Wikipedia

Halton Arp: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnyaRevisi selanjutnya →
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Magioladitis (bicara | kontrib)
8.399 suntingan
k →Pranala luar: Persondata now moved to wikidata, removed: {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see Wikipedia:Persondata. --> | NAME =Arp, Halton | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = American astronomer | DATE OF BIRTH =1927-03-
(22 revisi perantara oleh 9 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 2:
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Halton Arp
|image = Halton-arp-adjusted.jpg
|image_size = 150px
|caption = '''Halton Arp''' in London, October 2000
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|3|21|}}
Baris 28:
|signature =
}}
'''Halton Christian "Chip" Arp''' (21 Maret 1927 – 28 Desember 2013) adalah seorang [[astronom]] asal [[Amerika Serikat]]. Ia dikenal karena karyanya yang diterbitkan tahun 1966 yaitu ''[[Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies]]'' ("Atlas Galaksi-galaksi Aneh"), yang (kemudian disadari) merupakan katalog banyak contoh ''[[:en:interacting galaxies|galaksi yang berhubungan dan sedang bergabung]]''. Arp juga dikenal sebagai kritik atas [[Ledakan Dahsyat|Teori Big Bang]] dan mendukung suatu [[kosmologi]] non-standar yang meliputi suatu [[pergeseran merah|pergeseran gelombang cahaya merah]] secara intrinsik (''instrinsic redshift'').
 
== Biografi ==
[[FileBerkas:Arp&grandsons.2008.JPG|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|Halton Arp (kanan) dan para cucu laki-lakinya, 2008]]
 
Arp dilahirkan pada tanggal 21 Maret 21 1927 di [[New York City]]. Ia menikah tiga kali, mempunyai empat putri dan lima cucu.<ref>Alissa J. Arp and [[Andrice Arp]], daughters</ref><ref name="OVERBYEoverbye">[{{Cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/07/science/space/halton-c-arp-astronomer-who-challenged-big-bang-theory-dies-at-86.html |title=Halton C. Arp, Astronomer Who Challenged Big Bang Theory, Dies at 86] |access-date=2014-03-24 |archive-date=2021-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513005357/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/07/science/space/halton-c-arp-astronomer-who-challenged-big-bang-theory-dies-at-86.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Gelar sarjananya diraih dari [[:en:Harvard College|Harvard]] (1949), dan gelar Ph.D dicapai pada [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]] (1953). Setelah itu ia menjadi seorang Fellow pada [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]] tahun 1953, melakukan penelitian pada [[Mount Wilson Observatory]] dan [[Palomar Observatory]]. Arp menjadi Research Assistant pada [[:en:Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]] pada tahun 1955, dan kemudian pada tahun 1957 menjadi anggota staf pada [[Palomar Observatory]], di mana ia bekerja selama 29 tahun. Pada tahun 1983 ia bergabung dengan staf [[Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics]] di Jerman. Ia meninggal di kota [[Munich]], Jerman pada tanggal 28 Desember 2013.<ref name=overbye />[<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://creation.com/halton-arp-dies |title=Big-bang-defying giant of astronomy passes away]< |access-date=2014-03-24 |archive-date=2019-04-23 |archive-url=https:/ref><ref/web.archive.org/web/20190423054748/https://creation.com/halton-arp-dies name|dead-url=OVERBYEno }}</ref>
 
== ''The Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies'' ==
Arp mengompilasi suatu katalog dari galaksi-galaksi yang aneh pada buku dengan judul ''[[Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies]]'', yang pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1966.<ref name="arp1966">{{cite journal
| author=H. Arp
Baris 44:
| pages=1–20
| bibcode=1966ApJS...14....1A | doi=10.1086/190147
}}</ref> Arp menyadari bahwa para astronom hanya memahami sedikit mengenai bagaimana galaksi berubah dari masa ke masa, sehingga ia mengerjakan proyek ini. Atlas ini bermaksud memberikan gambar-gambar yang menyediakan data bagi para astronom agar dapat mempelajari evolusi galaksi-galaksi. Arp kemudian menggunakan atlas ini sebagai bukti untuk debatnya mengenai [[:en:Quasar|quasi-stellar objects]] (QSOs).
<!--
Based on its citation by other astronomers, Arp's atlas is recognized now as an excellent compilation of [[interacting galaxies|interacting and merging galaxies]]. Many objects in the atlas are primarily referred to by their Arp number. Many of these objects (particularly [[Arp 220]]) are also used as spectral templates for studying high-redshift galaxies.
-->
== Quasar dan pergeseran merah ==
 
=== Ciri khas quasar ===
==Quasars and redshifts==
Selama tahun 1950-an sumber radio terang telah ditemukan yang tidak mempunyai pasangan optik. Pada tahun 1960 salah satu sumber ini, [[3C 48]], ditemukan mempunyai hubungan dengan apa yang tampaknya merupakan sebuah bintang biru kecil. Ketika [[spektrum]] bintang ini diukur, ternyata mengandung garis-garis spektrum yang tidak dikenal yang tidak dapat dijelaskan; pendapat [[John Gatenby Bolton]] bahwa ini merupakan sumber-sumber [[pergeseran merah]] (''redshift'') tinggi tidak diterima luas.
 
===Characterizing quasars===
During the 1950s bright radio sources had been discovered that did not appear to have an optical counterpart. In 1960 one of these sources, [[3C 48]], was found to be associated with what appeared to be a small blue star. When the [[spectrum]] of the star was measured, it contained unidentifiable [[spectral line]]s that defied all attempts at explanation; [[John Gatenby Bolton]]'s suggestion that these were highly [[redshifted]] sources was not widely accepted.
 
InPada tahun 1963 [[Maarten Schmidt]] foundmenemukan apasangan visibleyang companionterlihat todari [[3C 273]]. Using theMenggunakan [[teleskop Hale telescope]], Schmidt foundmenemukan thespektrum sameaneh oddyang spectraserupa, buttetapi wasdapat ablemenjelaskannya tosebagai demonstratespektrum that[[hidrogen]] ityang couldbergeser be explained as the spectrum of hydrogen, shifted by a very largesebesar 15.8%. IfJika thisini wasdisebabkan dueoleh togerakan the physical motion of thefisik "starbintang" itu, it would represent amaka speedkecepatannya ofadalah 47,000&nbsp;km/sdetik, farjauh beyonddi theatas speedkecepatan ofbintang anymanapun knowndan stardi andluar defyingjangkauan anpenjelasan obviousapapun, explanation.maupun Nortidak woulddapat thismenjelaskan explain the hugeemisi radio emissions that hadraksasa ledyang tomenyebabkannya itsterdeteksi originalpada detectionawalnya.
 
Schmidt notedmencatat thatbahwa redshiftpergeseran ismerah alsojuga associatedberkaitan withdengan theekspansi expansionalam of the universesemesta, assebagaimana codifieddinyatakan indalam [[hukum Hubble]] (''Hubble's law]]''). IfJika thepengukuran measuredpergeseran redshiftmerah wasdisebabkan dueoleh to expansionekspansi, thenmaka thebenda objectitu inpasti questionsangat wouldjauh have to be very far awaysekali. InDalam thathal case,itu ittentunya wouldharus have to have an extraordinarily highmemiliki [[luminosityluminositas]], equallyyang beyondluar anybiasa objecttingginya, seendi toluar date.apa Thisyang extremepernah luminositydilihat wouldsampai alsosekarang. explainLuminositas theekstrem largeini radiojuga menjelaskan besarnya signal radio. Schmidt concludedmenyimpulkan quasarsbahwa arequasar veryadalah distantbenda yang terletak sangat jauh, verydan bersinar luminoussangat objectsterang.<ref name="schmidt1963">{{cite journal
| author= Maarten Schmidt
| title=3C 273: a star-like object with large red-shift
Baris 65:
| bibcode=1963Natur.197.1040S | doi=10.1038/1971040a0
}}</ref>
<!--
 
Schmidt's explanation for the high redshift was not universally accepted at the time. Another explanation that was offered was that it was [[gravitational redshift]] that was being measured; this would require a massive object that would also explain the high luminosities. A star large enough to produce the measured redshift would be well beyond the [[Hayashi limit]]. Several other mechanisms were proposed as well, each with their own problems.
-->
 
=== Usulan Arp's suggestion===
<!--
In 1966, Arp published the ''Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies'', which contained photographs of 338 nearby galaxies that did not fall into any of the classic categories of galaxy shapes. His goal was to produce a selection that modellers could use in order to test theories of galactic formation. By testing against the collection, one could quickly see how well a particular theory stood up.
 
One group of these, numbers 1 through 101, were otherwise conventional galaxies that appeared to have small companion objects of unknown origin. In 1967 Arp noted that several of these objects appeared on the list of quasars. In some photographs a quasar is in the foreground of known galaxies, and in others there appeared to be matter bridging the two objects, implying they are very close in space. If they are, and the redshifts were due to Hubble expansion, then both objects should have similar redshifts. The galaxies had much smaller redshifts than the quasars. Arp argued that the redshift was not due to Hubble expansion or physical movement of the objects, but must have a non-[[cosmological]] or "[[intrinsic redshift|intrinsic]]" origin.
-->
 
Arp alsomenemukan notedbahwa thatquasar quasarstidaklah weretersebar notmerata evenlydi spreadseluruh over the skyangkasa, but tended tomelainkan becenderung morelebih commonlybanyak foundditemukan inpada positionsposisi-posisi ofdengan smallpemisahan angular/sudut separationkecil fromdari certaingalaksi-galaksi galaxiestertentu. ThisKalau being the casedemikian, theymereka mighttentunya beberkaitan indengan somegalaksi-galaksi wayitu relateddalam tocara-cara the galaxiestertentu. Hipotesis Arp's [[hypothesis]]adalah isquasar thatmerupakan quasarsbenda-benda arelokal localyang objectsdilontarkan ejecteddari frominti thenukleus coregalaksi ofaktif [[(''Active galaxy|active galactic nuclei]]''; (AGN). NearbyGalaksi-galaksi galaxiesyang withberdekatan bothdengan strongemisi radio emissionkuat anddan peculiarmorfologi [[Morphology (astronomy)|morphologies]]aneh, particularlykhususnya [[Messier 87|Messier 87 (M87)]] anddan [[Centaurus A]], appearedtampaknya tomendukung supporthipotesis Arp's hypothesis.<ref name="arp1967">{{cite journal
| author=H. Arp
| title=Peculiar Galaxies and Radio Sources
Baris 83 ⟶ 84:
}}</ref>
 
Arp juga menemukan bahwa galaksi-galaksi yang mempunyai [[pergeseran merah]] sangat berbeda, dan dipahami sebagai "sangat jauh" dari bumi, sering dihubungkan dengan filamen-filamen atau jembatan-jembatan gas. Menurutnya, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pergeseran merah tidak selalu menjadi indikasi jarak, tetapi dapat pula disebabkan oleh hal-hal fisik lain yang belum dikenal. Pergeseran-pergeseran merah terbesar, terutama dari quasar, yang diduga berada pada batas-batas semesta, ditemukannya sering kali berdekatan di angkasa secara mencurigakan dengan galaksi-galaksi spiral di dekatnya. Karenanya ia menyimpulkan bahwa quasar tidaklah sangat jauh, dan kemungkinan ditembakkan ke luar oleh galaksi-galaksi yang berdekatan tersebut; suatu ide yang pertama kali dilontarkan oleh astronom asal Armenia, Victor Ambartsumian, satu dekade sebelumnya. Jika ia benar, maka seluruh gambaran evolusi kosmos yang diberikan oleh [[Ledakan dahsyat|teori Big Bang]] - yaitu alam semesta dimulai dari suatu ledakan api dan gas 14 miliar tahun lalu dan perlahan mengerut menjadi bintang-bintang, galaksi-galaksi dan makhluk-makhluk dalam bilangan masa yang panjang - akan terbukti omong kosong.<ref name=overbye />
In his books, Arp has provided his reasons for believing that the [[Big Bang]] theory is wrong, citing his research into [[quasar|quasi-stellar objects]] (QSOs). Instead, Arp supported the [[redshift quantization]] theory as an explanation of the redshifts of galaxies.<ref>Arp, Halton, "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1987JApA....8..241A&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=4521318e0202978 Additional members of the Local Group of galaxies and quantized redshifts within the two nearest groups]" (1987) ''Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy'' (ISSN 0250-6335), vol. 8, Sept. 1987, p. 241-255.</ref>▼
 
“Dengan enggan saya tiba pada kesimpulan bahwa pergeseran merah dari sejumlah benda-benda intergalaktik bukanlah seluruhnya diakibatkan oleh sebab-sebab yang berkaitan dengan kecepatan,” Arp menulis pada satu makalah setahun kemudian. Ia terus menyisir angkasa untuk mendapatkan bukti bahwa pergeseran merah bukanlah indikasi yang kokoh untuk menentukan jarak kosmos, sadar bahwa ia memukul jantung kosmologi modern. Dengan piawai ia menemukan quasar pada tempat-tempat yang mencurigakan, di balik lengan suatu galaksi atau di ujung suatu tendril (benang tipis yang mencuat) gas. Salah satu benda sejenis quasar yang paling impresif adalah Markarian 205, yang mempunyai pergeseran merah sebanding dengan suatu jarak sekitar satu miliar tahun cahaya tetapi tampaknya terletak di depan sebuah galaksi yang hanya 70 juta tahun cahaya jauhnya dari bumi.<ref name=overbye />
===Critics===▼
 
▲InDalam his booksbuku-bukunya, Arp hasmemberikan providedalasan hisuntuk reasonspercaya forbahwa believing that theteori [[Ledakan dahsyat|Big Bang]] theorykeliru, is wrong,dengan citingmengutip hishasil researchpenelitiannya intotentang ''[[quasar|quasi-stellar objects]]'' (QSOsQSO). Sebagai Insteadgantinya, Arp supportedmendukung theteori [[redshift quantization]] theorysebagai aspenjelasan anpergeseran explanationmerah of the redshifts of galaxiesgalaksi-galaksi.<ref>Arp, Halton, "[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1987JApA....8..241A&amp;db_key=AST&amp;data_type=HTML&amp;format=&amp;high=4521318e0202978 Additional members of the Local Group of galaxies and quantized redshifts within the two nearest groups] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813160013/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JApA....8..241A?data_type=HTML&high=4521318e0202978&format=&db_key=AST |date=2023-08-13 }}" (1987) ''Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy'' (ISSN 0250-6335), vol. 8, Sept. 1987, p. 241-255.</ref>
<!--
▲=== Critics ===
Arp originally proposed his theories in the 1960s; [[telescope]]s and astronomical instrumentation have advanced greatly since then: the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] was launched, multiple 8-10 meter [[telescopes]] (such as those at [[Keck Observatory]]) have become operational, and detectors such as [[charge-coupled device|CCD]]s are now more widely employed. These new telescopes and new instrumentation have been used to examine QSOs further. QSOs are now generally accepted to be very distant galaxies with high redshifts. Many imaging surveys, most notably the [[Hubble Deep Field]], have found many high-redshift objects that are not QSOs but that appear to be normal galaxies like those found nearby.<ref name="driveretal1998">{{cite journal
| author=S. P. Driver, A. Fernandez-Soto, W. J. Couch, S. C. Odewahn, R. A. Windhorst, S. Phillips, K. Lanzetta, A. Yahil
Baris 134 ⟶ 139:
-->
== Perhargaan ==
Pada tahun 1960, Arp diberi penghargaan [[Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy]] oleh [[American Astronomical Society]], sebuah hadiah yang "secara normal diberikan setiap tahun untuk kontribusi penting pada astronomi observational atau teoretik selama lima tahun sebelum pemberian penghargaan."<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.aas.org/grants/awards.html |title=Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy] |access-date=2014-03-24 |archive-date=2007-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404093144/http://www.aas.org/grants/awards.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
Pada tahun yang sama, Arp diberi penghargaan [[Newcomb Cleveland Prize]] untuk pidatonya, "The Stellar Content of Galaxies", yang dibacakan di hadapan sesi bersama American Astronomical Society dan AAAS Section D.<ref>About the AAAS: [http://archives.aaas.org/people.php?p_id=453 History & Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927011816/http://archives.aaas.org/people.php?p_id=453 |date=2011-09-27 }}</ref>
 
Pada tahun 1984, ia diberi penghargaan [[The Humboldt Prize|Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist Award]].<ref>Juan Miguel Campanario and Brian Martin, "[http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/04jse.html Challenging dominant physics paradigms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409143939/http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/04jse.html |date=2009-04-09 }}" (2004) ''Journal of Scientific Exploration'', vol. 18, no. 3, Fall 2004, pp. 421-438.</ref>
 
== Lihat pula ==
* '''Utama''' : [[Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies]] (ISBN 0-521-36314-4)
* '''[[ListDaftar oftopik astronomical topicsastronomi]]''' : [[Quasar]]
* '''[[Physical cosmology|CosmologyKosmologi]]''' : [[Non-standard cosmology]], [[Pergeseran merah|Intrinsic redshift]], [[Redshift quantization]], [[Le Sage's theory of gravitation]], [[Ledakan dahsyat|Big Bang]]
* '''Lain-lain''' : [[Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy]]
 
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}
 
== Pustaka tambahan ==
* {{cite book |author=Halton Arp |title= Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=http://books.google.com/?id=_JYWqe2qMZ0C |year=1989 |isbn=0-521-36314-4}}
* Halton Arp, ''Seeing Red'', Aperion (August 1998) ISBN 0-9683689-0-5
* Halton Arp, ''Catalogue of Discordant Redshift Associations'', Aperion (September 1, 2003) ISBN 0-9683689-9-9
* G. Burbidge, E.M. Burbidge, H.C. Arp, W.M. Napier: ''Ultraluminous X-ray Sources, High Redshift QSOs and Active Galaxies.'' [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0605140 Preprint] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120525202914/http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0605140 |date=2012-05-25 }}
* J. Kanipe, D. Webb ''The Arp Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, A Chronicle and Observer's Guide'', Willmann-Bell Inc. (2006) ISBN 978-0-943396-76-7
 
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.haltonarp.com/ Situs web Halton Arp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040602035013/http://haltonarp.com/ |date=2004-06-02 }}
* [[Apeiron (physics journal)|Apeiron]], [http://redshift.vif.com/ journal web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504220135/http://redshift.vif.com/ |date=2021-05-04 }} (Arp is editorial board member)
* [http://en.scientificcommons.org/h_arp Publications by Halton C. Arp at the Scientific Commons repository] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522121816/http://en.scientificcommons.org/h_arp |date=2011-05-22 }}
* [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Arp/frames.html ''Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514095958/http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Arp/frames.html |date=2011-05-14 }}
* [http://arpgalaxy.com Arp's Catalog of Peculiar Galaxies website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707163236/http://arpgalaxy.com/ |date=2011-07-07 }}
* [http://metaresearch.org/publications/books/SeeingRed-Arp.asp Detailed review of ''Seeing Red'' by Tom Van Flandern] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509152021/http://metaresearch.org/publications/books/SeeingRed-Arp.asp |date=2013-05-09 }}
* [http://www.electricpolitics.com/podcast/2007/06/a_stellar_heresy.html Electric Politics interview with Halton C. Arp (podcast)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202175554/http://www.electricpolitics.com/podcast/2007/06/a_stellar_heresy.html |date=2014-02-02 }}
* [http://www.astraeamagazine.com/template1_txt.php?id=24 Astraea Magazine interview with Halton C. Arp (podcast)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324220320/http://www.astraeamagazine.com/template1_txt.php?id=24 |date=2014-03-24 }}
* [http://www.willbell.com/HANDBOOK/Downloads/ArpPreface.pdf Preface to "The Arp Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105034252/http://www.willbell.com/HANDBOOK/Downloads/ArpPreface.pdf |date=2019-11-05 }}
* [http://www.willbell.com/HANDBOOK/Downloads/ArpAuthor'sNote.pdf Author's Notes to "The Arp Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205025304/http://www.willbell.com/HANDBOOK/Downloads/ArpAuthor%27sNote.pdf |date=2019-12-05 }}
* [http://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/2982/ Halton Arp directory page at the IAU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204025019/http://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/2982/ |date=2019-12-04 }}
* [http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4490.html Oral History interview transcript with Halton Arp 29 July 1975, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326004956/http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4490.html |date=2011-03-26 }}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME =Arp, Halton
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American astronomer
| DATE OF BIRTH =1927-03-21
| PLACE OF BIRTH =New York City
| DATE OF DEATH =2013-12-28
| PLACE OF DEATH =Munich
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arp, Halton}}
[[CategoryKategori:20th-century astronomers]]
[[CategoryKategori:21st-century astronomers]]
[[CategoryKategori:Kelahiran 1927]]
[[CategoryKategori:Kematian 2013]]
[[CategoryKategori:Astronom Amerika]]
[[CategoryKategori:Harvard University]]
[[CategoryKategori:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[CategoryKategori:Indiana University people]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Halton_Arp"