Dong Fuxiang: Perbedaan antara revisi
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k →Referensi: Persondata now moved to wikidata, removed: {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see Wikipedia:Persondata. --> |NAME = Dong, Fuxiang |ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |SHORT DESCRIPTION = Jenderal Tiongkok |DATE OF BIRTH = 1839 |PLACE O |
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{{Chinese name|[[Dong (nama Tiongkok)|Dong]]}}
'''Dong Fuxiang''' (1839–1908), seorang [[suku Han|Han]], yang lahir di [[Gansu]], Tiongkok. Ia mengomandani tentara prajurit [[suku Hui|Muslim Tiongkok]], yang kemudian termasuk dalam Kelompok Ma bersama dengan jenderal [[Ma Anliang]] dan [[Ma Fuxiang]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter, Volumes 1-7|others=Contributors: University of Connecticut. Dept. of History, Denison University. Dept. of History, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for Asian Studies|volume=|edition=|year=1975|publisher=Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RUiAQAAMAAJ&q=ma+fu+hsiang+opium&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+opium&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mc0pUcqkBIr09gSH8IDQAg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgK|page=171|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref> Menurut kalender Barat, tahun kelahirannya adalah 1839.<ref name="Wood">{{cite web|url=http://www.fathom.com/feature/122228/|title=The Boxer Rebellion, 1900: A Selection of Books, Prints and Photographs|last=Wood|first=Frances|publisher=The British Library|accessdate=2010-06-28|archive-date=2010-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109132215/http://www.fathom.com/feature/122228/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Nama kehormatan]]nya adalah 星五 (Xingwu).<ref>{{cite book|title=The border world of Gansu, 1895-1935|first=Jonathan Neaman|last=Lipman|volume=|edition=|year=1980|publisher=Stanford University|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=INlGUNOdHaW20AHwu4HgAw&id=w8REAQAAIAAJ&dq=Fuxiang+said%2C+%22I+shall+send+people+to+urge+them&q=Xingwu+advanced#search_anchor|page=82|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014|ref=harv }}</ref>
== Agama ==
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Muslim pemberontak telah melakukan pemberontakan, dan pasukan Muslim Tiongkok Dong yang setia sekarang dipimpin oleh para perwira yang juga Muslim seperti [[Ma Anliang]], [[Ma Guoliang]], [[Ma Fuxiang]], dan [[Ma Fulu]] yang akan menghancurkan Muslim pemberontak itu, dilaporkan mereka memotong kepala dan telinga para pemberontak Muslim tersebut.<ref name="Lipman1998">{{cite book|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA168&dq=ma+fulu#v=onepage&q=ma%20fulu&f=false|date=1 July 1998|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=168–}}</ref> Ia menerima pangkat sebagai [[Generalissimo]].<ref name="M. Th. Houtsma, A. J. Wensinck 1993 850"/>
Pada tahun 1898, Dong dengan 10.000 pasukan Muslimnya dipindahkan ke Beijing untuk persiapan perang melawan orang asing, dan pasukan Dong diganti namanya menjadi ''Pasukan Wuwei''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVESdBSMasMC&pg=PA182&dq=dong+fuxiang&hl=en&ei=bEkaTOqWC4PONaKg9bMF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCA#v=snippet&q=dong%20fu-xiang%20beijing%20moslem&f=false|title=The origins of the Boxer Uprising|author=Joseph Esherick|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley California|isbn=0-520-06459-3|page=182|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Sewaktu mereka ditempatkan di sana, Pasukan Wuwei ini berulang kali menyerang orang-orang asing di kedutaan mereka, stasiun kereta api, dan di gereja-gereja. Dilaporkan bahwa Pasukan Wuwei akan memusnahkan orang-orang asing guna mengembalikan zaman keemasan Tiongkok. Seorang Kanselir Jepang, Sugiyama Akira, dibacok sampai mati pada tanggal 11 Juli oleh Pasukan Wuwei ini.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVESdBSMasMC&pg=PA182&dq=dong+fuxiang&hl=en&ei=bEkaTOqWC4PONaKg9bMF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCA#v=snippet&q=Sugiyama%20Akira%20dong%20fu-xiang's&f=false|title=The origins of the Boxer Uprising|author=Joseph Esherick|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley California|isbn=0-520-06459-3|page=302|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A forgotten conference: the negotiations at Peking, 1900-1901|first=John S.|last=Kelly|volume=|edition=|year=1963|publisher=Librairie Droz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXEIcDWjad4C&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=31|isbn=2600039996|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Dance with the Dragon: The Vanished World of Peking's Foreign Colony|first=Julia|last=Boyd|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2012|publisher=I.B.Tauris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vFLjPAq-p0C&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=4|isbn=1780760523|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Imperial Designs: Italians in China 1900–1947|series=The Fairleigh Dickinson University Press Series in Italian Studies|first=Shirley Ann|last=Smith|volume=|edition=|year=2012|publisher=Lexington Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNs51BGkrfQC&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=18|isbn=1611475023|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=China and the Boxers: A short history of the Boxer outbreak, with two chapters on the sufferings of missionaries and a closing one on the outlook|first=Zephaniah Charles|last=Beals|volume=|edition=|year=1901|publisher=M.E. Munson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2I-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=73|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Boxer Rising: A History of the Boxer Trouble in China|volume=|edition=2, reprint|year=1901|publisher=Shanghai Mercury|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1QuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=59|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Boxer Rising: A History of the Boxer Trouble in China. Reprinted from the "Shanghai Mercury."|volume=|edition=reprint|year=1900|publisher=Shanghai mercury, limited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n88WAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=46|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref> Di jalur rel stasiun kereta api Fungtai, dua insinyur teknik Inggris hampir mati dipukuli oleh Pasukan Wuwei, dan menteri luar negeri Inggris meminta agar Pasukan Wuwei yang terdiri dari tentara Muslim ini ditarik karena mereka sudah sangat mengancam keselamatan orang-orang asing.<ref>{{cite news |date= 16 June 1900 |title=THE DEFENCE OF 'PEKING. PREPARING TO RESIST EXPEDITION. |url= http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23837836 |newspaper= THE WEST AUSTRALIAN |location=London |publisher= |page=5|accessdate= 1 April 2013}}</ref> Ada beberapa orang Eropa dan Barat lainnya yang juga terbunuh.<ref name="Clark">{{cite web|url=http://www.russojapanesewar.com/boxers.html|title=THE BOXER UPRISING 1899 – 1900.|last=Clark|first=Kenneth G.|accessdate=2010-06-28|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225035030/http://www.russojapanesewar.com/boxers.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="Kansu">{{cite web|url=http://dspace.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/43694|title=Kansu Soldiers (Tung Fu Hsiang's).|publisher=Australian National University|accessdate=2010-06-28|archive-date=2009-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014184207/http://dspace.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/43694|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
[[Ma Anliang]], yang dipanggil sebagai Tongling Ho-Chou juga bergabung dengan mereka membasmi orang-orang asing.<ref name="M. Th. Houtsma, A. J. Wensinck 1993 850"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEwTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA893&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+mongol&hl=en&ei=9g-sTLCLLsH78AaKw9CBCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=henchmen%20ma%20an%20liang%20tongling%20of%20ho%20chou&f=false|title=Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 8|author1=James Hastings |author2=John Alexander Selbie |author3=Louis Herbert Gray |year=1916|publisher=T. & T. Clark|location=EDINBURGH|page=893|isbn=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}(Original from Harvard University)</ref> Beredar isu bahwa Dong Fuxiang diduga akan membantai orang asing yang berada di [[Beijing]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The World's Navies in the Boxer Rebellion (China 1900)|first=Charles Cabry|last=Dix|volume=|edition=|year=1905|publisher=Digby, Long & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjEQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=17|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref> Dalam sebuah surat yang dikirim pada 14 Mei 1899, Robert Hart menulis tentang isu pembantaian orang asing tersebut yang akan dilakukan oleh pasukan Dong Fuxiang pada bulan Juni.<ref>{{cite book|title=The I. G. in Peking: Letters of Robert Hart, Chinese Maritime Customs, 1868-1907|first1=Robert|last1=Hart|first2=James Duncan|last2=Campbell|editor1-first=John King|editor1-last=Fairbank|editor2-first=Katherine Frost|editor2-last=Bruner|editor3-first=Elizabeth MacLeod|editor3-last=Matheson|volume=|edition=|year=1975|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZybVIprRUMC&pg=PA1196#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=1196|isbn=0674443209|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref>
Sedangkan dalam sebuah surat pada 4 Juni 1899, Robert Hart menulis tentang rencana Dong Fuxiang itu memberikan efek terhadap kebijakan [[Cixi|Janda Permaisuri Cixi]] yang selama ini cenderung memberikan perlindungan terhadap orang asing.<ref>{{cite book|title=The I. G. in Peking: Letters of Robert Hart, Chinese Maritime Customs, 1868-1907|first1=Robert|last1=Hart|first2=James Duncan|last2=Campbell|editor1-first=John King|editor1-last=Fairbank|editor2-first=Katherine Frost|editor2-last=Bruner|editor3-first=Elizabeth MacLeod|editor3-last=Matheson|volume=|edition=|year=1975|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZybVIprRUMC&pg=PA1199#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=1199|isbn=0674443209|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref>
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Dong menghadiri banyak pertemuan dengan [[Cixi|Janda Permaisuri Cixi]] dari 27-29 Mei 1900 untuk menegaskan keyakinannya bahwa dia bisa mengalahkan dan mengusir orang asing dari Tiongkok. Dia sangat anti-asing dan mengatakan bahwa dia lebih senang menggunakan peralatan Tiongkok kuno ''Sheng Jia'', daripada barang-barang buatan orang asing yang berlapis kuningan di zaman modern,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study|first=Lanxin|last=Xiang|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAxresT12ogC&pg=PA207#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=207|isbn=0700715630|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref> dan ia meminta pasukannya mengenakan seragam tradisional Tiongkok alih-alih berpakaian seragam militer Barat.
[[Pemberontakan Boxer]] pecah pada tahun 1900, Dong dan Pasukan Wuwei bergabung dengan pemberontak Boxer dalam menyatakan perang terhadap [[Aliansi Delapan Negara]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YleP1OP4HsC&pg=PA24&dq=kansu+braves+boxer+rebellion&hl=en&ei=vEwaTJnxN4GoNq-bnekF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=kansu%20braves%20boxer%20rebellion&f=false|title=The Boxer Rebellion|author=Lynn E. Bodin|year=1970|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=0-85045-335-6|page=24|accessdate=2010-06-28}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mereka membentuk satu Divisi yang disebut "Pasukan Belakang", dan orang Barat menyebut mereka "10.000 gerombolan pengacau dari rakyat jelata Islam".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxE6rybpvHQC&pg=PA25&dq=kansu+braves+boxer+rebellion&hl=en&ei=vEwaTJnxN4GoNq-bnekF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=kansu%20braves%20boxer%20rebellion&f=false|title=Peking 1900: the Boxer Rebellion|author1=Peter Harrington
Dong mengangkat sumpah menjadi saudara dengan Li Lai chung seorang pendukung Boxer lainnya yang juga anti orang asing.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MeUoD9G9xAC&pg=PA212&lpg=PA212&dq=li+laichung+boxer&source=bl&ots=eLOmFPyTBR&sig=8lUXP6oPiEfE8EetPo7HGJY7-ek&hl=en&ei=q1fjTJDyHYH48Aabn_SYDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study|author=Victor Purcell|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-14812-X|page=212|accessdate=12 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORcwAAAAMAAJ&q=Another+leader,+Li+Lai-chung,+from+Shensi,+was+said+to+be+a+sworn+brother+of+Tung+Fu-+hsiang.&dq=Another+leader,+Li+Lai-chung,+from+Shensi,+was+said+to+be+a+sworn+brother+of+Tung+Fu-+hsiang.&hl=en&ei=PFrjTLr0G4G0lQeQpfzUDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA|title=Issues & studies, Volume 4, Issues 1–12|author=Chung-hua min kuo kuo chi kuan hsi yen chiu so, 中華民國國際關係硏究所|year=1967|publisher=Institute of International Relations, Republic of China|isbn=|page=8|accessdate=12 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmunny.org/cmunny06/Boxer.Rebellion.BG.pdf|title=Imperial Intrigue: a background guide for the Boxer Rebellion Chinese Imperial Court|last=Fitzpatrick|first=Caitlin|publisher=COLUMBIA MODEL UNITED NATIONS IN NEW YORK Columbia University|year=2006|page=24|accessdate=2010-07-14|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182805/http://www.cmunny.org/cmunny06/Boxer.Rebellion.BG.pdf|archivedate=25 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Pasukan Belakang Wuwei terdiri dari delapan batalyon infantri, skuadron [[kavaleri]], dua brigade [[artileri]], dan satu [[kompi]] insinyur.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxE6rybpvHQC&pg=PA25&dq=kansu+braves&cd=1#v=onepage&q=kansu%20braves&f=false|title=Peking 1900: the Boxer Rebellion|author1=Peter Harrington |author2=Michael Perry |year=2001|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=1-84176-181-8|page=25|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Pasukan Belakang Wuwei dilaporkan ingin bergabung dengan para pemberontak Boxer dan menyerang orang asing.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XpCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA231&dq=marines+kansu+braves&cd=7#v=onepage&q=marines%20kansu%20braves&f=false|title=The great empress dowager of China|author=Philip Walsingham Sergeant|year=1910|publisher=Hutchinson & co.|location=LONDON Paternoster Row|isbn=|page=231|accessdate=2010-06-28}}(Original from the University of California)</ref> Mereka telah membunuh orang asing di luar gerbang Yungting.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?lr=&cd=19&id=6WsKAQAAIAAJ&dq=kansu+braves&q=killed+a+foreign|title=The diary of His Excellency Ching-shan: being a Chinese account of the Boxer troubles|author=Ching-shan, Jan Julius Lodewijk Duyvendak|year=1976|publisher=University Publications of America|isbn=0-89093-074-0|page=14|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Sedangkan di Gerbang Zhengyang, Pasukan Belakang Wuwei terlibat dalam pertempuran melawan pasukan Inggris.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=ma+fuxiang+boxer&lr=&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1#v=snippet&q=hui%20troops%20zhengyang&f=false|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=72|isbn=0-7007-1026-4|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YleP1OP4HsC&pg=PA24-IA3&dq=kansu+braves+boxer&lr=&cd=6#v=snippet&q=imperial%20chinese%20infantryman%20kansu%20braves%20boxer%20manchu&f=false|title=The Boxer Rebellion|author=Lynn E. Bodin|year=1970|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=0-85045-335-6|page=24|accessdate=2010-06-28}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>
Pada 18 Juni, Pasukan Belakang Wuwei ditempatkan di sebuah Taman Berburu di bagian selatan kota [[Beijing]], mereka mengganas dalam ''Pertempuran Langfang''. Saat itu Pasukan Belakang Wuwei merupakan pasukan [[kavaleri]] yang terdiri dari sekitar 5.000 orang yang dipersenjatai dengan senapan [[magazen]] modern yang baru.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmAuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA452-IA1&dq=tung+fu-hsiang+japanese+bodyguard&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q=tung%20fu%20hsiang%20regular%20troops%20rifles&f=false|title=China in convulsion, Volume 2|author=Arthur Henderson Smith|year=1901|publisher=F. H. Revell Co.|location=Albany, N. Y.|page=441|isbn=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}(Original from Harvard University)</ref> Pasukan [[Marinir]] [[Sovyet]] yang berada di kedutaan menjadi sasaran serangan besar-besaran pada 23 Juni oleh Dong dan Pasukan Muslim Wuwei-nya yang bergabung dengan para pemberontak Boxer. Seorang marinir Jerman terbunuh dan keesokan harinya pada tanggal 24 Juni seorang marinir Amerika juga mati terbunuh.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Marine Corps and the State Department: Enduring Partners in United States Foreign Policy, 1798-2007|first=Leo J.|last=Daugherty III|volume=|edition=|year=2009|publisher=McFarland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ir-hm6IGWnEC&pg=PA44#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=44|isbn=078645301X|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref>
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[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1839]]
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