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Revisi per 6 April 2016 08.38 sunting Rachmat-bot (bicara \| kontrib) Bot 110.443 suntingan k cosmetic changes ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi terkini sejak 24 Juni 2024 16.54 sunting balikkan Magioladitis (bicara \| kontrib) 8.399 suntingan k →Pranala luar: Persondata now moved to wikidata, removed: {{Persondata \|NAME = Kennan, George Frost \|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = \|SHORT DESCRIPTION = American advisor, diplomat, political scientist and historian \|DATE OF BIRTH = February 16, 1904 \|PLACE Tag: AWB
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Baris 32: \|footnotes= }} '''George Frost Kennan''' (16 Februari 1904 – 17 Maret 2005) adalah penasihat, diplomat, dan sejarawan Amerika Serikat yang dikenal sebagai pengusung kebijakan [[pembendungan]] ekspansi Soviet pada akhir [[Perang Dunia II]]. Ia kemudian menarik dukungannya dari kebijakan tersebut. Ia sering menyampaikan kuliah dan menulis sejarah hubungan antara [[Uni Soviet]] dan Amerika Serikat. Ia juga merupakan salah satu tokoh kebijakan luar negeri yang tergabung dalam "[[The Wise Men (buku)\|The Wise Men]]". Pada akhir 1940-an, tulisan-tulisannya menjadi inspirasi bagi [[Doktrin Truman]] dan [[kebijakan luar negeri A.S.\|kebijakan]] "membendung" Uni Soviet. "[[Telegram Panjang]]" yang dikirim Kennan<ref name=long>{{cite web\|last=Keene\|first=George\|title=Photocopy of Long Telegram -- Truman Library\|url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/coldwar/documents/pdf/6-6.pdf\|accessdate=27 June 2011\|work=Telegram, George Kennan to George Marshall February 22, 1946. Harry S. Truman Administration File, Elsey Papers\|archive-date=2014-12-12\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212060658/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/coldwar/documents/pdf/6-6.pdf\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dari Moskwa tahun 1946 dan artikel "[[The Sources of Soviet Conduct]]" tahun 1947 menyebutkan bahwa pemerintah Soviet pada dasarnya [[ekspansionisme\|ekspansionis]] dan pengaruhnya harus "dibendung" di daerah-daerah yang strategis dan vital bagi Amerika Serikat. Tulisan Kennan menjadi alasan bagi kebijakan anti-Soviet [[Harry S. Truman]]. Kennan memainkan peran penting dalam pengembangan program dan lembaga Perang Dingin seperti [[Rencana Marshall]]. Tidak lama setelah konsepnya dijadikan kebijiakan A.S., Kennan mulai mengkritik kebijakan luar negeri yang ia rintis. Menjelang berakhirnya tahun 1948, Kennan yakin bahwa dialog yang positif dapat dibina dengan pemerintah Soviet. Usulannya tidak diterima oleh pemerintahan Truman dan pengaruh Kennan dipinggirkan, apalagi setelah [[Dean Acheson]] diangkat sebagai [[Menteri Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat\|Menteri Luar Negeri]] tahun 1949. Tidak lama kemudian, strategi Perang Dunia A.S. semakin asertif dan militeristik sehingga Kennan merasa penilaiannya tidak dipertimbangkan. Pada tahun 1950, Kennan keluar dari [[Departemen Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat\|Departemen Luar Negeri]]—kecuali pada dua tugas perwakilan singkat di [[Moskwa]] dan [[Yugoslavia]]—dan menjadi tokoh [[Realisme (hubungan internasional)\|realis]] yang mengkritik kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat. Ia menjadi ilmuwan [[hubungan internasional]] di [[Institute for Advanced Study]] sejak tahun 1956 sampai meninggal dunia pada usia 101 tahun. Ia merupakan anggota dewan pendiri [[Rothermere American Institute]] di [[Universitas Oxford]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Founding Council {{!}} The Rothermere American Institute\|url=http://www.rai.ox.ac.uk/about/history/foundingcouncil\|publisher=Rothermere American Institute\|accessdate=2012-11-22\|archive-date=2012-11-17\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117021312/http://www.rai.ox.ac.uk/about/history/foundingcouncil\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Buku biografi == ''George Kennan: A Writing Life'' karya [[Lee Congdon]] merupakan biografi intelektual Kennan yang diterbitkan oleh [[ISI Books]].<ref>[{{Cite web \|url=http://www.isi.org/books/bookdetail.aspx?id=b1fc90e5-a3ce-4c53-b7ad-67e26d38e03d \|title=ISI books listing about Congdon's book] \|access-date=2015-05-16 \|archive-date=2012-05-31 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531151753/http://www.isi.org/(S(sc4wav45mpix0zq11urlq5rd))/books/bookdetail.aspx?id=b1fc90e5-a3ce-4c53-b7ad-67e26d38e03d \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> Biografi lainnya, ''[[George F. Kennan: An American Life]]'', ditulis oleh [[John Lewis Gaddis]] dan diterbitkan tahun 2011 oleh Penguin. == Karya == * {{Citation\|author="X"\|title=[[s:The Sources of Soviet Conduct\|The Sources of Soviet Conduct]]\|jstor=20030065\|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]\|date=July 1947\|volume=25\|issue=4\|pages=566–582\|issn=0015-7120\|doi=10.2307/20030065}} * {{Citation\|last=Kennan\|first=George F.\|title=Policy Planning Study (PPS) 23\|year=1948\|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Memo_PPS23_by_George_Kennan\|location=Washington D.C.\|accessdate=2015-05-16\|archive-date=2023-05-28\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528153643/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Memo_PPS23_by_George_Kennan\|dead-url=no}} * {{Citation\|last=Kennan\|first=George F.\|title=American Diplomacy, 1900–1950\|year=1951\|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]\|location=Chicago\|oclc=466719}} * {{Citation\|last=Kennan\|first=George F.\|title=Realities of American Foreign Policy\|year=1954\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|location=Princeton\|oclc=475829}} Baris 73: * {{Citation\|last=Kennan\|first=George F.\|title= The Kennan Diaries\|year=2014\|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]\|location=New York\|isbn=978-0-393-07327-0}} == Lihat pula == * [[Asal- usul Perang Dingin]] * [[Perang Dingin (1947–1953)]] * [[Pejuang dingin]] Baris 81: * [[Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies]] == Catatan kaki == {{Reflist\|30em}} Baris 99: * {{Citation\|last=Mayers\|first=David\|title=George Kennan and the Dilemmas of US Foreign Policy\|year=1990\|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]\|location=Oxford\|isbn=0-19-505139-4}}. * {{Citation\|last=Miscamble\|first=Wilson D.\|title=George F. Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, 1947–1950\|year=1992\|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]\|location=Princeton\|isbn=0-691-02483-9}}. * {{Citation\|last=Miscamble\|first=Wilson D.\|title=George Kennan: A Life in the Foreign service\|url=http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2004_04-06/miscamble_kennan/miscamble_kennan.html\|date=May 2004\|journal=Foreign Service Journal\|volume=81\|issue=2\|pages=22–34\|issn=1094-8120\|accessdate=2015-05-16\|archive-date=2006-05-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524004243/http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2004_04-06/miscamble_kennan/miscamble_kennan.html\|dead-url=no}}. ([http://www.afsa.org/fsj/feb04/miscamble.pdf alternative link] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823131446/http://www.afsa.org/fsj/feb04/miscamble.pdf \|date=2006-08-23 }}). * {{Citation\|last=Paterson\|first=Thomas G.\|title=Meeting the Communist Threat: Truman to Reagan\|year=1988\|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]\|location=New York\|isbn=0-19-504532-7\|page=122}}. * {{Citation\|last1=Smith\|first1=J. Y.\|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45242-2005Mar17.html\|title=Outsider Forged Cold War Strategy\|work=[[The Washington Post]]\|date=March 18, 2005\|accessdate=July 14, 2009\|archive-date=2021-02-11\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023433/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45242-2005Mar17.html\|dead-url=no}}. * {{Citation\|last=Stephanson\|first=Anders\|title=Kennan and the Art of Foreign Policy\|year=1989\|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]\|location=Cambridge\|isbn=0-674-50265-5}}. * {{Citation\|last=Talbott\|first=Strobe\|authorlink=Strobe Talbott\|title=The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy\|year=2002\|publisher=[[Random House]]\|location=New York\|isbn=0-8129-6846-8}}. * {{Citation\|last=Urban\|first=George\|authorlink=George Urban\|title=From Containment to Self-Containment: A conversation with George Kennan\|magazine=[[Encounter (magazine)\|Encounter]]\|date=September 1976}}. * {{Citation\|last1=Weiner\|first1=Tim\|last2=Crossette\|first2=Barbara\|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/18/politics/18kennan.html?pagewanted=1\|title=George F. Kennan Dies at 101; Leading Strategist of Cold War\|work=[[The New York Times]]\|date=March 18, 2005\|accessdate=July 14, 2009\|archive-date=2023-07-31\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731171620/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/18/politics/george-f-kennan-dies-at-101-leading-strategist-of-cold-war.html\|dead-url=no}}. {{Refend}} == Bacaan lanjutan == {{Refbegin}} * [[John Lukacs]] (editor with the introduction), ''George F. Kennan and the Origins of Containment, 1944–1946 : the Kennan-Lukacs Correspondence'' (Columbia, Mo. : [[University of Missouri Press]], 1997). * [[John Lewis Gaddis]], "George F. Kennan: An American Life" (New York, New York: [[Penguin Press]], 2011). {{Refend}} Baris 118: {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author\|George F. Kennan}} * [http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/n009w2294 George F. Kennan Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731171640/https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC076 \|date=2023-07-31 }} * [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/18/politics/18kennan.html Obituary] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502184313/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/18/politics/18kennan.html \|date=2015-05-02 }} from the ''[[New York Times]]'' * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45242-2005Mar17.html Obituary] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023433/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45242-2005Mar17.html \|date=2021-02-11 }} from the ''[[Washington Post]]'' {{Pemenang Pacem in Terris Award}} Baris 128: {{Authority control}} ~~{{Persondata~~ ~~\|NAME = Kennan, George Frost~~ ~~\|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =~~ ~~\|SHORT DESCRIPTION = American advisor, diplomat, political scientist and historian~~ ~~\|DATE OF BIRTH = February 16, 1904~~ ~~\|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]]~~ ~~\|DATE OF DEATH = March 17, 2005~~ ~~\|PLACE OF DEATH = [[Princeton, New Jersey]]~~ }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kennan, George F.}} [[Kategori:Geopolitikus]]