Chelsea Manning: Perbedaan antara revisi
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k →Pranala luar: Persondata now moved to wikidata, removed: {{Persondata | NAME = Manning, Chelsea E. | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Manning, Bradley Edward | SHORT DESCRIPTION = American soldier arrested for leaking classified information | DA |
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| (15 revisi perantara oleh 5 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 2:
{{Infobox person
| name = Chelsea Manning
| image =
| alt=foto
| caption = Manning pada bulan
| birth_name = Bradley Edward Manning
| birth_date = {{nowrap|{{birth date and age|1987|12|17}}}}
Baris 15:
|rank= [[Prajurit (pangkat)|Prajurit]] (E-1)<ref>Lewis, Paul. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/21/bradley-manning-35-years-prison-wikileaks-sentence "Bradley Manning given 35-year prison term for passing files to WikiLeaks"], ''The Guardian'', 21 Agustus 2013.</ref>
<!-- Tolong yang tahu padanan bahasa Indonesianya untuk resimen dan satuan militer asing bisa terjemahkan lebih lanjut |unit= [[2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)|2nd Brigade Combat Team]], [[10th Mountain Division]] (former) -->
|awards= [[Berkas:National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|
}}
|known_for = Membocorkan dokumen rahasia untuk [[Wikileaks]]
Baris 33:
* Stamp, Scott. [http://www.today.com/news/bradley-manning-i-want-live-woman-6C10974915 "Bradley Manning: I want to live as a woman"], NBC ''Today'', 22 Agustus 2013.
* Blake, Aaron and Tate, Julie. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/bradley-manning-comes-out-as-transgendered-i-am-a-female/2013/08/22/0ae67750-0b25-11e3-8974-f97ab3b3c677_story.html "Bradley Manning comes out as transgender: 'I am a female'"], ''The Washington Post'', 22 Agustus 2013.
* Coombs, David. [http://www.armycourtmartialdefense.info/2013/08/additional-clarification-on-pvt.html "Additional Clarification on PVT Manning's Request"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831233828/http://www.armycourtmartialdefense.info/2013/08/additional-clarification-on-pvt.html |date=2013-08-31 }}, The Law Offices of David E. Coombs, 26 Agustus 2013: "... PVT Manning, who has experienced gender dysphoria and gone through a process of gender questioning and exploration for years, announced that she would like to begin to be known publicly by the name of Chelsea Elizabeth Manning ..."
* {{cite journal |title = The End of Hypocrisy: American Foreign Policy in the Age of Leaks |first1 = Henry |last1 = Farrell |first2 = Martha |last2 = Finnemore |url = http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140155/henry-farrell-and-martha-finnemore/the-end-of-hypocrisy |date = November–Desember 2013 |accessdate = 26 Oktober 2013 |quote = Chelsea Manning, an army private then known as Bradley Manning, turned over hundreds of thousands of classified cables to the anti-secrecy group WikiLeaks |subscription = yes |journal = [[Foreign Affairs]] }}</ref> Sejak awal masa hidupnya serta selama
Pada tahun 2009, Manning ditugaskan di sebuah satuan angkatan darat di Irak sebagai [[analisis intelijen|penganalisis intelijen]] yang memungkinkannya untuk mengakses pusat data-data rahasia. Pada awal tahun 2010, ia membocorkan informasi rahasia ke WikiLeaks dan memberitahukannya kepada seorang teman Internetnya yaitu [[Adrian Lamo]]. Lamo kemudian melaporkannya kepada [[Badan Kontra Intelijen Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat]] dan Manning ditahan pada bulan Mei. Material yang diteruskan mencakup video [[serangan udara Baghdad 12 Juli 2007]], [[serangan udara Granai 2009]] di Afganistan, 251.287 [[Pembocoran pesan diplomatik Amerika Serikat|pesan diplomatik AS]],<ref name="WikiLeaks11-28-2010">{{cite web |title = Secret US Embassy Cables |url = https://wikileaks.org/cablegate.html |publisher = WikiLeaks |date = 28 November 2010 |accessdate = 28 Mei 2015 }}</ref> dan 482.832 laporan angkatan darat yang kelak dikenal sebagai [[Pembocoran dokumen Perang Irak|Catatan Perang Irak]]<ref>{{cite news |title = Iraq War logs |url = https://wikileaks.org/irq/ |accessdate = 28 Mei 2015 |publisher = WikiLeaks |date = 22 Oktober 2010 }}</ref> dan [[Pembocoran dokumen Perang Afganistan|Catatan Perang Afganistan]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Afghan War diary |url = https://wikileaks.org/afg/ |accessdate = 28 Mei 2015 |publisher = WikiLeaks |date = 25 Juli 2010 }}</ref> Sebagian besar material ini dirilis oleh WikiLeaks atau rekan medianya antara April dan November 2010.<ref name="Leigh2011p194">Leigh dan Harding 2011, pp. 194ff, 211.
Baris 44:
* Lihat pula [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/lifestyle/magazine/2011/manning/manning_charges.pdf "Charge sheet"], ''The Washington Post''.
* Untuk dakwaan lainnya lihat Miklaszewski, J. dan Kube, C. [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/41876046/ns/us_news-security/ "Manning faces new charges, possible death penalty"], MSNBC, 2 Maret 2011.</ref> Ia ditahan di [[Marine Corps Brig, Quantico]], [[Virginia]] sejak Juli 2010 sampai April 2011 dengan status ''Prevention of Injury'', yang secara ''de facto'' mengharuskannya ditahan dalam sel soliter disertai dengan beberapa peraturan khusus lainnya yang memicu perhatian dari dalam AS dan luar negeri. Ia kemudian dipindahkan ke [[Fort Leavenworth]], [[Kansas]], tempat ia bisa berinteraksi dengan tahanan lain.<ref name="APApril202011">Untuk surat dari beberapa ahli hukum soal Manning, lihat Ackerman, B. dan Benkler, Y. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110405001633/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/apr/28/private-mannings-humiliation/ "Private Manning's Humiliation"], ''The New York Review of Books''. Diakses pada 5 April 2011 (lihat versi terkoreksinya di sini [https://web.archive.org/web/20110409205745/http://balkin.blogspot.com/2011/03/statement-on-private-mannings-detention.html]).
* Untuk pemindahan penahanan, lihat [http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/04/19/us/politics/AP-US-US-WikiLeaks-Army-Private.html "WikiLeaks Suspect Transferred to Fort Leavenworth"], Associated Press, 20 April 2011.</ref> Ia mengaku bersalah atas 10 dakwaan kepada pengadilan pada bulan Februari 2013.<ref name="CBS28Feb2013">[http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57571812/bradley-manning-enters-guilty-pleas-in-wikileaks-case/ "Judge accepts Manning's guilty pleas in WikiLeaks case"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204719/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57571812/bradley-manning-enters-guilty-pleas-in-wikileaks-case/ |date=2013-10-29 }}, CBS News, 28 Februari 2013.</ref> [[Amerika Serikat v. Manning|Pengadilan untuk dakwaan lainnya]] dimulai pada tanggal 3 Juni 2013 dan pada tanggal 30 Juli, Manning didakwa atas 17 dakwaan awal dan 4 dakwaan yang telah diubah namun ia tidak didakwa membantu musuh.<ref name="verdict">Tate, J. dan Londoño, E. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/judge-to-announce-verdict-in-bradley-manning-case-today/2013/07/29/e894a75c-f897-11e2-afc1-c850c6ee5af8_story.html "Bradley Manning found not guilty of aiding the enemy, convicted on other charges"], ''The Washington Post'', 30 Juli 2013.
* Londoño, E.; Rolfe, R.; dan Tate, J. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/national/manning-verdict/ "Verdict in Bradley Manning case"], ''The Washington Post'', 30 Juli 2013.
* Savage, C. [http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/us/bradley-manning-verdict.html "Manning Acquitted of Aiding the Enemy"], ''The New York Times'', 30 Juli 2013.
* Pilkington, Ed. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/30/bradley-manning-wikileaks-judge-verdict "Bradley Manning verdict: cleared of 'aiding the enemy' but guilty of other charges"], ''The Guardian'', 31 Juli 2013: "the soldier was found guilty in their entirety of 17 out of the 22 counts against him, and of an amended version of four others."</ref> Pengadilan menjatuhkan Manning hukuman 35 tahun penjara di [[United States Disciplinary Barracks]] di Fort Leavenworth.<ref name="Hanna21Aug2013">Hanna, J. [http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/manning-serve-sentence-famous-leavenworth-20023673 "Manning to Serve Sentence at Famous Leavenworth"], Associated Press, 21 Agustus 2013.</ref>
Tindakan yang dilakukan Manning serta penangkapan sekaligus penahanannya menuai reaksi beragam. [[Denver Nicks]], salah satu penulis biografi Manning, menyebutkan bahwa dokumen yang ia bocorkan, terutama soal pesan-pesan diplomatik, dianggap luas sebagai pemicu terjadinya [[Musim Semi Arab]] yang bermula pada Desember 2010. Ia juga menyebutkan bahwa Manning dipandang sebagai ''[[Tank Man]]'' abad ke-21 juga sebagai seorang [[Pengkhianatan|pengkhianat]] yang selama ini telah memperoleh perlakuan buruk.<ref>Sebagai perbandingan, lihat Nicks, 2012, p. 3 dan pp. 212–216.</ref> [[Reporters Without Borders]] mengutuk durasi hukuman yang dijatuhkan kepada Manning dan menyatakan bahwa hal ini menunjukkan betapa rentannya seorang ''[[whistleblower]]'' terhadap hukuman pidana.<ref name="RWB">[http://en.rsf.org/united-states-lengthy-prison-term-for-bradley-21-08-2013,45087.html "Lengthy prison term for Bradley Manning"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821162440/http://en.rsf.org/united-states-lengthy-prison-term-for-bradley-21-08-2013,45087.html |date=2013-08-21 }}, Reporters Without Borders, 21 Agustus 2013.</ref>
Presiden [[Barack Obama]] pada tanggal 17 Januari 2017 memberikan [[grasi]] terhadap Manning dengan mengganti hukumannya menjadi 7 tahun penjara dihitung sejak awal ia ditahan oleh pada Mei 2010. Manning dijadwalkan bebas pada 17 Mei 2017.<ref name="nyt-17jan2017">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/17/us/politics/obama-commutes-bulk-of-chelsea-mannings-sentence.html | title=Obama Commutes Bulk of Chelsea Manning's Sentence | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=17 Januari 2017 | accessdate=17 Januari 2017 | last=Savage | first=Charlie}}</ref>
Baris 76:
;Artikel penting
* Caesar, Ed. [http://www.edcaesar.co.uk/article.php?article_id=53 "Bradley Manning: Wikileaker"], ''The Sunday Times'', 19 December 2010;
* Fishman, Steve. [http://nymag.com/news/features/bradley-manning-2011-7/ "Bradley Manning’s Army of One"], ''New York Magazine'', 3 July 2011.
* Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/2010/06/18/wikileaks_3/singleton/ "The strange and consequential case of Bradley Manning, Adrian Lamo and WikiLeaks"]{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Salon'', 18 June 2010.
* Last, Jonathan V. [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/01/11/opinion/main7233405.shtml "The Left's Canonization of St. Bradley Manning"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515171830/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/01/11/opinion/main7233405.shtml |date=2013-05-15 }}, CBS News, 11 January 2011.
* Manning, Bradley. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B_zC44SBaZPoMzMyNWExZmUtZjEzMS00ZjM2LWE3OWMtM2I4NzY5NDNkMmFh&hl=en&authkey=CMKgiogG "Memorandum"], released by David Coombs, March 10, 2011; [
* Nakashima, Ellen. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/who-is-wikileaks-suspect-bradley-manning/2011/04/16/AFMwBmrF_print.html "Bradley Manning is at the center of the WikiLeaks controversy. But who is he?"], ''The Washington Post'', 4 May 2011;
* Nicks, Denver. [
* PBS ''Frontline''. [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/wikileaks/manning-facebook-page/ "Bradley Manning's Facebook Page"], March 2011;
* Thompson, Ginger. [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/09/us/09manning.html?_r=1&scp=23&sq=%22Bradley+Manning%22&st=nyt "Early Struggles of Soldier Charged in Leak Case"], ''The New York Times'', 8 August 2010.
* Zetter, Kim. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/12/manning-assange-laptop/ "Jolt in WikiLeaks Case: Feds Found Manning-Assange Chat Logs on Laptop"], ''Wired'', 19 December 2011.
Baris 95:
* Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/06/manning-detainment/ "Three Weeks After Arrest, Still No Charges in WikiLeaks Probe"], ''Wired'' magazine, 16 June 2010.
* Xeni, Jardin. [http://www.boingboing.net/2010/06/19/wikileaks-a-somewhat.html "WikiLeaks: a somewhat less redacted version of the Lamo/Manning logs"], ''Boing Boing'', 19 June 2010.
* Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/27/wired "The worsening journalistic disgrace at Wired"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902072022/http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/27/wired |date=2011-09-02 }}, ''Salon'', 27 December 2010.
* Hansen, Evan and Poulsen, Kevin. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/12/greenwald/ "Putting the Record Straight on the Lamo-Manning Chat Logs"], ''Wired'' magazine, 28 December 2010.
* Greenwald, Glenn. [http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/12/29/wired_1 "Wired's refusal to release or comment on the Manning chat logs"], ''Salon'', 29 December 2010.
* ''Firedoglake''. [http://firedoglake.com/merged-manning-lamo-chat-logs/ "Manning/WikiLeaks timeline"], published as a complete version of the released excerpts, retrieved 14 March 2011;
* Hansen, Evan. [http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/07/manning-lamo-logs/ "Manning-Lamo Chat Logs Revealed"], ''Wired'' magazine, 13 July 2011;
;Audio/video
Baris 114:
* ''The Guardian''. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/iraq-war-logs "Iraq: The War Logs"], retrieved 9 May 2012.
* ''The New York Times''. [http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/world/war-logs.html "The War Logs''], retrieved 9 May 2012.
* ''Wired''. [https://archive.
;Buku
Baris 122:
;Audio/video
* Broom, Kyle. [http://preventionofinjury.com/ "Prevention of Injury (POI)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515001800/http://preventionofinjury.com/ |date=2012-05-15 }}, a short dramatization of the account given by Manning in her letter to the army ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B_zC44SBaZPoMzMyNWExZmUtZjEzMS00ZjM2LWE3OWMtM2I4NzY5NDNkMmFh&hl=en&authkey=CMKgiogG Manning, 10 March 2011]); also see [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2009556/ ImDb], retrieved 8 April 2012.
* ''Democracy Now''. [http://www.democracynow.org/topics/bradley_manning Bradley Manning video archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822231014/http://www.democracynow.org/topics/bradley_manning |date=2013-08-22 }}, 2011–present.
* Gavin, Patrick. [http://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/celebrity-bradley-manning-video-93041.html "Celeb video: I am Bradley Manning"], ''Politico'', 19 June 2013.
* Gonzales, Juan and Goodman, Amy. [http://www.democracynow.org/2011/2/24/glenn_greenwald_on_the_assange_extradition "Glenn Greenwald on the Assange Extradition Ruling, the Jailing of Bradley Manning ..."], Democracy Now!, 24 February 2011.
* Miller, Michelle. [http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7406736n "Private"], CBS News, 26 April 2012, interview with Denver Nicks, author of ''Private'' (2012), Manning's biography.
* Nicks, Denver. [
* Price, Tim. ''The Radicalisation of Bradley Manning''. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012 (play), directed by John McGrath, [http://nationaltheatrewales.org/whatson/performance/ntw18#theradicalisationofbradleymanning "The Radicalisation of Bradley Manning"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604062051/http://nationaltheatrewales.org/whatson/performance/ntw18#theradicalisationofbradleymanning |date=2012-06-04 }}, National Theatre Wales, 12–28 April 2012.
;Dokumen hukum
* [http://www.scribd.com/collections/3376478/US-v-Bradley-Manning "U.S. v Bradley Manning"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809061914/http://www.scribd.com/collections/3376478/US-v-Bradley-Manning |date=2013-08-09 }}, scribd.com, retrieved 7 April 2012.
== Pranala luar ==
Baris 137:
* [http://www.bradleymanning.org/ Bradley Manning Support Network]
{{WikiLeaks}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Manning, Chelsea}}
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