Ian Stevenson: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Ian Pretyman Stevenson''' (31 Oktober 1918 – 8 Februari 2007) adalah seorang psikiatis Kanada-Amerika. Dia adalah seorang ilmuwan yang menggunakan hampir setengah abad berkeliling dunia untuk melakukan penelitian secara teliti dan mendetail mengenai ratusan kasus anak kecil yang dapat mengingat kehidupan lampaunya (secara spontan, tanpa menggunakan cara
Penelitian Stevenson yang berkaitan dengan kelahiran kembali, dipandang sebelah mata oleh sebagian orang sebagai hal yang tidak biasa. Pada tahun [[1977]], dalam menanggapi hasil penelitian Stevenson pada Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, seorang psikiater bernama Harold Lief menggambarkan Stevenson sebagai ”seorang penyelidik yang metodis, hati-hati bahkan sangat hati-hati yang personalitasnya menghantuinya.” Ia juga menulis: ”Ia membuat kesalahan yang sangat besar, atau ia akan dikenal sebagai [[Galileo]] [[abad ke-20]].”
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Dengan menyadari bahwa tujuan akhirnya agar ilmu pengetahuan ”secara serius mempertimbangkan kelahiran kembali sebagai suatu kemungkinan”, tidak dapat direalisasikan pada kehidupan sekarang, Prof. Dr. Ian Stevenson yang telah berusia 88 tahun, meninggal dunia karena penyakit radang paru-paru, pada tanggal [[8 Februari]] [[2007]] di komunitas pensiunan di Westminster-Canterbury of the Blue Ridge, di Charlottesville, Virginia.
== Referensi ==
*[[Robert F. Almeder|Almeder, Robert]] (1992). ''Death and Personal Survival: The Evidence for Life After Death''. Rowman and Littlefield.▼
*Almeder, Robert (1997). [http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_11_4_almeder.pdf "A Critique of Arguments Offered Against Reincarnation"], ''Journal of Scientific Exploration'', 11(4), pp. 499–526.▼
*[[Christopher Bache|Bache, Christopher]] (2000). ''Dark Night, Early Dawn: Steps to a Deep Ecology of Mind''. State University of New York Press.▼
*Brody, Eugene B. (1977). [http://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Citation/1977/09000/Research_in_Reincarnation_and_Editorial.1.aspx "Research in Reincarnation and Editorial Responsibility: An Editorial"], ''The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease'', 165(3), September.▼
*Cadoret, Remi J. (2005). [http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=177497 "Review of European Cases of the Reincarnation Type"], ''American Journal of Psychiatry'', 162(4), April.▼
*[[Robert Todd Carroll|Carroll, Robert T.]] (July 7, 2009). [http://www.skepdic.com/stevenson.html "Ian Stevenson (1918-2007)"], ''The Skeptic's Dictionary''.▼
*''The Daily Telegraph'' (February 12, 2007). [http://web.archive.org/web/20070331045018/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/02/12/db1201.xml "Professor Ian Stevenson"] (obituary).▼
*Debus, Allen G. (1968). ''World Who's in Science''. Marquis-Who's Who.▼
*[[Paul Edwards (philosopher)|Edwards, Paul]] (1992). "Introduction" and "The Dependence of Consciousness on the Brain," in Paul Edwards (ed.). ''Immortality''. Prometheus Books.▼
*Edwards, Paul (1996). ''Reincarnation: A Critical Examination''. Prometheus Books.▼
*[[Margalit Fox|Fox, Margalit]] (February 18, 2007). [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/health/psychology/18stevenson.html "Ian Stevenson Dies at 88; Studied Claims of Past Lives"], ''The New York Times''.▼
*Hopkins Tanne, Janice (April 2, 2007). [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/334/7595/700 "Obituaries: Ian Pretyman Stevenson"], ''British Medical Journal''.▼
*Kelly, Emily Williams (2007). [http://www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/psychiatry/sections/cspp/dops/publicationslinks/Stevenson-s-Obit-Emily.pdf "Ian P. Stevenson"], University of Virginia School of Medicine, February (obituary).▼
*Kelly, Edward F. and Kelly, Emily Williams (2007). ''[[Irreducible Mind|Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the 21st Century]]''. Rowman & Littlefield.▼
*[[Harold Lief|Lief, Harold]] (1977). [http://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Citation/1977/09000/Commentary_on_Dr__Ian_Stevenson_s__the_Evidence_of.3.aspx "Commentary on Ian Stevenson’s 'The Evidence of Man’s Survival After Death'"], ''The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease'', 165(3), September.▼
*McClelland, Norman C. (2010). ''Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma''. McFarland.▼
*Pandarakalam, James Paul (April 2 2007). [http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/11/01/professor-ian-stevenson-emperor-parapsychology "Professor Ian Stevenson, an emperor in parapsychology"], ''British Medical Journal'' (obituary).▼
*[[Tom Shroder|Shroder, Tom]] (February 11, 2007). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/10/AR2007021001393.html "Ian Stevenson; Sought To Document Memories Of Past Lives in Children"], ''The Washington Post'' (obituary).▼
*Stevenson, Ian (1957). [http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=146529 "Is the human personality more plastic in infancy and childhood?"], ''American Journal of Psychiatry'', 114(2), pp. 152–161.▼
*Stevenson, Ian (1966). ''[[Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation]]''. University of Virginia Press.▼
*Stevenson, Ian (1977). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/864444 "The explanatory value of the idea of reincarnation"], ''The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease'', 164(5), pp. 305–326.▼
*Stevenson, Ian (1989). [http://web.archive.org/web/20110720110857/http://www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/psychiatry/sections/cspp/dops/publicationslinks/some-of-my-journeys-in-medicine.pdf "Some of my journeys in medicine"], The Flora Levy Lecture in the Humanities.▼
*Stevenson, Ian (1992). [http://www.childpastlives.org/library_articles/birthmark.htm "Birthmarks and Birth Defects Corresponding to Wounds on Deceased Persons"], paper presented at the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Society for Scientific Exploration, Princeton University, June 11–13.▼
*Stevenson, Ian (2000). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10859660 "The phenomenon of claimed memories of previous lives: possible interpretations and importance"], ''Medical Hypotheses'', 54(4), April, pp. 652–659.▼
*Stevenson, Ian (2006). [http://web.archive.org/web/20080514130801/http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/personalitystudies/Stevenson.pdf "Half A Career With the Paranormal"], ''Journal of Scientific Exploration'', 20(1).▼
*[[Jim B. Tucker|Tucker, Jim B.]] (2007). [http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_21_3_tucker.pdf "Children Who Claim to Remember Previous Lives: Past, Present and Future Research"], ''Journal of Scientific Exploration'', 21(3), 2007, pp. 543–552.▼
*Tucker, Jim B. (2005). ''Life Before Life: A Scientific Investigation of Children's Memories of Previous Lives''. St. Martin's Press.▼
*University of Virginia (undated). [http://web.archive.org/web/20080514032033/http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/psychiatric/stevenson.cfm "Ian Stevenson, MD"], School of Medicine.▼
*University of Virginia (undated). [http://web.archive.org/web/20080514203122/http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/personalitystudies/staff.cfm "Division Staff"], Division of Perceptual Studies, School of Medicine.▼
*University of Virginia (undated). [http://www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/psychiatry/sections/cspp/dops/we_are-page#history "History and description"], Division of Perceptual Studies, School of Medicine.▼
*Woodhouse, Mark (1996). ''Paradigm Wars: Worldviews for a New Age''. Frog Books.▼
▲* [[Robert F. Almeder|Almeder, Robert]] (1992). ''Death and Personal Survival: The Evidence for Life After Death''. Rowman and Littlefield.
==Bacaan tambahan==▼
▲* Almeder, Robert (1997). [http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_11_4_almeder.pdf "A Critique of Arguments Offered Against Reincarnation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229061304/http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_11_4_almeder.pdf |date=2009-12-29 }}, ''Journal of Scientific Exploration'', 11(4), pp. 499–526.
▲* [[Christopher Bache|Bache, Christopher]] (2000). ''Dark Night, Early Dawn: Steps to a Deep Ecology of Mind''. State University of New York Press.
▲* Brody, Eugene B. (1977). [http://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Citation/1977/09000/Research_in_Reincarnation_and_Editorial.1.aspx "Research in Reincarnation and Editorial Responsibility: An Editorial"], ''The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease'', 165(3), September.
▲* Cadoret, Remi J. (2005). [http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=177497 "Review of European Cases of the Reincarnation Type"], ''American Journal of Psychiatry'', 162(4), April.
▲* [[Robert Todd Carroll|Carroll, Robert T.]] (July 7, 2009). [http://www.skepdic.com/stevenson.html "Ian Stevenson (1918-2007)"], ''The Skeptic's Dictionary''.
▲* ''The Daily Telegraph'' (February 12, 2007). [
▲* Debus, Allen G. (1968). ''World Who's in Science''. Marquis-Who's Who.
▲* [[Paul Edwards (philosopher)|Edwards, Paul]] (1992). "Introduction" and "The Dependence of Consciousness on the Brain," in Paul Edwards (ed.). ''Immortality''. Prometheus Books.
▲* Edwards, Paul (1996). ''Reincarnation: A Critical Examination''. Prometheus Books.
▲* [[Margalit Fox|Fox, Margalit]] (February 18, 2007). [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/health/psychology/18stevenson.html "Ian Stevenson Dies at 88; Studied Claims of Past Lives"], ''The New York Times''.
▲* Hopkins Tanne, Janice (April 2, 2007). [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/334/7595/700 "Obituaries: Ian Pretyman Stevenson"], ''British Medical Journal''.
▲* Kelly, Emily Williams (2007). [http://www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/psychiatry/sections/cspp/dops/publicationslinks/Stevenson-s-Obit-Emily.pdf "Ian P. Stevenson"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512111021/http://www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/psychiatry/sections/cspp/dops/publicationslinks/Stevenson-s-Obit-Emily.pdf |date=2013-05-12 }}, University of Virginia School of Medicine, February (obituary).
▲* Kelly, Edward F. and Kelly, Emily Williams (2007). ''[[Irreducible Mind|Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the 21st Century]]''. Rowman & Littlefield.
▲* [[Harold Lief|Lief, Harold]] (1977). [http://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Citation/1977/09000/Commentary_on_Dr__Ian_Stevenson_s__the_Evidence_of.3.aspx "Commentary on Ian Stevenson’s 'The Evidence of Man’s Survival After Death'"], ''The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease'', 165(3), September.
▲* McClelland, Norman C. (2010). ''Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma''. McFarland.
▲* Pandarakalam, James Paul (April 2 2007). [http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/11/01/professor-ian-stevenson-emperor-parapsychology "Professor Ian Stevenson, an emperor in parapsychology"], ''British Medical Journal'' (obituary).
▲* [[Tom Shroder|Shroder, Tom]] (February 11, 2007). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/10/AR2007021001393.html "Ian Stevenson; Sought To Document Memories Of Past Lives in Children"], ''The Washington Post'' (obituary).
▲* Stevenson, Ian (1957). [http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=146529 "Is the human personality more plastic in infancy and childhood?"], ''American Journal of Psychiatry'', 114(2), pp. 152–161.
▲* Stevenson, Ian (1966). ''[[Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation]]''. University of Virginia Press.
▲* Stevenson, Ian (1977). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/864444 "The explanatory value of the idea of reincarnation"], ''The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease'', 164(5), pp. 305–326.
▲* Stevenson, Ian (1989). [
▲* Stevenson, Ian (1992). [http://www.childpastlives.org/library_articles/birthmark.htm "Birthmarks and Birth Defects Corresponding to Wounds on Deceased Persons"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120724055143/http://www.childpastlives.org/library_articles/birthmark.htm |date=2012-07-24 }}, paper presented at the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Society for Scientific Exploration, Princeton University, June 11–13.
▲* Stevenson, Ian (2000). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10859660 "The phenomenon of claimed memories of previous lives: possible interpretations and importance"], ''Medical Hypotheses'', 54(4), April, pp. 652–659.
▲* Stevenson, Ian (2006). [
▲* [[Jim B. Tucker|Tucker, Jim B.]] (2007). [http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_21_3_tucker.pdf "Children Who Claim to Remember Previous Lives: Past, Present and Future Research"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507023025/http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_21_3_tucker.pdf |date=2012-05-07 }}, ''Journal of Scientific Exploration'', 21(3), 2007, pp. 543–552.
▲* Tucker, Jim B. (2005). ''Life Before Life: A Scientific Investigation of Children's Memories of Previous Lives''. St. Martin's Press.
▲* University of Virginia (undated). [
▲* University of Virginia (undated). [
▲* University of Virginia (undated). [http://www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/psychiatry/sections/cspp/dops/we_are-page#history "History and description"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928003446/http://www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/psychiatry/sections/cspp/dops/we_are-page#history |date=2013-09-28 }}, Division of Perceptual Studies, School of Medicine.
▲* Woodhouse, Mark (1996). ''Paradigm Wars: Worldviews for a New Age''. Frog Books.
▲== Bacaan tambahan ==
;Ian Stevenson/reincarnation
* [[Robert Almeder|Almeder, Robert]] (2000). [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZhMDU9GcVg "Reincarnation Evidence: Stevenson's Research"], interview with Robert Almeder, professor of philosophy at Georgia State University (video).
* Almeder, Robert (1988). "Response to 'Past Tongues Remembered'," ''[[Skeptical Inquirer]]'', 12, Spring.
* Almeder, Robert (1987). ''Beyond Death''. Charles C. Thomas.
* Alvarado, Carlos S. [http://archived.parapsych.org/newsletters/Ian-Stevenson-Bibliography.html "Ian Stevenson, Selected Bibliography"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415213435/http://archived.parapsych.org/newsletters/Ian-Stevenson-Bibliography.html |date=2012-04-15 }}, Parapsychological Association.
* Edelmann, Jonathan and Bernet, William. [http://www.imprint.co.uk/pdf/Edelman.pdf "Setting Criteria for Ideal Reincarnation Research"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728095537/http://www.imprint.co.uk/pdf/Edelman.pdf |date=2012-07-28 }}, ''Journal of Consciousness Studies'', 14(12), p. 92.
* [[Paul Edwards (philosopher)|Edwards, Paul]] (1986). "The Case Against Reincarnation: Part 1," ''[[Free Inquiry]]'', 6, Fall, pp. 24–34.
* Edwards, Paul (1986/7). "The Case Against Reincarnation: Part 2," ''Free Inquiry'', 7, Winter, pp. 38–43.
* Edwards, Paul (1987a). "The Case Against Reincarnation: Part 3," ''Free Inquiry'', 7, Spring, pp. 38–49.
* Edwards, Paul (1987b). "The Case Against Reincarnation: Part 4," ''Free Inquiry'', 7, Summer, pp. 46–53.
* Griffin, David Ray (1997). ''Parapsychology, Philosophy, and Spirituality: A Postmodern Exploration''. SUNY Press (particularly chapter 6, [http://books.google.com/books?id=xCmeJQJldFsC&pg=PA184 "Evidence from Cases of the Reincarnation Type"]).
* Hales, Steven (2001a). [http://departments.bloomu.edu/philosophy/pages/content/hales/articlepdf/afterlife.pdf "Evidence and the afterlife"], ''Philosophia'', 28(1–4), pp. 335–346.
:* Almeder, Robert (2001). [http://philpapers.org/rec/ALMORAv "On reincarnation: A reply to Hales"], ''Philosophia''.
:* Hales, Steven (2001b). "Reincarnation redux," ''Philosophia'', 28(1–4), pp. 359–367.
* Irwin, Harvey J. (2004). ''An Introduction to Parapsychology''. McFarland.
* Martin, Raymond (1994). [http://books.google.com/books?id=5Ibd4TJyv5gC&pg=PA344 "Survival of Bodily Death: A Question of Values"], in John Donnelly (ed.) ''Language, Metaphysics, and Death''. Fordham University Press.
* Rockley, Richard (1 November 2002). [http://skepticreport.com/sr/?p=482 "Book Review: ''Children who remember previous lives, A question of reincarnation'', Ian Stevenson"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807184113/http://skepticreport.com/sr/?p=482 |date=2009-08-07 }}, ''Skeptic Report''.
* [[Lewis Spence|Spence, Lewis]] (2003). [http://books.google.com/books?id=gq1LhcH48GQC&pg=PA884 "Stevenson, Ian"]{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology''. Kessinger Publishing.
* Stanford, Rex (2008). [http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_22_1_stanford.pdf "Ian Stevenson: A Man from Whom We Should Learn"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507033116/http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_22_1_stanford.pdf |date=2012-05-07 }}, ''Journal of Scientific Exploration'', 22(1), pp. 120–124.
* [[Jim B. Tucker|Tucker, Jim B.]] (2008). [http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_22_1_tucker.pdf "Ian Stevenson and Cases of the Reincarnation Type"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823114919/http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_22_1_tucker.pdf |date=2014-08-23 }}, ''Journal of Scientific Exploration'', 22(1), pp. 36–43.
* [[Ian Wilson (author)|Wilson, Ian]]. ''Mind Out of Time?: Reincarnation Claims Investigated''. Orion Books Limited, 1981.
;Consciousness
* Almeder, Robert (2011). [http://books.google.com/books?id=3DTBkby85pYC&pg=PA16 "The Major Objections from Reductive Materialism Against Belief in the Existence of Cartesian Mind-Body Dualism"], in Alexander Moreira-Almeida and Franklin Santana Santos, ''Exploring Frontiers of the Mind-Brain Relationship'', Springer, pp. 16–33
* [[Michael Graziano|Graziano, Michael S. A.]] and Kastner, Sabine (2011). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223025/ "Human consciousness and its relationship to social neuroscience: A novel hypothesis"], ''Cognitive Neuroscience'', 2(2), January 1, pp. 98–113.
* Levine, Joseph (2001). ''Purple Haze: The Puzzle of Consciousness''. Oxford University Press.
* [[Roger Penrose|Penrose, Roger]] (1994). ''Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness''. Oxford University Press.
* Velman, Max and Schneider, Susan (2007). ''The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness''. University of Oxford Press.
* [[Philip David Zelazo|Zelazo, Philip David]]; [[Morris Moscovitch|Moscovitch, Morris]]; and [[Evan Thompson|Thompson, Evan]] (eds.) (2007). ''The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness''. University of Cambridge Press.
;Miscellaneous
* Almeder, Robert (1998). ''Harmless naturalism: The limits of science and the nature of philosophy''. Open Court Publishers.
* [[Paul Kurtz|Kurtz, Paul]] (2006). [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119242621/abstract "Two Sources of Unreason in Democratic Society: The paranormal and religion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121218015821/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119242621/abstract |date=2012-12-18 }}, ''Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences'', 775(1), pp. 493–504.
* Schumacher, Bernard N. (2005). ''Death and Mortality in Contemporary Philosophy''. Cambridge University Press.
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