Wikipedia

Cistaceae: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnya
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Mitgatvm Bot (bicara | kontrib)
Bot
63.383 suntingan
k →top: tanpa takson -> klad + clean up
 
(21 revisi perantara oleh 11 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 2:
| name = Cistaceae
| color = lightgreen
| image = Cistus incanus 2004.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = ''Cistus incanus''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
{{kladtb|[[Tumbuhan berpembuluh|Tracheophyta]]}}
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
{{kladtb|[[Tumbuhan berbunga|Angiospermae]]}}
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
{{kladtb|[[Eudikotil]]}}
{{kladtb|[[Rosid]]}}
| ordo = [[Malvales]]
| familia = '''Cistaceae'''
| familia_authority =
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
''[[istus|Cistus]]'' (mawar karang; ''rock roses'')<br/>
''[[Fumana]]''<br/>
''[[Halimiocistus|X Halimiocistus]]''<br/>
Baris 22 ⟶ 24:
''[[Tuberaria]]''
}}
'''Cistaceae''' atau '''Suku Mawarkarang-mawarkarangan''' adalah salah satu [[familia|suku]] anggota [[tumbuhan berbunga]] "mawar karang" (''rock rose''). Menurut [[Sistem klasifikasi APG II]] suku ini dimasukkan ke dalam bangsa [[Malvales]], [[klad]] '''eurosidseuRosidae II'''. Familia ini terdiri dari sekitar 170-200 spesies dalam 8 [[genus]], tersebar terutama dalam area sedang di [[Eropa]] dan [[Laut Tengah]], tetapi juga dijumpai di [[Amerika Utara]]; sejumlah terbatas spesies ditemukan di [[Amerika Latin]]. Kebanyakan Cistaceae merupakan ''[[subshrub]]'' dan [[perdu]] rendah, serta ada yang berupa [[herbaceous plant|tumbuhan herbaceous]]. Lebih menyukai habitat kering dan banyak matahari. Cistaceae tumbuh baik pada tanah yang buruk dan banyak dibudidayakan pada [[taman]]-taman.
<!--
They often have showy yellow, pink or white flowers, which are generally short-lived. The flowers are bisexual, regular, solitary or borne in cymes; they usually have five, sometimes three, petals (''Lechea''). The petals are free, usually crumpled in the bud, and sometimes in the open flower (e. g.contoh ''Cistus incanus''). It has five sepals, the inner three of which are distinctly wider, and the outer two are narrow and sometimes regarded as bracteoles. The [[sepal]] arrangement is a characteristic property of the family.▼
This family consists of about 170-200 species in eight genera, distributed primarily in the temperate areas of [[Europe]] and the [[Mediterranean]] basin, but also found in [[North America]]; a limited number of species are found in [[South America]]. Most Cistaceae are [[subshrub]]s and low [[shrub]]s, and some are [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]]. They prefer dry and sunny habitats. Cistaceae grow well on poor [[soil]]s, and many of them are cultivated in [[garden]]s.
-->▼
 
The [[stamenStamen]]snya are numerousbanyak, ofpanjangnya variablebervariasi length,dan andduduk sitpada onsuatu a disclempengan; filamentsfilamen-filamennya are freebebas. The [[ovary (plants)|ovaryOvarium]] istergolong superior, usuallybiasanya withdengan threetiga carpels; placentation isbersifat parietal, withdengan twodua oratau morelebih ovules onpada eachsetiap placenta[[plasenta]]. The [[fruitBuah]]nya is aberupa [[capsule (fruit)|capsulekapsul]], usuallybiasanya withdengan fivelima oratau tensepuluh valves (threetiga inpada ''Helianthemum''). TheBiji-bijinya seedskecil aredengan smalllapisan keras, withtidak atembus hardair, water-impermeabledengan coating,berat weighing aroundsekitar 1&nbsp;mg.<ref name="Thanos">Thanos, C. A., K. Georghiou, C. Kadis, C. Pantazi (1992). Cistaceae: a plant family with hard seeds. ''Israel Journal of Botany'' 41 (4-6): 251-263. (Available online: [http://www.biology.uoa.gr/~cthanos/Papers/Abstracts/Cistaceae.htm Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205134307/http://www.biology.uoa.gr/~cthanos/Papers/Abstracts/Cistaceae.htm |date=2004-12-05 }} | [http://www.biology.uoa.gr/~cthanos/Papers/Cistaceae.pdf Full text (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040609052539/http://www.biology.uoa.gr/~cthanos/Papers/Cistaceae.pdf |date=2004-06-09 }})</ref><ref>Heywood, V. H. (ed.) (1993). ''Flowering plants of the world'', pp.&nbsp;108–109. London: Batsford. ISBN 0-19-521037-9</ref><ref>Hutchinson, J. (1973). ''The families of flowering plants: arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny'' (3rd ed.), pp.&nbsp;254–255. Oxford: Clarendon. ISBN 0-19-854377-8.▼
▲They often have showy yellow, pink or white flowers, which are generally short-lived. The flowers are bisexual, regular, solitary or borne in cymes; they usually have five, sometimes three, petals (''Lechea''). The petals are free, usually crumpled in the bud, and sometimes in the open flower (e. g. ''Cistus incanus''). It has five sepals, the inner three of which are distinctly wider, and the outer two are narrow and sometimes regarded as bracteoles. The [[sepal]] arrangement is a characteristic property of the family.
 
▲The [[stamen]]s are numerous, of variable length, and sit on a disc; filaments are free. The [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] is superior, usually with three carpels; placentation is parietal, with two or more ovules on each placenta. The [[fruit]] is a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]], usually with five or ten valves (three in ''Helianthemum''). The seeds are small, with a hard, water-impermeable coating, weighing around 1&nbsp;mg.<ref name="Thanos">Thanos, C. A., K. Georghiou, C. Kadis, C. Pantazi (1992). Cistaceae: a plant family with hard seeds. ''Israel Journal of Botany'' 41 (4-6): 251-263. (Available online: [http://www.biology.uoa.gr/~cthanos/Papers/Abstracts/Cistaceae.htm Abstract] | [http://www.biology.uoa.gr/~cthanos/Papers/Cistaceae.pdf Full text (PDF)])</ref><ref>Heywood, V. H. (ed.) (1993). ''Flowering plants of the world'', pp.&nbsp;108–109. London: Batsford. ISBN 0-19-521037-9</ref><ref>Hutchinson, J. (1973). ''The families of flowering plants: arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny'' (3rd ed.), pp.&nbsp;254–255. Oxford: Clarendon. ISBN 0-19-854377-8.
</ref><ref>Judd W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg, P. F. Stevens, M. J. Donoghue (2002). ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach'', 2nd edition, pp.&nbsp;409–410 (Cistaceae). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-403-0.
* [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de]] (1789). ''Genera Plantarum'': 294. Parisiis.
Baris 34:
</ref>
 
==Ecology Ekologi ==
<!--[[Image:Cistus purpureus.jpg|thumb|180px|left|''[[Cistus × purpureus]]'' mawar karang anggrek (''orchid rock rose'')]]-->
 
The ability of Cistaceae to thrive in many Mediterranean habitats follows from two important ecological properties: mycorrhizal ability and fast renewal after wildfire.
Most Cistaceae have the ability to create symbiotic relationship with root [[fungi]] of the genus ''[[Tuber (fungus)|Tuber]]''.<ref>Chevalier, G., D. Mousain, Y. Couteaudier (1975). Associations ectomycorhiziennes entre Tubéracées et Cistacées. ''Annales de Phytopathologie'' '''7'''(4), 355-356</ref><ref name="giovanetti">Giovannetti, G., A. Fontana (1982). Mycorrhizal synthesis between Cistaceae and Tuberaceae. ''New Phytologist'' '''92''', 533-537</ref> In this relationship, the fungus complements the root system in its task of absorbing water and minerals from the soil, and thus allows the host plant to dwell on particularly poor soils. In addition, an interesting quality of ''T. melanosporum'' is its ability to kill all vegetation except the host plant within the reach of its mycelium, and thus to give its host some sort of "exclusiveness" for the adjacent land area.<ref name="giovanetti"/>▼
 
Kemampuan Cistaceae untuk berbiak subur di banyak habitat [[Laut Tengah]] mengikuti dua sifat [[ekologi]] penting: kemampuan mycorrhizal ability dan pembaruan cepat setelah kebakaran liar.
▲MostKebanyakan Cistaceae havemempunyai thekemampuan abilitymembentuk tohubungan create[[simbiosis]] symbioticdengan relationship with rootakar [[fungi]] of thedari [[genus]] ''[[Tuber (fungus)|Tuber]]''.<ref>Chevalier, G., D. Mousain, Y. Couteaudier (1975). Associations ectomycorhiziennes entre Tubéracées et Cistacées. ''Annales de Phytopathologie'' '''7'''(4), 355-356</ref><ref name="giovanetti">Giovannetti, G., A. Fontana (1982). Mycorrhizal synthesis between Cistaceae and Tuberaceae. ''New Phytologist'' '''92''', 533-537</ref> InDalam thishubungan relationshipini, the fungus complementsitu themenyediakan rootkomplemen systemsistem inakar itsdengan tasktugas ofmenyerap absorbingair waterdan and minerals frommineral thedari soiltanah, andsehingga thusmengizinkan allowstanaman theinduk hostuntuk plantbertahan topada dwelltanah onyang particularly poor soilsburuk. InSebagai additiontambahan, an interesting qualitykualitas ofmenarik ''T. melanosporum'' isadalah itskemampuannya abilityuntuk tomembunuh killsemua alltumbuhan vegetationkecuali excepttumbuhan theinduk hostdalam plant within the reach of itsjangkauan mycelium-nya, andsehingga thusmemberikan totumbuhan giveinduk itssemacam hostekslusivitas somepada sortarea oftanah "exclusiveness"yang for the adjacent land areaberdekatan.<ref name="giovanetti"/>
<!--
Cistaceae have also optimally adapted to the wildfires that frequently eradicate large areas of forest. The plants cast their seeds in the soil during the growth period, but the latter don't germinate right in the next season. Their hard coating is impermeable to the water, and thus the seeds remain dormant for a long period of time. This together with their small size allows it to establish a large seed bank rather deep in the soil. Once the fire comes and kills the vegetation in the area, the seed coating softens or cracks as a result of the heating, and the surviving seeds [[germinate]] shortly after the fire. This mechanism allows the Cistaceae to produce a large number of young shoots simultaneously and at the right time, and thus to obtain an important advantage over other plants in the process of repopulating the area.<ref name="Thanos"/><ref>Ferrandis, P., J. M. Herrantz, J. J. Martínez-Sánchez (1999). Effect of fire on hard-coated Cistaceae seed banks and its influence on techniques for quantifying seed banks. ''Plant Ecology'' 144 (1): 103-114. (Available online: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009816309061 DOI])
</ref>
-->
== Sistematika ==
MolecularAnalisis analyses ofmolekuler [[angiospermsangiospermae]] have placedmenempatkan Cistaceae withindi thedalam [[Malvales]], formingmembentuk asebuah clade[[klad]] withdengan twodua families[[Famili of(biologi)|famili]] tropicalpohon treestropis, [[Dipterocarpaceae]] anddan [[Sarcolaenaceae]].<ref name="Salvolainen et al. 2000">Savolainen, V., M. W. Chase, S. B. Hoot, C. M. Morton, D. E. Soltis, C. Bayer, M. F. Fay, A. Y. De Bruijn, S. Sullivan, and Y.-L. Qiu. 2000. Phylogenetics of Flowering Plants Based on Combined Analysis of Plastid atpB and rbcL Gene Sequences. Syst Biol 49:306-362.</ref><ref name="Soltis et al. 2000">Soltis, D. E., P. S. Soltis, M. W. Chase, M. E. Mort, D. C. Albach, M. Zanis, V. Savolainen, W. H. Hahn, S. B. Hoop, M. F. Fay, M. Axtell, S. M. Swensen, L. M. Prince, W. J. Kress, K. C. Nison, and J. S. Farris. 2000. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, vbcL, and atpB sequences. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 133:381-461.</ref> Recent [[Phylogenetics|phylogeneticStudi filogenetika]] studies confirm thememastikan [[monophyly|monofili]] of Cistaceae ondengan thedasar basis ofurutan [[plastid]] sequences and morphologicaldan [[synapomorphy|synapomorphiessinapomorfi]] morfologis.<ref name="Guzmán and Vargas 2009">Guzmán, B. and P. Vargas. 2009. Historical biogeography and character evolution of Cistaceae (Malvales) based on analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-trnF sequences. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 9:83-99.</ref>▼
 
WithinDi dalam Cistaceae, eightdikenali genera8 are recognized[[genus]], includingtermasuk fivelima inyang thehidup di [[MediterraneanLaut Tengah]] (''[[Cistus]]'', ''[[Fumana]]'', ''[[Halimium]]'', ''[[Helianthemum]]'', ''[[Tuberaria]]'') and three indan thetiga temperatedi regionsdaerah ofsedang [[NorthAmerika AmericaUtara]] (''[[Crocanthemum]]'', ''[[Hudsonia]]'', ''[[Lechea]]''). Delapan Thesegenus eightini generadapat candikelompokkan beke groupeddalam intolima fivegaris majorketurunan lineagesutama withindalam Cistaceae:▼
==Systematics==
*a klad basal clade of thedari genus ''[[Fumana]]''▼
▲Molecular analyses of [[angiosperms]] have placed Cistaceae within the [[Malvales]], forming a clade with two families of tropical trees, [[Dipterocarpaceae]] and [[Sarcolaenaceae]].<ref name="Salvolainen et al. 2000">Savolainen, V., M. W. Chase, S. B. Hoot, C. M. Morton, D. E. Soltis, C. Bayer, M. F. Fay, A. Y. De Bruijn, S. Sullivan, and Y.-L. Qiu. 2000. Phylogenetics of Flowering Plants Based on Combined Analysis of Plastid atpB and rbcL Gene Sequences. Syst Biol 49:306-362.</ref><ref name="Soltis et al. 2000">Soltis, D. E., P. S. Soltis, M. W. Chase, M. E. Mort, D. C. Albach, M. Zanis, V. Savolainen, W. H. Hahn, S. B. Hoop, M. F. Fay, M. Axtell, S. M. Swensen, L. M. Prince, W. J. Kress, K. C. Nison, and J. S. Farris. 2000. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, vbcL, and atpB sequences. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 133:381-461.</ref> Recent [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] studies confirm the [[monophyly]] of Cistaceae on the basis of [[plastid]] sequences and morphological [[synapomorphy|synapomorphies]].<ref name="Guzmán and Vargas 2009">Guzmán, B. and P. Vargas. 2009. Historical biogeography and character evolution of Cistaceae (Malvales) based on analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-trnF sequences. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 9:83-99.</ref>
*the Newklad WorldDunia cladeBaru ofdari ''[[Lechea]]''▼
*the klad ''[[Helianthemum]]'' [[sensu (taxonomy)|s. l.]] clade, consisting ofterdiri thedari sistergrup groupsbersaudara ''[[Crocanthemum]]'' anddan ''[[Hudsonia]]'' from thedari [[NewDunia WorldBaru]], anddan ''[[Helianthemum]]'' [[sensu (taxonomy)|s. s.]] from thedari [[OldDunia WorldLama]]▼
*the klad ''[[Tuberaria]]'' clade▼
*a cohesivekompleks complexkohesif ofdari spesies ''[[Halimium]]'' anddan ''[[Mawar karang|Cistus]]'' species▼
 
▲Within Cistaceae, eight genera are recognized, including five in the [[Mediterranean]] (''[[Cistus]]'', ''[[Fumana]]'', ''[[Halimium]]'', ''[[Helianthemum]]'', ''[[Tuberaria]]'') and three in the temperate regions of [[North America]] (''[[Crocanthemum]]'', ''[[Hudsonia]]'', ''[[Lechea]]''). These eight genera can be grouped into five major lineages within Cistaceae:
▲*a basal clade of the genus ''[[Fumana]]''
▲*the New World clade of ''[[Lechea]]''
▲*the ''[[Helianthemum]]'' [[sensu (taxonomy)|s. l.]] clade, consisting of the sister groups ''[[Crocanthemum]]'' and ''[[Hudsonia]]'' from the [[New World]], and ''[[Helianthemum]]'' [[sensu (taxonomy)|s. s.]] from the [[Old World]]
▲*the ''[[Tuberaria]]'' clade
▲*a cohesive complex of ''[[Halimium]]'' and ''[[Cistus]]'' species
▲-->
== Pembudidayaan dan penggunaan ==
[[FileBerkas:Anthrax sp. over Cistus sp. 01 by-dpc.jpg|thumbjmpl|rightka|220px|Seekor [[:en:Anthrax (fly)|lalat Anthrax]] pada "mawar karang" dekat [[Sotosalbos]], Spanyol]]
 
''Cistus'', ''Halimium'' dan ''Helianthemum'' dibudidayakan secara luas sebagai [[:en:ornamental plant|tanaman hias]]. Kebutuhan tanahnya tidak banyak dan keuletannya menyebabkan mereka dapat tumbuh baik dalam kondisi musim dingin bersalju di [[Eropa]] utara.
 
Sejumlah spesies ''Cistus'', terutama ''C. ladanifer'', digunakan untuk menghasilkan [[resin]] aromatik, dan digunakan dalam industri [[parfum]].
Baris 69:
}}</ref>
-->
== Simbolisme ==
Dalam [[:en:language of flowers|bahasa bunga]] zaman Victoria, [[:en:Gum Cistus|gum cistus]] dari famili tumbuhan Cistaceae melambangkan kematian segera.
 
== Genus sinonim ==
Nama-nama generik di dalam familia '''Cistaceae''' pernah didefinisikan dalam berbagai publikasi,<ref>IPNI (2004). The International Plant Names Index - [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantsearch?find_family=Cistaceae&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=on&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query Record on Cistaceae]. Retrieved Nov. 15, 2004.</ref><ref>Kew (2004). [http://www.kew.org/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?CISTACEAE List of genera in Cistaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133457/http://www.kew.org/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?CISTACEAE |date=2007-09-29 }}, in [http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/data/genlist.html Vascular Plant Families and Genera Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041118100118/http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/data/genlist.html |date=2004-11-18 }}, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved Nov. 15, 2004.</ref> tetapi anggota-anggotanya merupakan [[sinonim]] dengan delapan genus yang ditemukan dalam riset selanjutnya.<br/>
''Anthelis -- Aphananthemum -- Atlanthemum -- Crocanthemum -- Fumanopsis -- Helianthemon -- Hemiptelea -- Heteromeris -- Horanthes -- Horanthus -- Ladanium -- Ladanum -- Lecheoides -- Lechidium -- Ledonia -- Libanotis -- Planera -- Platonia -- Pomelina -- Psistina -- Psistus -- Rhodax -- Rhodocistus -- Stegitris -- Stephanocarpus -- Strobon -- Taeniostema -- Therocistus -- Trichasterophyllum -- Xolantha -- Xolanthes''▼
</ref> tetapi anggota-anggotanya merupakan [[sinonim]] dengan delapan genus yang ditemukan dalam riset selanjutnya.<br/>
 
▲''Anthelis -- Aphananthemum -- Atlanthemum -- Crocanthemum -- Fumanopsis -- Helianthemon -- Hemiptelea -- Heteromeris -- Horanthes -- Horanthus -- Ladanium -- Ladanum -- Lecheoides -- Lechidium -- Ledonia -- Libanotis -- Planera -- Platonia -- Pomelina -- Psistina -- Psistus -- Rhodax -- Rhodocistus -- Stegitris -- Stephanocarpus -- Strobon -- Taeniostema -- Therocistus -- Trichasterophyllum -- Xolantha -- Xolanthes''
== Galeri==
<gallery>
berkas:Cistus laurifolius 2601.jpg|''Cistus laurifolius''
berkas:Cistus albidus in Sainte Lucie Island.jpg|''Cistus albidus''
berkas:Gum Cistus 1.jpg|''Cistus ladanifer''
berkas:Cistus May 2014-3.jpg|''Cistus monspeliensis''
berkas:Cistus creticus LC0069.jpg|''Cistus creticus''
</gallery>
 
== Referensi ==
Baris 81 ⟶ 89:
 
== Pranala luar ==
* Page R. G. [http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/ The Cistus & Halimium Website] - the [http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/BIBLIOG-Alphabetical.htm bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041010190304/http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/BIBLIOG-Alphabetical.htm |date=2004-10-10 }} contains many references to Cistaceae.
* Stevens P.F. (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] ([http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/malvalesweb.htm#Cistaceae Cistaceae]). Version 5, May 2004.
 
{{commons|Cistaceae}}
 
{{Malvales}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q156282}}
 
[[Kategori:Cistaceae| ]]
[[Kategori:Malvales]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Cistaceae"