Selected Songs for Chamber Winds and Soprano: Rediscovering a Forgotten Repertoire of John Philip Sousa.” Diss., University of North Texas, 2001.
* Hester, Michael E. “A Study of the Saxophone Soloists Performing with the John Philip Sousa Band, 1893-1930.” Diss., University of Arizona, 1995.
* Jorgensen, Michael R. “John Philip Sousa's Operetta El Capitan: A Historical, Analytical, and Performance Guide.” Diss., Ball State University, 1995.
* Korzun, Jonathan Nicholas. “The Orchestral Transcriptions for Band of John Philip Sousa: a Description and Analysis.” Diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1994.
* Kreitner, Mona Bulpitt. “'A Splendid Group of American Girls': The Women Who Sang with the Sousa Band.” Diss., University of Memphis, 2007.
* Norton, Pauline Elizabeth Hosack. “March Music in Nineteenth Century America.” Diss., University of Michigan, 1983.
* Stacy, William Barney. “John Philip Sousa and His Band Suites.” Diss., University of Colorado, 1973.
* Summers, C. Oland. “The Development of Original Band Scoring from Sousa to Husa.” Diss., Ball State University, 1986.
* Warfield, Patrick. “"Salesman of Americanism, Globetrotter and Musician" the Nineteenth-century John Philip Sousa; 1854 - 1893.” Diss., Indiana University, 2003.
* Whisler, John A. “The Songs of John Philip Sousa.” Diss., Memphis State University, 1975.
* Wright, Maurice. “The Fifth String: an Opera in One Act.” Diss., Columbia University, 1989.
 
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
 
* [http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=20078 75 years after death here, Sousa sells out the Abe – Reading Eagle Newspaper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503011457/http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=20078 |date=2009-05-03 }}
* ''Congressional hearing'': dalam [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID532882_code159088.pdf?abstractid=532882 Copyright's Communication Policy] by Professor Tim Woo, [[Universitas Virginia]], May 2004 – Dokumen besar, 560k [[Portable Document Format|PDF]].
* [http://www.ht10.com John Philip Sousa was raised as a freemason at the Hiram-Takoma Lodge No.10 in the District of Washington]
 
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{en}} [http://www.library.uiuc.edu/sousa/ The Sousa Archives and Center for American Music]
* {{en}} [http://www.dws.org/sousa/works.htm The Works of John Philip Sousa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008215050/http://www.dws.org/sousa/works.htm |date=2010-10-08 }}
* [http://www.angelfire.com/ks/landzastanza/index.html#sousa MIDI sequences of piano transcriptions of compositions by Sousa]
* {{en}} [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200152753/default.html Harris, Neil: "John Philip Sousa and the Culture of Reassurance"]
* {{en}} [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200152754/default.html Fennell, Frederick: "The Sousa March: A Personal View"]
* {{gutenberg author|id=John+Philip+Sousa |name=John Philip Sousa}}
** ''[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2589 The Experiences of a Bandmaster]'' – [[Project Gutenberg]] e-text ofdari bookbuku byoleh Sousa
** ''[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=504 The Fifth String]'' – (ditto)
* {{gutenberg author|id=Sousa_Band |name=The Sousa Band}} (audiorekaman recordingsaudio)
* [http://www.oldfashionedamericanhumor.com/the-feast-of-the-monkeys.html The Feast of the Monkeys] – the "nonsense verse" that Sousa wrote.
* {{Find a Grave|964|accessdate=May 15, 2009}}
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200152756/default.html SousaDiskografi discographySousa]
* [http://victor.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/talent/detail/20973/Sousas_Band_Musical_group Victor Records by Sousa's Band] from thedari Encyclopedic Discography of Victor Recordings (EDVR)
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/search?query=format:photograph%20+memberOf:sousa&view=thumbnail&sort=titlesort Numerous Sousa photos]
* {{IMSLP|id=Sousa, John Philip}}
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/25332252/Stars-Stripes-Forever-for-Brass-Band-2010 Free Brass Band version of Stars & Stripes Forever]
;Rekaman bersejarah
* [http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=Sousa%20AND%20%28date%3A%5b1850%20TO%201933%5d%20OR%20collection%3A%2878rpm%29%20OR%20mediatype%3A%2878rpm%29%20OR%20collection%3Acylindertransfer%29%20AND%20mediatype%3Aaudio RecordingsRekaman byoleh Sousa] (archive.org)
* [http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=Sousa&queryType=%40attr+1%3D1 RecordingsRekaman byoleh Sousa] (Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project)
 
{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Sousa, John Philip▼
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = November 6, 1854
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Washington, D.C., Amerika Serikat
| DATE OF DEATH = March 6, 1932
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Reading, Pennsylvania]]
}}
 
▲| NAME = {{DEFAULTSORT:Sousa, John Philip}}
[[Kategori:Komponis Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Dirigen Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Komponis opera]]
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[[ko:존 필립 수자]]
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[[he:ג'ון פיליפ סוזה]]
[[la:Ioannes Philippus Sousa]]
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[[ja:ジョン・フィリップ・スーザ]]
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[[th:จอห์น ฟิลิป ซูซา]]
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