Dong Fuxiang: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Dong Fuxiang''' (1839–1908), seorang [[suku Han|Han]], yang lahir di [[Gansu]], Tiongkok. Ia mengomandani tentara prajurit [[suku Hui|Muslim Tiongkok]], yang kemudian termasuk dalam Kelompok Ma bersama dengan jenderal [[Ma Anliang]] dan [[Ma Fuxiang]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter, Volumes 1-7|others=Contributors: University of Connecticut. Dept. of History, Denison University. Dept. of History, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for Asian Studies|volume=|edition=|year=1975|publisher=Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RUiAQAAMAAJ&q=ma+fu+hsiang+opium&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+opium&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mc0pUcqkBIr09gSH8IDQAg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgK|page=171|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref> Menurut kalender Barat, tahun kelahirannya adalah 1839.<ref name="Wood">{{cite web|url=http://www.fathom.com/feature/122228/|title=The Boxer Rebellion, 1900: A Selection of Books, Prints and Photographs|last=Wood|first=Frances|publisher=The British Library|accessdate=2010-06-28|archive-date=2010-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109132215/http://www.fathom.com/feature/122228/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Nama kehormatan]]nya adalah 星五 (Xingwu).<ref>{{cite book|title=The border world of Gansu, 1895-1935|first=Jonathan Neaman|last=Lipman|volume=|edition=|year=1980|publisher=Stanford University|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=INlGUNOdHaW20AHwu4HgAw&id=w8REAQAAIAAJ&dq=Fuxiang+said%2C+%22I+shall+send+people+to+urge+them&q=Xingwu+advanced#search_anchor|page=82|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014|ref=harv }}</ref>

Muslim pemberontak telah melakukan pemberontakan, dan pasukan Muslim Tiongkok Dong yang setia sekarang dipimpin oleh para perwira yang juga Muslim seperti [[Ma Anliang]], [[Ma Guoliang]], [[Ma Fuxiang]], dan [[Ma Fulu]] yang akan menghancurkan Muslim pemberontak itu, dilaporkan mereka memotong kepala dan telinga para pemberontak Muslim tersebut.<ref name="Lipman1998">{{cite book|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA168&dq=ma+fulu#v=onepage&q=ma%20fulu&f=false|date=1 July 1998|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=168–}}</ref> Ia menerima pangkat sebagai [[Generalissimo]].<ref name="M. Th. Houtsma, A. J. Wensinck 1993 850"/>

Pada tahun 1898, Dong dengan 10.000 pasukan Muslimnya dipindahkan ke Beijing untuk persiapan perang melawan orang asing, dan pasukan Dong diganti namanya menjadi ''Pasukan Wuwei''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVESdBSMasMC&pg=PA182&dq=dong+fuxiang&hl=en&ei=bEkaTOqWC4PONaKg9bMF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCA#v=snippet&q=dong%20fu-xiang%20beijing%20moslem&f=false|title=The origins of the Boxer Uprising|author=Joseph Esherick|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley California|isbn=0-520-06459-3|page=182|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Sewaktu mereka ditempatkan di sana, Pasukan Wuwei ini berulang kali menyerang orang-orang asing di kedutaan mereka, stasiun kereta api, dan di gereja-gereja. Dilaporkan bahwa Pasukan Wuwei akan memusnahkan orang-orang asing guna mengembalikan zaman keemasan Tiongkok. Seorang Kanselir Jepang, Sugiyama Akira, dibacok sampai mati pada tanggal 11 Juli oleh Pasukan Wuwei ini.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVESdBSMasMC&pg=PA182&dq=dong+fuxiang&hl=en&ei=bEkaTOqWC4PONaKg9bMF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCA#v=snippet&q=Sugiyama%20Akira%20dong%20fu-xiang's&f=false|title=The origins of the Boxer Uprising|author=Joseph Esherick|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley California|isbn=0-520-06459-3|page=302|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A forgotten conference: the negotiations at Peking, 1900-1901|first=John S.|last=Kelly|volume=|edition=|year=1963|publisher=Librairie Droz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXEIcDWjad4C&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=31|isbn=2600039996|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Dance with the Dragon: The Vanished World of Peking's Foreign Colony|first=Julia|last=Boyd|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2012|publisher=I.B.Tauris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vFLjPAq-p0C&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=4|isbn=1780760523|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Imperial Designs: Italians in China 1900–1947|series=The Fairleigh Dickinson University Press Series in Italian Studies|first=Shirley Ann|last=Smith|volume=|edition=|year=2012|publisher=Lexington Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNs51BGkrfQC&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=18|isbn=1611475023|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=China and the Boxers: A short history of the Boxer outbreak, with two chapters on the sufferings of missionaries and a closing one on the outlook|first=Zephaniah Charles|last=Beals|volume=|edition=|year=1901|publisher=M.E. Munson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2I-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=73|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Boxer Rising: A History of the Boxer Trouble in China|volume=|edition=2, reprint|year=1901|publisher=Shanghai Mercury|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1QuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=59|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Boxer Rising: A History of the Boxer Trouble in China. Reprinted from the "Shanghai Mercury."|volume=|edition=reprint|year=1900|publisher=Shanghai mercury, limited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n88WAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=46|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref> Di jalur rel stasiun kereta api Fungtai, dua insinyur teknik Inggris hampir mati dipukuli oleh Pasukan Wuwei, dan menteri luar negeri Inggris meminta agar Pasukan Wuwei yang terdiri dari tentara Muslim ini ditarik karena mereka sudah sangat mengancam keselamatan orang-orang asing.<ref>{{cite news |date= 16 June 1900 |title=THE DEFENCE OF 'PEKING. PREPARING TO RESIST EXPEDITION. |url= http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23837836 |newspaper= THE WEST AUSTRALIAN |location=London |publisher= |page=5|accessdate= 1 April 2013}}</ref> Ada beberapa orang Eropa dan Barat lainnya yang juga terbunuh.<ref name="Clark">{{cite web|url=http://www.russojapanesewar.com/boxers.html|title=THE BOXER UPRISING 1899 – 1900.|last=Clark|first=Kenneth G.|accessdate=2010-06-28|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225035030/http://www.russojapanesewar.com/boxers.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="Kansu">{{cite web|url=http://dspace.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/43694|title=Kansu Soldiers (Tung Fu Hsiang's).|publisher=Australian National University|accessdate=2010-06-28|archive-date=2009-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014184207/http://dspace.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/43694|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

[[Ma Anliang]], yang dipanggil sebagai Tongling Ho-Chou juga bergabung dengan mereka membasmi orang-orang asing.<ref name="M. Th. Houtsma, A. J. Wensinck 1993 850"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEwTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA893&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+mongol&hl=en&ei=9g-sTLCLLsH78AaKw9CBCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=henchmen%20ma%20an%20liang%20tongling%20of%20ho%20chou&f=false|title=Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 8|author1=James Hastings |author2=John Alexander Selbie |author3=Louis Herbert Gray |year=1916|publisher=T. & T. Clark|location=EDINBURGH|page=893|isbn=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}(Original from Harvard University)</ref> Beredar isu bahwa Dong Fuxiang diduga akan membantai orang asing yang berada di [[Beijing]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The World's Navies in the Boxer Rebellion (China 1900)|first=Charles Cabry|last=Dix|volume=|edition=|year=1905|publisher=Digby, Long & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjEQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=17|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref> Dalam sebuah surat yang dikirim pada 14 Mei 1899, Robert Hart menulis tentang isu pembantaian orang asing tersebut yang akan dilakukan oleh pasukan Dong Fuxiang pada bulan Juni.<ref>{{cite book|title=The I. G. in Peking: Letters of Robert Hart, Chinese Maritime Customs, 1868-1907|first1=Robert|last1=Hart|first2=James Duncan|last2=Campbell|editor1-first=John King|editor1-last=Fairbank|editor2-first=Katherine Frost|editor2-last=Bruner|editor3-first=Elizabeth MacLeod|editor3-last=Matheson|volume=|edition=|year=1975|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZybVIprRUMC&pg=PA1196#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=1196|isbn=0674443209|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref>

[[Pemberontakan Boxer]] pecah pada tahun 1900, Dong dan Pasukan Wuwei bergabung dengan pemberontak Boxer dalam menyatakan perang terhadap [[Aliansi Delapan Negara]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YleP1OP4HsC&pg=PA24&dq=kansu+braves+boxer+rebellion&hl=en&ei=vEwaTJnxN4GoNq-bnekF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=kansu%20braves%20boxer%20rebellion&f=false|title=The Boxer Rebellion|author=Lynn E. Bodin|year=1970|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=0-85045-335-6|page=24|accessdate=2010-06-28}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mereka membentuk satu Divisi yang disebut "Pasukan Belakang", dan orang Barat menyebut mereka "10.000 gerombolan pengacau dari rakyat jelata Islam".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxE6rybpvHQC&pg=PA25&dq=kansu+braves+boxer+rebellion&hl=en&ei=vEwaTJnxN4GoNq-bnekF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=kansu%20braves%20boxer%20rebellion&f=false|title=Peking 1900: the Boxer Rebellion|author1=Peter Harrington |author2=Michael Perry |year=2001|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=1-84176-181-8|page=25|accessdate=2010-06-28}}{{Pranala mati|date=Oktober 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mereka adalah penyerang yang paling efektif terhadap pasukan asing, dan membuat ketakutan orang Barat. Pasukannya bertanggung jawab atas begitu banyak masalah dan kekacauan yang terjadi sehingga Korps [[Marinir]] Amerika Serikat harus dipanggil untuk mengatasinya.

Pasukan Belakang Wuwei terdiri dari delapan batalyon infantri, skuadron [[kavaleri]], dua brigade [[artileri]], dan satu [[kompi]] insinyur.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxE6rybpvHQC&pg=PA25&dq=kansu+braves&cd=1#v=onepage&q=kansu%20braves&f=false|title=Peking 1900: the Boxer Rebellion|author1=Peter Harrington |author2=Michael Perry |year=2001|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=1-84176-181-8|page=25|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Pasukan Belakang Wuwei dilaporkan ingin bergabung dengan para pemberontak Boxer dan menyerang orang asing.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XpCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA231&dq=marines+kansu+braves&cd=7#v=onepage&q=marines%20kansu%20braves&f=false|title=The great empress dowager of China|author=Philip Walsingham Sergeant|year=1910|publisher=Hutchinson & co.|location=LONDON Paternoster Row|isbn=|page=231|accessdate=2010-06-28}}(Original from the University of California)</ref> Mereka telah membunuh orang asing di luar gerbang Yungting.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?lr=&cd=19&id=6WsKAQAAIAAJ&dq=kansu+braves&q=killed+a+foreign|title=The diary of His Excellency Ching-shan: being a Chinese account of the Boxer troubles|author=Ching-shan, Jan Julius Lodewijk Duyvendak|year=1976|publisher=University Publications of America|isbn=0-89093-074-0|page=14|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Sedangkan di Gerbang Zhengyang, Pasukan Belakang Wuwei terlibat dalam pertempuran melawan pasukan Inggris.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=ma+fuxiang+boxer&lr=&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1#v=snippet&q=hui%20troops%20zhengyang&f=false|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=72|isbn=0-7007-1026-4|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YleP1OP4HsC&pg=PA24-IA3&dq=kansu+braves+boxer&lr=&cd=6#v=snippet&q=imperial%20chinese%20infantryman%20kansu%20braves%20boxer%20manchu&f=false|title=The Boxer Rebellion|author=Lynn E. Bodin|year=1970|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=0-85045-335-6|page=24|accessdate=2010-06-28}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.people.com.cn/mediafile/200306/13/F2003061306382700390.jpg |title=Picture of Muslim soldier] |access-date=2019-09-03 |archive-date=2020-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729234252/http://www.people.com.cn/mediafile/200306/13/F2003061306382700390.jpg |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707041230/http://www.nxda.gov.cn/dajFiles/1936%E5%B9%B4%E8%80%81%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87/%E8%91%A3%E5%BA%9C/%E8%91%A3%E7%A6%8F%E7%A5%A5%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.jpg picture of general dong fuxiang]</ref>

[[FileBerkas:3090 dong lg.jpg|thumbjmpl|450px|[[Pertempuran Beicang]] di pingiran kota [[Tianjin]].]]